Floyd Williams, Jr. v. Donald Bennett

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2005-CA-00754-SCT

FLOYD WILLIAMS, JR.

v.

DONALD BENNETT, INDIVIDUALLY AND d/b/a
KROSSTOWN TRADE & PAWN SHOP

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/27/2004
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ALBERT B. SMITH, III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: COAHOMA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: DANIEL M. CZAMANSKE, JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: WILLIAM O. LUCKETT, JR.
THERESA L. CUMMINGS
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 01/19/2006
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE SMITH, C.J., CARLSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.

CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This case is before us on appeal from a final judgment entered by the Circuit Court of

Coahoma County granting summary judgment for Donald Bennett and against Floyd Williams,

Jr. Finding the trial court properly granted summary judgment, we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT

¶2. This cause of action, grounded in products liability, stems from a gunshot wound

suffered by Floyd Williams when his Lorcin .380 handgun accidentally fell to the ground from
the door of his vehicle and discharged, striking his right leg. Notably, at the time of the

accident the safety on the handgun was off and in the “fire” position.

¶3. While the weapon’s chain of title is somewhat unclear from the pleadings, the record

does indicate that on August 9, 2001, the Lorcin handgun was purchased by Krosstown Trade

& Pawn Shop (“Krosstown”), owned and operated by Donald Bennett, from Stephanie Johnson,

a local resident of Coahoma County. The record reveals that on January 15, 2002, Bennett,

through Krosstown, sold the Lorcin handgun to Alex Donte Crumb. However, it is unclear

from the pleadings how the Lorcin handgun came into Williams’ possession.

¶4. Williams filed suit on March 1, 2004, and named “Donald Bennett, Individually, and

d/b/a Krosstown Trade & Pawn Shop, and Euclid Avenue Sales, Inc.” as defendants.1

Specifically, Williams alleged the defendants were strictly liable for his injuries and claimed

the Lorcin handgun was designed, manufactured and distributed in a defective condition and was

unreasonably dangerous for its intended use. Additionally, and in the alternative, Williams

alleged the defendants were negligent for failing to provide adequate instruction as to the

proper use of, and dangers associated with, the handgun, and that the defendants failed to

distribute a handgun which would not discharge when dropped.

¶5. Bennett filed a motion for summary judgment on July 26, 2004, and responded to

Williams’ claims by asserting there was no privity between the parties; that he was an innocent

1
Bennett and Krosstown, unless otherwise specified, will be referred to collectively as “Bennett.”

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seller in the stream of commerce; and, that the handgun was not defective as it is an inherent

characteristic of a handgun to discharge when placed in the fire position.

¶6. Williams filed his response in opposition to Bennett’s motion for summary judgment.

On September 27, 2004, Circuit Court Judge Albert B. Smith, III, granted Bennett’s motion for

summary judgment and dismissed Williams’s claim with prejudice finding Williams failed to

offer proof of the condition of the handgun at the time it left Bennett’s control and failed to

rebut Bennett’s contention that Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-1-63(b) applied to this action.2

Additionally, in explaining his grant of summary judgment, the trial judge, by way of a written

opinion, found Williams had failed to prove his case by failing to support his claim with expert

testimony any other documentation which would support of contention that the Lorcin handgun

had a design defect and that there existed other feasible design alternatives that could have

prevented Williams’s injury.

¶7. On November 12, 2004, Williams filed a motion to reconsider, noting the circuit

court’s grant of summary judgment was never certified as final for purposes of appeal and

offering new evidence by way of expert testimony in support of the allegation that the Lorcin

handgun was defective and unreasonably dangerous. In his response, Bennett reiterated his

assertion that Williams had not proven his case; that Bennett was an innocent seller; and that

a handgun is an inherently dangerous product. While the trial judge ultimately denied

2
Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-1-63(b) precludes a claimant from proving a product defective if the
harm complained of was caused by an inherent characteristic of the product which can not be eliminated
without substantially compromising the product’s usefulness which is recognized by the ordinary person with
ordinary knowledge.

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Williams’s motion to reconsider, he recognized the intention of Williams’s expert to testify

as to the defective condition of the Lorcin handgun. The trial judge reaffirmed his grant of

summary judgment, but found that his Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-1-63(b) ruling was an issue

best addressed by the appellate courts.

¶8. By agreement of the parties, the other defendant, Euclid Avenue Sales, Inc., was

dismissed with prejudice. Williams has now filed his notice of appeal with this Court,

contesting the trial court’s grant of Bennett’s motion for summary judgment and subsequent

denial of his motion for reconsideration. These issues are now properly before this Court on

appeal.

DISCUSSION

¶9. The standard of review of a trial court's grant of a summary judgment motion is de novo.

Stuckey v. Provident Bank, 912 So.2d 859, 864 (Miss. 2005) (citing Miller v. Meeks, 762

So.2d 302, 304 (Miss. 2000), Short v. Columbus Rubber & Gasket Co., 535 So.2d 61, 63

(Miss. 1988)). This Court employs a factual review tantamount to that of the trial court when

considering evidentiary matters in the record. Id. (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Berry, 669

So.2d 56, 70 (Miss. 1996)). As with the federal rule, Miss. Rule Civ. P. 56(c) requires that

“the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with

the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Miss. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “If any triable

facts exist, the lower court's grant of a summary judgment will be reversed; otherwise the

decision will be affirmed.” Miller, 762 So.2d at 304 (citing Brown v. Credit Ctr., Inc., 444

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So.2d 358, 362 (Miss. 1983)). The party opposing the motion must be diligent and may not

rest upon allegations or denials in the pleadings but must set forth specific facts showing there

are indeed genuine issues for trial. Owens Corning v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 868 So.2d

331, 335 (Miss. 2004) (citing Richmond v. Benchmark Constr. Corp., 692 So.2d 60, 61

(Miss. 1997)).

¶10. For summary judgment review, the mere existence of triable issues do not entitle one

to a trial. This legal tenet has been clearly expressed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and

the United States Supreme Court: “[t]he mere existence of a disputed factual issue, therefore,

does not foreclose summary judgment. The dispute must be genuine, and the facts must be

material.” Professional Managers, Inc. v. Fawer, Brian, Hardy & Zatzkis, 799 F.2d 218, 222

(5th Cir. 1986) (see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247; 106 S.CT. 2505,

2510; 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). “With regard to ‘materiality’, only those disputes over facts that

might affect the outcome of the lawsuit under the governing substantive law will preclude

summary judgment.” Phillips Oil Company, v. OKC Corporation, 812 F.2d 265, 272 (5th Cir.

1987). Where “the summary judgment evidence establishes that one of the essential elements

of the plaintiff's’ cause of action does not exist as a matter of law, or that plaintiffs’ cause of

action is barred by a statute of limitations, all other contested issues of fact are rendered

immaterial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. at 2552.” (“[A] complete failure of proof

concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other

facts immaterial.”); Topalian v. Ehrman, 954 F.2d 1125, 1138 (5th Cir. 1992).

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 I. WHETHER THE CIRCUIT COURT PROPERLY GRANTED
SUMMARY JUDGMENT PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS
EXPLICITLY ENUMERATED IN MISS. CODE ANN. § 11-1-63.

¶11. In arguing summary judgment was not appropriate in this case, Williams asserts his

claim presents triable issues of fact under our products liability statute. Williams refutes

arguments advanced by Bennett, asserting that privity is not an issue for purposes of a products

liability claims; that Bennett is not entitled to avoid suit as an “innocent seller” in the stream

of commerce; and that evidence of a handgun discharging upon being dropped presents a triable

question of fact for a jury as to whether the weapon was defective.

¶12. While the parties’ arguments are appropriate issues to be considered for the purposes

of a products liability claim in the state of Mississippi, we must embark upon a threshold

evidentiary review and determine whether the claim advanced by Williams in today’s case is

properly supported by proof. In filing a motion for summary judgment, the movant pierces the

face of the non-movant’s pleadings and puts the non-movant in a position of having to at least

present triable issues of fact to the satisfaction of the trial judge. Therefore, this Court must

examine Williams’s claim and determine whether he has set forth specific facts showing there

are indeed genuine issues to be decided by a trier of fact. Accordingly, we must determine the

nature of Williams’s claim and identify the evidence proffered in support thereof.

¶13. In 1993, the Mississippi legislature promulgated the Products Liability Act and codified

what had formerly been common law strict liability. See State Stove Manufacturing Co. v.

Hodges, 189 So. 2d 113 (Miss. 1966). Since that time, products liability claims have been

specifically governed by statute, and a claimant, in presenting his case, must pay close attention

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to the elements of the cause of action and the liability limitations enumerated in the statute.

In general, a claimant must make out a prima facie products liability case in Mississippi by

showing that a product was defective; that the defect caused the product to be unreasonably

dangerous; that the unreasonably dangerous defect caused the harm complained of; and that the

defective condition existed at the time the product left the control of the manufacturer or

seller. Specifically, Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-1-63(a)(I)-(iii) reads as follows:

a) The manufacturer or seller of the product shall not be liable if the claimant
does not prove by the preponderance of the evidence that at the time the product
left the control of the manufacturer or seller:
(i) 1. The product was defective because it deviated in a material way
from the manufacturer’s specifications or from otherwise identical units
manufactured to the same manufacturing specifications, or
2. The product was defective because it failed to contain adequate
warnings or instructions, or
3. The product was designed in a defective manner, or
4. The product breached an express warranty or failed to conform to
other express factual representations upon which the claimant justifiably relied
in electing to use the product; and
(ii) The defective condition rendered the product unreasonably dangerous
to the user or consumer; and
(iii) The defective and unreasonably dangerous condition of the product
proximately caused the damages for which recovery is sought.

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(a)(i)-(iii) (2003).

¶14. Section (a) of the products liability statute serves as a claimant’s roadmap and provides

the basic framework from which claimants classify their particular claims. In this case,

Williams’s theory of liability is that Bennett was in the business of marketing and selling

handguns; that Bennett sold the handgun that caused Williams’s injury; and that, at the time of

Williams’s injury, the condition of the handgun had not materially changed from when it was

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manufactured. Accordingly, in initiating his claim, he asserts his injury resulted from the

design, manufacture and sale of a handgun that was in a defective condition which caused it to

be unreasonably dangerous for its intended or foreseeable use. In so asserting, Williams

alleges a design defect existed in the Lorcin handgun and relies on Miss. Code Ann. Section

11-1-63(a)(i)(3). Once claimants define their claims according to section (a) and meet the

proof requirements delineated therein, they must meet additional statutory requirements for

their claim to proceed. In this case, Williams’s claim is subject to the additional statutory

requisites codified in section (f) of the products liability statute, which mandates:

(f) In any action alleging that a product is defective because of its design
pursuant to paragraph (a)(i)3 of this section, the manufacturer or product seller
shall not be liable if the claimant does not prove by the preponderance of the
evidence that at the time the product left the control of the manufacturer or
seller:
(i) The manufacturer or seller knew, or in light of reasonably available
knowledge or in the exercise of reasonable care should have known, about the
danger that caused the damage for which recovery is sought; and
(ii) The product failed to function as expected and there existed a feasible
design alternative that would have to a reasonable probability prevented the
harm. A feasible design alternative is a design that would have to a reasonable
probability prevented the harm without impairing the utility, usefulness,
practicality or desirability of the product to users or consumers.

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(f)(2003).

¶15. Importantly, the above cited section requires a claimant in a design defect case to prove

three additional elements. Similar to its common law predecessor, today’s statutory scheme

reflects the same tenor as the common law scheme adopted from the Restatement (Second)

8
of Torts by this Court in State Stove.3 However, in today’s statutory adaptation, the legislature

included an additional legal element; the statute requires the danger presented by a product’s

design be foreseeable by the manufacturer/seller. In his article discussing products liability

in Mississippi, Professor Phillip L. McIntosh specifically outlines all of the requirements

included in our statutory scheme in clear terms:

The Act provides that in a design defect claim, a manufacturer is not liable
unless the design of the product is both defective and unreasonably dangerous.
In most cases, the unreasonable danger presented by a product’s design is the
factor that makes the design defective. However, a defect in design may not
necessarily be unreasonably dangerous. A product may not perform as intended
by the manufacturer because of a faulty design, but the faulty design may present
no unreasonable risk of harm. The term “unreasonably dangerous,” especially in
the context of a design defect, is a term of art. The product’s design is
unreasonably dangerous only if the plaintiff proves the required elements
of a claim as set forth by the Act. In logical sequence, these elements[...]are the
following: (1) The danger presented by the product’s design was known or
should have been known to the manufacturer (i.e., the danger was
foreseeable); (2) the product failed to function as expected (as a result of a
design characteristic); (3) an alternative design existed that would not impair
the product's usefulness or desirability; and (4) the alternative design would
have to a reasonable probability prevented the harm.

In the event that the plaintiff proves each of these elements, he must also prove
that the defect existed at the time the product left the manufacturer’s control and
that it proximately caused the injury.

3
In adopting Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, we stated: “[i]f the article left the
defendant's control in a dangerously unsafe condition, or was not reasonably safe, or was unsafe for its
intended use, the defendant is liable whether or not he was at fault in creating that condition, or in failing to
discover and eliminate it." State Stove, 189 So.2d at 120-21 (distinguished in Jones v. Babst, 323 So.2d 757,
759 (Miss. 1975)). See also 17 Miss. C. L. Rev. 277, 279.

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17 Miss. C. L. Rev. 277, 278-79 (Spring 1997)4 (emphasis added). The additional requirement

of foreseeability, or the knowledge of danger imparted to a seller/manufacturer exercising

reasonable care, could be interpreted as codifying implicitly what was codified explicitly in

section (h) of § 11-1-63 in 2004. Moreover, the inclusion of this proof requirement serves

to protect the “innocent seller” who acts as a mere conduit of a product and has far less

knowledge as to defective design than would a manufacturer or distributor.

¶16. While foreseeability is an element of proof required by our statute, a claimant must

also offer a feasible design alternative. According to the Restatement of Torts (Third), a

plaintiff establishes a design defect by proving a product could have been made safer by the

adoption of a reasonable alternative design. Restatement (Third) of Torts: Prod. Liab. § 2

(1998). If an alternative design could have been practically adopted at the time of sale, and if

the omission of such an alternative design rendered the product not reasonably safe, then a

design is defective. Id. This unique element of proof for design defect claim, is premised on

the notion that liability for harm caused by product designs should attach only when the harm

is reasonably preventable. Restatement (Third) of Torts: Prod. Liab. § 2(f)(1998). For this

reason, demonstrating a feasible alternative design as proof of a design defect is elemental to

a claimant’s prima facie case. Accordingly, once sufficient evidence has been presented to the

judge so the judge can determine that reasonable people could conclude a reasonable

4
Phillip L. McIntosh, Tort Reform in Mississippi: An Appraisal of the New Law of Product’s
Liability, Part II, 17 Miss. C. L. Rev. 277.

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alternative design could have been practically adopted, the issue can be entrusted to a trier of

fact. Id.

¶17. Recently, in Clark v. Brass Eagle, Inc., 866 So.2d 456 (Miss. 2004), this Court

iterated the importance of offering proof of a feasible alternative design. In Clark, a case

involving paint ball guns, the claimant advanced a defective design theory under our products

liability statute and included expert testimony stating that unless a better design alternative was

utilized, the paint ball gun was simply too dangerous to be given to the general public for use

outside of controlled situations. Id. at 459. After reviewing the evidence, this Court found the

trial court did not err in granting summary judgment because the facts did not support any other

conclusion. In so ruling, we opined that “Clark [claimant] offered no proof that the paintball

gun used in the incident failed to function as expected and offered no feasible design

alternative which, to a reasonable probability, would have prevented what happened to him.” Id.

at 461. It follows that the mere mention of a design alternative by an expert comes well-short

of lending evidentiary guidance to a court.

¶18. In Jordan v. Isle of Capri Casinos, Inc., 2005 WL 1421758 (S.D. Miss. 2005), the

federal district court for the southern district applied Mississippi law and used reasoning

similar to that which we set forth in Clark. The district court granted summary judgment

ruling, inter alia, that the claimant failed to prove the defendant escalator company did not

design its escalator in a safe condition. Id. In so ruling, the district court judge analyzed

Mississippi law and stated:

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 The plaintiff has the burden of showing that the “defect that allegedly was the
proximate cause of their injury existed at the time that the product left the hands
of the manufacturer, and that the defect rendered the product unreasonably
dangerous. Accordingly, the proof must support that no material change in that
product occurred after leaving the manufacturer's control.” Clark v. Brass
Eagle, Inc., 866 So.2d 456, 461 (Miss. 2004). Here, Jordan offered no proof
that a design defect existed in the escalator, and her expert offered no feasible
design alternative to the escalator at issue in this suit.

Id. at *6.

¶19. Similarly, in a recent opinion, the federal district court for the northern district also

ruled on today’s issue. In Johnson v. Davidson Ladders, Inc., 2005 WL 1871170 (N.D. Miss.

2005), the claimant asserted that a stepladder suffered from a design defect which caused the

claimant’s accident resulting in injury. Id. at *4. Finding summary judgment appropriate, the

district court judge interpreted the Mississippi statute and stated:

[T]he plaintiffs failed to adduce any evidence to demonstrate the extent of the
risk that the alternative design would have avoided or how the alternative design
would have affected its utility. Although the plaintiffs offered up numerous
claims reports pertaining to other accidents involving the 527-06 ladder, they
failed to show that the incidents were similar to Ms. Johnson’s accident. More
importantly, they offered no evidence relative to the effectiveness of the
alternative design in reducing the severity or frequency of accidents.

Id. at *5. In so concluding, the district court judge cited to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal’s

reasoning in Lavespere v. Niagra Machine & Toolworks, Inc., 910 F.2d 167 (5th Cir. 1990):

[Plaintiff's] proof of the risk that might have been avoided by the alternative
design and of the burden that switching to the alternative design would have
entailed was, to say the least, incomplete. Faced with this meager evidence, no
reasonable trier of fact could have concluded that the balance of those two
factors tipped in favor of the risk avoided. One cannot balance an indeterminate
weight.

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910 F.2d at 183.

¶20. In Wolf v. Stanley Works, 757 So.2d 316 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000), a case dealing with

malfunctioning automatic sliding glass doors, the Mississippi Court of Appeals examined a

design defect products liability claim under the Mississippi statutory scheme. In Wolf, Mrs.

Wolf offered an older design as evidence of a feasible design alternative. In finding that Wolf

failed to proffer a feasible design alternative, and in upholding the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment, the Court of Appeals opined:

[H]er own expert witness testified that the mats had a short life expectancy, were
likely to fail and result in accidents, and were very costly. These characteristics
impair the “utility, usefulness, practicality or desirability of the product to users
or consumers.” Miss. Code Ann. § 11- 1-63(f). Absent evidence that the new
design proved even more unreliable, it cannot be argued that the older design
alternative that was abandoned in part because of the frequency of accidents that
it caused would by a “reasonable probability” have prevented the same kind of
accident here. See McIntosh, Products Liability, Part II, at 301-302. The only
evidence indicates that the mat system was the less efficient system that Stanley
had replaced with the type of system used at the Best Western Seaway motel.

Wolf, 757 So. 2d at 322 (emphasis in original).

¶21. We agree with the sound reasoning of the federal courts in Jordan, Johnson, and

Lavespere, as well as that of the court of appeals in Wolf. Fundamental to proving his prima

facie case is Williams’s burden of proving that the Lorcin handgun was unreasonably dangerous

by showing that the product seller, Bennett, knew or should have known about the unreasonably

dangerous condition of the handgun; that the handgun failed to function as expected; and, that

there existed a feasible design alternative that would have, to a reasonable probability,

prevented the harm complained of by the plaintiff.

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¶22. A review of the record reveals that Williams possessed a Lorcin handgun; that the serial

number on the gun was that of a gun once bought and sold by Bennett; and, that Williams was

injured when he dropped his Lorcin handgun on the ground when the safety was off, causing it

to discharge. In addition to these uncontested facts, an affidavit was submitted by Williams

with his motion for reconsideration offering expert testimony in support of the contentions

that the firearm industry expects guns to be dropped without the safety on; that the standard of

care within the industry is that guns will not unintentionally fire when dropped; and, that the

Lorcin handgun is defective and unreasonably dangerous.

¶23. What the record does not show is any proof that Bennett, if considered a seller of

handguns for the purposes of this case, had knowledge or should have had knowledge of the

danger that caused the injury in this case. We can find no proof of the condition of the gun at

any point in the chain of ownership other than its condition at the time of injury, let alone what

condition the gun was in at the time Bennett supposedly gained imputed knowledge of it.

¶24. Additionally, we have no proof concerning a feasible design alternative as required by

Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-1-63(f)(ii). To this end, Williams failed to provide the circuit

court with any basis of comparison from which to determine that the design of the Lorcin

handgun was indeed defective. As stated by the district court in Johnson v. Davidson Ladders,

Inc., 2005 WL 1871170, *5: “the [claimant] failed to adduce any evidence to demonstrate the

extent of the risk that the alternative design would have avoided or how the alternative design

would have affected its utility.” Fatal to Williams’s case is that Williams’s expert tenders no

14
proof of a feasible design alternative that could have, to a reasonable probability, prevented the

harm.

¶25. More than with any other type of products liability case, a trier of fact in a design defect

case depends on objective evidentiary mechanisms to determine liability. In Mississippi, the

legislature has codified the requirements unique to a design defect claim and laid out an

explicit blueprint for claimants to prove when advancing such a claim. When claimants do not

fulfill their statutory obligation, they leave the courts no choice but to dismiss their claims

because they fail to proffer a key element of proof requisite to the court’s determination of

whether the claimant has advanced a valid claim under the statute. As the Supreme Court

clearly said in Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, where “the summary judgment evidence establishes

that one of the essential elements of the plaintiff's cause of action does not exist as a matter

of law, ... all other contested issues of fact are rendered immaterial.” Clearly, Williams has

failed to advance a claim under Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-1-63 by failing to establish the

necessary elements of proof specified in section (f).

¶26. For these reasons, we find the trial court appropriately granted summary judgment

because Williams failed to present a genuine issue of material fact for trial.

CONCLUSION

¶27. While there is an interesting factual scenario presented by the facts as alleged in today’s

case concerning Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(b), the evidence necessary to maintain this suit

is legally insufficient. The courts of this state are unified in their interpretation of the

legislative mandate set forth in the Mississippi products liability statute. Moreover, in explicit

15
terms, our statute requires that when a claimant asserts a design defect theory of liability, the

claimant not only must provide proof that the seller knew, or in light of reasonably available

knowledge or in the exercise of reasonable care should have known, about the danger causing

injury, but also, the claimant must provide evidence that the product failed to function as

expected by way of producing evidence of a feasible design alternative that could have

reasonably prevented the claimant’s injury. Having provided no such evidence, the claimant

in this case has failed to meet the prerequisites necessary to create a successful cause of

action and thus create a triable issue of material fact. Accordingly, we affirm the final

judgment as entered by the Circuit Court of Coahoma County in favor of Donald Bennett and

against Floyd Williams, Jr.

¶28. AFFIRMED.

SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., EASLEY, DICKINSON AND
RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY. DIAZ, J.,
NOT PARTICIPATING.

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