IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2007-CA-01189-SCT
GUY “PHIL” RUFF, JR.
v.
THE ESTATE OF GUY P. RUFF, SR., MYRA
EASON RUFF, IN HER CAPACITY AS
EXECUTRIX OF THE ESTATE OF GUY P. RUFF,
SR., MARGARET ANNE RUFF CARGO, IN HER
CAPACITY AS EXECUTRIX OF THE ESTATE OF
GUY P. RUFF, SR., AND DAVID CLIFTON RUFF,
IN HIS CAPACITY AS EXECUTOR OF THE
ESTATE OF GUY P. RUFF, SR.
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/18/2007
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. GLENN ALDERSON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: BENTON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: EDWIN H. PRIEST
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: STEPHAN L. McDAVID
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 08/21/2008
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.
WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Guy “Philp” Ruff, Jr., received a personal loan from his parents Puddie E. Ruff and
Guy P. Ruff, Sr., now deceased. Ruff defaulted on payments under the original loan
agreement, a subsequent bankruptcy consent order, and a later consent order entered in the
chancery court. The Estate of Guy P. Ruff, Sr., filed a quitclaim deed in lieu of foreclosure
following Ruff’s failure to make timely payment under the terms of the chancery court’s
consent order. Ruff sought injunctive relief, which the chancellor denied. Finding no abuse
of discretion, we affirm.
FACTS
¶2. In June 2000, Guy “Philp” Ruff, Jr., (hereinafter “Ruff”) executed two promissory
notes in exchange for a loan of approximately $281,000 from his parents, Guy P. Ruff, Sr.,
and Puddie E. Ruff. The purpose of this loan was to enable Ruff to complete the
development of his 298-acre cattle farm and bring all of his debts current. Ruff developed
the farm for the benefit of Big Oaks Farm, LLC, in which he owned Class A and Class B
shares. As consideration for his efforts, Ruff received “development fees” as well as
distributions on his B shares.
¶3. Ruff failed to make any payments on the promissory notes. As a result, on May 22,
2002, Ruff’s father filed a complaint against him in the Chancery Court of Benton County.
On March 28, 2003, a default judgment was entered against Ruff for his failure to cooperate
in discovery. Ruff’s father obtained an equitable lien against the farm, compensatory
damages in the amount of $357,678, and attorney fees and expenses in the amount of $4,600.
¶4. On February 4, 2004, one day before the scheduled foreclosure on the farm, Ruff filed
for bankruptcy. Ruff’s father filed a motion for relief from the automatic stay. On August
26, 2004, the bankruptcy court entered a consent order settling the motion for relief from the
automatic stay (hereinafter the “Bankruptcy Consent Order”). Under this order, Ruff granted
his father a third deed of trust on the farm property and a security interest in the cattle. He
2
further agreed to pay $16,500 per quarter to satisfy the remaining balance on his father’s
prior judgment. At the same time, Ruff assigned to his father the cash proceeds from his B
shares. He also executed an assignment of all his financial interests in Big Oaks. This
assignment was to be held in escrow by attorney Stephan L. McDavid, who served as counsel
for Ruff’s father, and would not become effective unless Ruff defaulted on his quarterly
payments and failed to cure. So long as Ruff fulfilled his obligation to pay, he retained his
right to collect distributions on his A shares, as well as any development fees owed to him
from Big Oaks.
¶5. Following the Bankruptcy Consent Order, Big Oaks terminated Ruff’s services on its
behalf. Consequently, Ruff no longer received development fees or distributions on his B
shares.
¶6. Ruff eventually defaulted on the quarterly payments and was sent a notice of default
on March 21, 2005. On June 22, 2005, after more than sixty days had passed without cure,
McDavid sent Ruff a notice of intent to release the assignment of all funds, disbursements,
or income from Big Oaks. On July 19, 2005, the Estate of Guy P. Ruff, Sr.,1 presented the
assignment to Big Oaks with instructions that all previously withheld and future
disbursements due Ruff be directed to the Estate (hereinafter the “2005 Assignment”).2
1
Sometime after the 2004 Bankruptcy Consent Order, Ruff’s father, Guy P. Ruff, Sr.,
passed away and his Estate assumed his rights.
2
After receiving notice of the assignment, Big Oaks suspended its June 2005
distribution on Ruff’s A shares. Ruff and the Estate, however, dispute whether the June 2005
disbursement was ever actually paid to the Estate.
3
¶7. As the Estate once again began execution on the farm, Ruff filed a Motion for
Preliminary Injunction.3 On February 8, 2006, the chancery court entered a Consent Order
of Dismissal with Prejudice Based on Settlement of All Claims (hereinafter the “Chancery
Consent Order”). Under the terms of this order, Ruff agreed to pay $2,000 each month. Ruff
also executed a quitclaim deed in lieu of foreclosure to the Estate, to be held in escrow by
McDavid. If payment was not received by the fifth day of the month, McDavid was entitled
to file the quitclaim deed on the sixth day. The order also stated that “[e]xcept as specifically
stated herein, the Note and Deed of Trust, and all obligations under the same and the
[Bankruptcy Consent Order] remain in full force and effect. Nothing in this Order shall be
deemed to otherwise modify any other obligations of the parties.”
¶8. Ruff made timely payments from February 2006 through November 2006, but failed
to do so in December 2006. Around December 2006, the Estate received notice that the
Bank of Holly Springs, which held a second deed of trust on the farm, was about to
foreclose.4 Based on Ruff’s failure to make the December payment and the potential
foreclosure, McDavid sent notices of default to Ruff on December 28 and 29, 2006,
informing him that the quitclaim deed had been filed and that all personal property, including
3
Ruff asserted that he was entitled to a preliminary injunction under Mississippi
Code Annotated 89-1-301 (Rev. 1999), which provides relief from inequitable foreclosures
following a declared emergency or disaster, which in this case was Hurricane Katrina. Ruff
also alleged that the Estate had fraudulently conspired to deprive him of his B shares and
rendered him unable to pay his debt.
4
It was later learned that the Bank of Holly Springs had not followed all of the
proper foreclosure procedures.
4
the cattle, would be sold. Ruff was prohibited thereafter from using or accessing the farm
property. To protect its interest in the farm, the Estate paid the Bank of Holly Springs note
current.
¶9. On January 19, 2007, Ruff filed a Motion for Preliminary and Mandatory Injunction,
Temporary Restraining Order and for Permanent and Mandatory Injunction. Ruff asserted
that he had not made the December 2006 payment because he reasonably believed that the
November 2006 disbursement on his A shares had been applied toward his debt to the Estate
pursuant to the 2005 Assignment. Ruff argued that he stood to suffer immediate and
irreparable injury because the Estate had interfered with his ability to care for the cattle, and
because the Bank of Holly Springs’ note contained an acceleration clause effective upon any
transfer of interest.
¶10. Following a hearing, the chancellor denied Ruff’s motion on June 27, 2007, in a
written order, without making findings of fact. Ruff now appeals to this Court.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶11. This Court reviews a chancellor’s decision to deny an injunction for abuse of
discretion. Elec. Data Sys. Corp. v. Miss. Div. of Medicaid, 853 So. 2d 1192, 1207-08
(Miss. 2003). This Court “will not disturb the factual findings of a chancellor when
supported by substantial evidence unless [we] can say with reasonable certainty that the
chancellor abused his discretion, was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or applied an
erroneous legal standard.” Biglane v. Under the Hill Corp., 949 So. 2d 9, 13-14 (Miss.
2007) (quoting Cummings v. Benderman, 681 So. 2d 97, 100 (Miss. 1996)). Where the
5
chancellor makes no specific findings, this Court proceeds on the assumption that the
chancellor resolved all fact issues in favor of the appellee. City of Picayune v. Southern
Reg’l Corp., 916 So. 2d 510, 519 (Miss. 2005) (citing Newsom v. Newsom, 557 So. 2d 511,
514 (Miss. 1990)).
DISCUSSION
I. Whether the chancellor abused his discretion in denying Ruff’s request for a
mandatory permanent injunction.5
¶12. Ruff argues that he is entitled to an injunction because the Estate gained an
unconscionable advantage, and he suffered irreparable harm, due to his mistaken belief that
Big Oaks’ November 2006 distribution satisfied his December 2006 payment to the Estate.
To prevent the intolerable injustice of him losing his farm and cattle based on a mere
mistake, Ruff submits that the quitclaim deed in lieu of foreclosure should be set aside and
the parties should be allowed to return to the status quo under the terms of the Chancery
Consent Order.
¶13. For a permanent injunction to issue, “a party must show an imminent threat of
irreparable harm for which there is no adequate remedy at law.” Punzo v. Jackson County,
861 So. 2d 340, 347 (Miss. 2003) (quoting Reynolds v. Amerada Hess Corp., 778 So. 2d
759, 765 (Miss. 2000)). A mandatory injunction is a harsh remedy that is not favored by
5
In his assignment of error regarding the denial of injunctive relief, Ruff raises only
the chancellor’s denial of a permanent injunction.
6
courts, and should be used only in cases of great necessity. Punzo, 861 So. 2d at 348
(quoting Pattillo v. Bridges, 247 So. 2d 811, 812 (Miss. 1971)).
¶14. Equity prevents an intolerable injustice where a party has gained an unconscionable
advantage by mistake and the mistaken party is not grossly negligent. Rotenberry v. Hooker,
864 So. 2d 266, 271 (Miss. 2003). The general rule provides that:
[W]here the mistake is of so fundamental a character, that the minds of the
parties have never, in fact, met; or where an unconscionable advantage has
been gained, by mere mistake or misapprehension; and there was no gross
negligence on the part of the plaintiff, either in falling into the error, or in not
sooner claiming redress; and no intervening rights have accrued; and the
parties may still be placed in statu quo; equity will interfere, in its discretion,
in order to prevent intolerable injustice.
Rotenberry, 864 So. 2d at 271 (emphasis added) (quoting Miss. State Building Comm’n v.
Becknell, 329 So. 2d 57, 60-61 (Miss. 1976)).
¶15. Ruff does not seem to argue that the mistake was of such fundamental character that
the parties’ minds never met. Instead, he contends that “[a]ll four prongs set forth in
Rotenberry are met and supported by the substantial evidence . . . .”
¶16. The Estate, on the other hand, disputes that a mistaken belief caused Ruff’s failure to
make the December 2006 payment. But even assuming that he was mistaken, the Estate
argues that Ruff is not entitled to an injunction. The Estate maintains that a chancellor is not
required to grant injunctive relief on a finding of a unilateral mistake, even if one party will
incur some injustice. Rather, the chancellor retains discretion to grant or deny an injunction,
even though the evidence is sufficient for the chancellor to grant such relief.
7
¶17. We agree that even if Ruff satisfied all the conditions set forth in Rotenberry, the
chancellor nevertheless retained discretion on whether to grant equitable relief. After setting
forth considerations for granting equitable relief, Rotenberry states that “equity will interfere,
in its discretion, in order to prevent intolerable injustice.” Rotenberry, 864 So. 2d at 271
(emphasis added) (quoting Becknell, 329 So. 2d at 60-61). Thus, even if all the conditions
described in Rotenberry are present, the chancellor still reserves discretion on whether equity
should interfere. See Rotenberry, 864 So. 2d at 271 (quoting Becknell, 329 So. 2d at 60-61).
¶18. Here, the chancellor conceded that Ruff had presented a good case for equitable relief.
Ruff gave a reasonable explanation for not making the December 2006 payment. He knew
that a distribution had been made on Big Oaks’ A shares in November 2006,6 and believed
that his portion had been paid to the Estate pursuant to the 2005 assignment. His portion of
the November 2006 distribution would have been sufficient to satisfy the $2,000 he owed the
Estate for December.7 Because of his omission, the Estate acquired the farm by filing the
quitclaim deed in lieu of foreclosure. As a result, Ruff stood to lose his cattle herd and,
potentially, to have the breed compromised.8 Ruff asserts that the parties can be returned to
6
Ruff knew that distributions had been made in June 2005 and November 2006
because his children had received their portions. Ruff had also confirmed the November
2006 distribution with his cousin, Mike Thomas.
7
Ruff would have received approximately 1.33 percent of the $200,000 total
distribution, which equals $2,660.
8
Ruff had a purebred Brangus herd that was “beef cattle improvement association
certified.” According to Ruff, this made it important to maintain the integrity of the breeding
system, and to meet certain health standards. He also fed his cattle using a “forage base
8
the status quo. He claims that he is able to bring all of his debts current, and is willing to
reimburse the Estate for any expenditures.
¶19. After hearing all of the evidence, the chancellor granted the Estate’s motion to
dismiss. The chancellor reasoned that:
[Ruff] has not lived up to any of his obligations on his loan from the very
beginning. His father had to take him to court and get an equitable lien, he got
that, and then he ran to Bankruptcy Court, and then he stopped at that, and then
- - then went into court to - - in, what, 2002? . . . And now he’s back before the
court again today. He’s lived up to none of it. He’s even behind on the
Federal Land Bank.9 If it was just the simple fact of a $2,000 payment in
November and that was it, I think you would have some merit. You say, Yes,
it was an oversight. But the truth of the matter is he did not have the money,
didn’t have the money to pay the Bank of Holly Springs, that debt was due in
September. He didn’t have the money to pay the Federal Land Bank, that debt
it due now. I’m going to deny your motion. I think that’s the only fair thing
to do. And I’m going to allow the deed in lieu.
¶20. We find that the chancellor did not abuse his discretion in denying Ruff’s motion for
injunctive relief. Ruff exhibited a pattern of failing to pay his debts and, at the time of trial,
was in default on both the Federal Land Bank and Bank of Holly Springs’s notes.
Furthermore, Ruff’s income prospects were suspect. He acknowledged that the farm itself
did not generate income. He planned to bring his debt obligations current by using “family
funds” and selling some of his cattle.
system,” and feared this system would be disrupted.
9
At trial, Ruff admitted that he was late on his obligation to the Federal Land Bank,
which held a first deed of trust on the farm property.
9
¶21. Balancing the equities, Ruff’s default also damaged the Estate. Ruff’s parents had
taken out a loan to finance their loan to him. The Estate continued to make payments on this
loan, which was not kept current because of Ruff’s default. The Estate’s continuing
obligation on this loan, combined with Ruff’s failure to pay, contributed to a state of
insufficient funds for the day-to-day living expenses of Mrs. Ruff. The Estate had to
liquidate some of its assets in order to keep up Mrs. Ruff’s living conditions.
¶22. As noted by the chancellor, equitable relief may have been appropriate if this had been
an isolated incident. But given Ruff’s history of default, we cannot say that the chancellor
abused his discretion in refusing to impose a mandatory injunction.
¶23. Under this first issue, Ruff also argues that the Estate violated the terms of the
Chancery Consent Order and the Bankruptcy Consent Order by: (1) filing the quitclaim deed
when he was not in default; (2) intercepting disbursements due to him when such money
could have been used to make his December 2006 payment to the Estate; and/or (3) failing
to apply his disbursement toward the December 2006 payment. We decline to reach the
merits of these arguments because these issues were not raised before the chancery court.
Hataway v. Estate of Nicholls, 893 So. 2d 1054, 1057 (Miss. 2005) (citing Ellis v. Ellis, 651
So. 2d 1068, 1073 (Miss. 1995)). Consent orders are “in the nature of a contract” and are
binding and conclusive in the absence of fraud, mutual mistake, or collusion. Guthrie v.
Guthrie, 233 Miss. 550, 557, 102 So. 2d 381, 383 (1958). Ruff did not pursue equitable
relief under a breach-of-contract theory. At trial, Ruff alluded to his desire for the Estate to
abide by the terms of the Chancery Consent Order. Yet he never specifically argued that the
10
Estate had violated either consent order, and did not seek a determination as to the legal
effect of such orders.10
II. Whether the chancellor abused his discretion in finding that the Estate had the
right, as a matter of law, to intercept the disbursements due to Ruff, which could
have been used to satisfy his scheduled payments to the Estate.
III. Whether the chancellor erred in finding that the payments due to Ruff, and
intercepted by the Estate, could not be applied toward his indebtedness to the
Estate.
¶24. We find Issues II and III to be procedurally barred on appeal because these issues
were not raised before the chancery court, Hataway, 893 So. 2d at 1057 (citing Ellis, 651 So.
2d at 1073), and because Ruff failed to cite relevant authority to support his arguments.11
Tentoni v. Slayden, 968 So. 2d 431, 441 (Miss. 2007) (citing Huff-Cook, Inc. v. Dale, 913
So. 2d 988, 991 (Miss. 2005)). The chancellor’s decision was limited to whether Ruff was
entitled to injunctive relief based upon his mistaken belief.
CONCLUSION
10
In its motion to dismiss, the Estate asked the chancellor to rule that the 2005
Assignment was in full force and effect. While the chancellor expressed his interpretation
that 2005 Assignment was in effect, he refused to grant the Estate’s request because “that’s
not part of the pleadings.”
11
Under Issues II and III, Ruff incorporated the authorities he had previously
referenced under Issue I. However, the authorities cited under Issue I concerned the issue
of mistake, the requirements for a mandatory injunction, and the binding effect of a consent
order. Ruff failed to show how these authorities pertained to the Estate’s rights or legal
obligations regarding its handling of the disbursements.
11
¶25. We find that the chancellor did not abuse his discretion in denying Ruff’s request for
injunctive relief. Furthermore, because the grant or denial of injunctive relief was the sole
issue before the chancellor, we do not address Ruff’s remaining assignments of error.
¶26. AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., DIAZ, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES, DICKINSON,
RANDOLPH, AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR.
12
Guy Phil Ruff, Jr. v. Guy P. Ruff, Sr.
Combined Opinion