IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2007-KA-00923-SCT
CHRISTOPHER O’NEIL McCUNE
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/12/2007
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. MARCUS D. GORDON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: NEWTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: JAMES EDWIN SMITH, III
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DESHUN TERRELL MARTIN
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: MARK SHELDON DUNCAN
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 07/17/2008
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., GRAVES AND RANDOLPH, JJ.
RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Christopher O’Neil McCune was indicted for murder and aggravated assault. A jury
trial was held in the Circuit Court of Newton County following the denial of McCune’s
motion for change of venue. The circuit judge denied McCune’s proposed lesser-offense
instructions regarding manslaughter. A jury of McCune’s peers found him guilty as charged
on both counts. McCune was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder conviction and
to an additional twenty years, to run consecutively to the sentence of life imprisonment, for
the aggravated assault conviction. Following denial of his “Motion for a New Trial or Other
Relief,” McCune filed notice of appeal.
FACTS
¶2. On August 13, 2006, at approximately 2:15 a.m., Cathy Hardy arrived at James “J.J.”
Bolton’s house, accompanied by a friend. Around 2:45 a.m., Hardy and Bolton left for
Hardy’s house in Bolton’s vehicle, as she was concerned she had left the stove on. While
they were returning to Bolton’s house, a white Chevy Suburban passed them slowly.
According to McCune, the driver of the white Suburban,1 “I went past [Bolton] because he
was driving sort of slow.” Hardy testified that McCune began “pushing on the brakes[,]” and
made a left turn. Bolton then pulled up behind McCune’s vehicle. Hardy “noticed [McCune]
and [Kidd] standing outside the car.” Hardy testified that Bolton then rolled his window
down “and [McCune] asked him, why the [f] did he stop the [mf] truck. And [Bolton] told
him, ‘Man, I was just trying to see what was up.’” In contrast, McCune testified that he did
not recall using profanity and merely got out of his vehicle “and asked [Bolton] what was up
and asked him, what’s going on, you know, ‘Why don’t you go ahead on,’ . . . because
[there] had been some threats made and things of that sort.” 2 According to Hardy, McCune
“asked [Bolton] again why did he stop the [f]’ing truck. And [Bolton] told him, ‘Man, I was
just trying to see what was up.’ And [McCune] replied, ‘You done caused enough [s...] on
1
He was accompanied in the vehicle by Kafien Kidd, Jonathan Perrilliat, and Anthony
Arrington.
2
McCune testified that he had known Bolton “practically all my life. Me and him
went to school together[,] . . . knew him from . . . [the] neighborhood that we lived in. All
of us come in contact pretty frequent.” According to McCune, threats had been made “[t]o
me and also members of my family . . ., threats made that [Bolton] was going to do
something about shooting in my sister house[,] . . . at the time I was staying there.” McCune
conceded that Bolton “didn’t make [threats] directly to me. But some people that associated
with him and I had said that he had.” Of greater import, McCune testified that Bolton made
no threats to him that evening.
2
these streets.’” Hardy testified that Bolton replied, “‘Man, I wouldn’t do you like that,’ and
he replied to [Kidd], ‘And, man, you know I wouldn’t do you like that.’” 3 According to
McCune, he then asked Bolton “to go on twice[,]” without success.4 Hardy testified that as
she “leaned up to look at [McCune], [Bolton] was barely brushing the side of my thigh, as
if he was trying to get my attention. So I just leaned up, and that’s when I noticed that
[McCune] had a gun at his side.” Hardy then “told [Bolton] that he didn’t have a gun, let’s
leave. He was just – but he wasn’t reaching down. He wasn’t doing none of that.” 5 McCune
testified that he “noticed [Bolton] was reaching for something. I know [Bolton] carry a gun.
I mean, I have saw him with a gun before.[6 ] I didn’t know what to do at the time. So, as he
was reaching for his gun,[7 ] that’s when I pulled my gun.” Immediately thereafter, according
to Hardy, “the gun just started going off.” According to McCune, he began shooting “out
of self-defense . . . because I felt like he was going to do something to me.” (Emphasis
added). McCune testified that he shot until he ran out of bullets because “I didn’t know if
I had shot him or not. It happened real fast.”
3
Hardy testified that Bolton was “talking nice” to McCune and made no verbal threats
or threatening gestures.
4
McCune admitted that he likewise could have gotten back into his vehicle and left,
but did not.
5
On September 6, 2006, Hardy gave a voluntary statement that, “I felt [Bolton]
touching the side of my lap. So I looked up at [McCune] and noticed that he had a gun in
his right hand. I leaned back and told [Bolton], ‘Let’s just go, you don’t have a gun in
here.’”
6
McCune admitted that he did not see Bolton with a gun “that particular night . . . .”
7
McCune later testified that he had assumed Bolton was reaching for a gun.
3
¶3. According to Hardy, “[a]fter the shots had stopped firing, I noticed [Bolton] had took
his left hand and took his shirt and brushed his shirt. That’s when I noticed he had a bullet
hole in his shirt. I leaned back up . . . and I seen [McCune] with the gun in the window.”
Hardy testified that McCune was pointing the gun toward her head and “the gun fired and
something just told me to get out and run and I just ran.” As Hardy ran away, she heard
McCune yell, “‘Bitch, you better run or I’ll kill you, too.’” McCune denies shooting at, or
even speaking to, Hardy. According to McCune, “I never noticed [Hardy] at all. . . . [A]s we
was headed back to the truck, I saw somebody running . . . . I didn’t know who she was.”
¶4. Robert and Margaret Moore, who lived in a nearby home, were awakened by the
gunshots. Margaret testified that she “heard a lot of commotion. And then as the guy was
walking back to the white Suburban, I heard him say, ‘And I’ll kill you, too.’” According
to Robert, the white Suburban then “sped off as I was going out the back door, as I took two
or three steps toward the roadway.” After hiding briefly at a nearby church, Hardy returned
to Bolton’s vehicle and testified that:
I was going to just sit on top of [Bolton] and try to drive him home. That’s
what was in my mind I was thinking to do. And when I turned back and
looked again, I seen the [white Suburban] coming back and it was coming back
real fast, so I took off running again.
According to Robert:
I heard [the white Suburban] as it was making the block. It came around – it
was just gassing it all the way around to each stop. When I heard it turn to
come back toward me, that’s when I got in the defensive posture trying to see
what they was going to do.
4
Hardy testified that she heard McCune again threaten her, stating “[y]ou better run or I’ll kill
you.” She then ran to Robert, who was standing outside with a gun in his pocket, and told
him she “thought [McCune] was going to kill me.” According to Robert:
[b]y the time the truck made it back around, [Hardy] had braced herself right
behind me. She came from the left side of the vehicle and she just grabbed me
like this here. “Mr. Robert, Mr. Robert, they going to kill me.” She was
holding on to my robe, and I was trying to calm her down.
McCune’s vehicle pulled up at the corner of the Moores’ house, paused for five or ten
seconds, and then drove away. According to McCune, he “came back to the scene because
I was going to make sure that [Bolton] had got him some help there. . . . And when I saw
[Robert] and [Hardy] standing there, I just drove, kept on driving.”
¶5. The investigating officers found no weapons in Bolton’s vehicle. Leon Reed, a
detective with the Newton Police Department, testified that they “found 14 rounds that had
been shot from a nine millimeter on the ground, the hulls.” A firearms expert with the
Mississippi Crime Laboratory testified that all of the casings “were fired from the same gun.”
Additionally, according to Reed, one bullet “went through the vehicle and hit the passenger
side of the vehicle right in the edge of the window, bottom part of the window in the door.”
An autopsy revealed a total of twelve gunshot wounds, with at least two of the bullet wounds
being lethal. Several days later, McCune was apprehended in Lexington, Kentucky.
¶6. On January 30, 2007, McCune was indicted for murder, in violation of Mississippi
Code Annotated Section 97-3-19(1)(a),8 and aggravated assault, in violation of Mississippi
8
Mississippi Code Annotated Section 97-3-19(1)(a) provides, “(1) The killing of a
human being without authority of law by any means or in any manner shall be murder in the
following cases: (a) When done with deliberate design to effect the death of the person
5
Code Annotated Section 97-3-7(2)(b).9 On February 15, 2007, McCune filed a motion for
change of venue arguing that reference to him in articles published in The Newton Record
“caused the prospective jurors in this cause to hear information which is erroneous,
inflammable, and highly prejudicial in this cause, and has prejudiced these prospective jurors
against him.”
¶7. A hearing was held on McCune’s motion for change of venue. McCune offered two
Newton County residents as witnesses, his mother and aunt,10 who each testified that they did
not believe McCune could receive a fair trial in Newton County.11 McCune also introduced
a newspaper article from The Newton Record which read:
[i]n the pre-dawn hours of August 13, a shooting left a Newton man dead, and
a woman and her baby believed kidnaped. The woman and child were safely
returned to Newton, while Newton resident “J.J.” Bolton was killed at 3 a.m.
on that Sunday morning on Oak Street during an alleged altercation with
killed, or of any human being . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(a) (Rev. 2006).
9
Mississippi Code Annotated Section 97-3-7(2)(b) provides, in part, that:
(2) A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he . . . (b) attempts to cause or
purposely or knowingly causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon
or other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm; and, upon
conviction, he shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not
more than one (1) year or in the Penitentiary for not more than twenty (20)
years.
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-7(2)(b) (Rev. 2006).
10
Kidd’s mother.
11
Betty Buckley, McCune’s mother, specifically testified that Bolton owned a local
store, his father owned a local body shop, his aunt is an alderman for the City of Newton,
and several of Bolton’s relatives are employed by the Newton Police Department. As such,
she testified that “[b]ecause of . . . the publicity, the people that’s involved with the families,
I just don’t think it would be fair.”
6
[McCune] and [Kidd]. According to police reports, Bolton was driving his
Cadillac Escalade on Oak Street at around 3 a.m. on Sunday when a white,
older model Suburban cut in front of him. Words were exchanged and the
suspects got out of their car and fired several shots into the Escalade killing
Bolton. Newton Police Chief Curry said [when] McCune and Kidd were done
with their rounds they proceeded to drive away, but returned to “possibly kill
the witness” who was in the car with Bolton but had fled the scene by the time
they returned.
Accused in the killing were [McCune], [Kidd], [Arrington] and [Perrilliat].
The State offered six Newton County residents as witnesses,12 four of whom had heard about
McCune’s case on the news or read about it in The Newton Record, and each testified that
they believed McCune could receive a fair trial in Newton County. Regarding extensive
media exposure, the circuit judge stated:
the only evidence I have other than the testimony of various witnesses was that
there was only one account. And, of course, this Court knows that there were
more accounts published in The Newton Record than the one account. I know
that. But as far as this hearing is concerned, I only know of one; and reading
that one report, there’s no evidence to me that report would cause a fair and
impartial juror to prejudge the guilt of [McCune].
As to “serious crimes against members of prominent, influential families or serious crimes
against public officials and serious crimes such as mass or serial murders[,]” the circuit judge
found “that’s nonexistent in this case, other than the testimony of a mother and an aunt who
say that the victim’s family was more prominent than [McCune] . . . .” The circuit judge then
provided that “[t]he Supreme Court in numerous Mississippi cases has on numerous times
stated that during voir dire, if jurors can state that they can be fair and impartial, then that’s
12
Among the witnesses were a local minister; a school teacher/football coach with the
Newton County School District; and an election commissioner/president of the Newton
County School Board.
7
the linchpin of a fair and impartial trial.” The circuit judge found there was not an extensive
level of adverse publicity and the coverage was not inflammatory, but merely “reporting the
incident itself[,]” that “[t]he extent and effect the publicity had upon the venired persons in
the case, [is] a matter . . . [to be] determine[d] . . . in voir dire examination.” The circuit
judge concluded that “considering the totality of the case, the evidence of the case, the
publicity of the case, the testimony that I’ve heard, . . . that [McCune’s] motion for change
of venue should be denied.”
¶8. On April 9, 2007, the jury trial commenced. Following the State’s case-in-chief,
McCune made a motion to dismiss, which was overruled. After presentation of McCune’s
case, he offered jury instructions, discussed infra. The jury found McCune guilty as charged
on both the murder and aggravated-assault counts. On April 10, 2007, the circuit court
sentenced McCune to life imprisonment for the murder conviction and to twenty-five years
imprisonment for the aggravated-assault conviction, with “said sentence to run consecutive
to the sentence imposed in Count One hereof.” On April 12, 2007, the circuit court filed an
“Amended Judgment” as to the sentence for McCune’s aggravated-assault conviction,
because “Section 97-3-7 of the Mississippi Code provides only a maximum allowance of
twenty (20) years for the crime of aggravated assault.” That twenty-year sentence was
imposed to run consecutively to the sentence of life imprisonment imposed in Count One.
¶9. Subsequently, the circuit court entered an order overruling McCune’s “Motion for
Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict or, in the alternative, Motion for New Trial,” and later
entered an order overruling McCune’s “Motion for a New Trial or Other Relief.” That same
day, McCune filed a notice of appeal.
8
ISSUES
¶10. This Court will consider:
(1) Whether the circuit court erred in denying McCune’s motion for change of
venue.
(2) Whether the circuit court erred in refusing to grant Instructions D-1, D-5,
D-8 and D-11, which would have allowed the jury to consider the lesser-
included offense[13 ] of manslaughter.
ANALYSIS
I. Whether the circuit court erred in denying McCune’s motion for
change of venue.
¶11. The decision to grant or deny a motion for change of venue is within the discretion
of the trial judge. See King v. State, 960 So. 2d 413, 428 (Miss. 2007); Mingo v. State, 944
So. 2d 18, 30 (Miss. 2006). This Court “will not disturb the ruling of the lower court where
the trial judge did not abuse his discretion . . . .” Mingo, 944 So. 2d at 30 (citing Gray v.
State, 799 So. 2d 53, 62 (Miss. 2001)) (emphasis added).
¶12. In King, this Court noted that it had:
thoroughly addressed the requirements for change of venue in Howell [v.
State, 860 So. 2d 704 (Miss. 2004)]:
The right to a fair trial by an impartial jury is guaranteed by both
the federal and state constitutions. Johnson [v. State, 476 So.
2d 1195, 1208 (Miss. 1985)] (citing U.S. Const. Amend. VI and
Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26). “The accused has a right to a change
of venue when it is doubtful that an impartial jury can be
obtained.” Davis [v. State, 767 So. 2d 986, 993 (Miss. 2000)]
(citing White [v. State, 495 So. 2d 1346, 1348 (Miss. 1986)]).
“Upon proper application, there arises a presumption that such
13
Lesser-included offense is a misnomer. The Court considers manslaughter to be a
lesser offense of murder.
9
sentiment exists; and, the state then bears the burden of rebutting
that presumption.” Johnson, 476 So. 2d at 1211.
This Court enumerated “certain elements which, when present
would serve as an indicator to the trial court as to when the
presumption is irrebutable.” White, 495 So. 2d at 1349. The
elements are as follows:
(1) capital cases based on considerations of a
heightened standard of review;
(2) crowds threatening violence toward the
accused;
(3) an inordinate amount of media coverage,[14 ]
particularly in cases of:
(a) serious crimes against
influential families;
(b) serious crimes against public
officials;
(c) serial crimes;
(d) crimes committed by a black
defendant upon a white victim;
(e) where there is an inexperienced
trial counsel.
Id.; Davis, 767 So. 2d at 993-94 . . . .
Howell, 860 So. 2d at 719.
King, 960 So. 2d at 429-30 (emphasis added). Furthermore, “the State can rebut the
presumption that the defendant could not receive a fair trial by proving that the trial court
14
Additionally:
[i]n cases where there has been pretrial publicity, the trial judge looks at two
factors when evaluating the request for a change of venue. Holland v. State,
705 So. 2d 307, 336 (Miss. 1997). “First is the level of adverse publicity, both
in extent of coverage and its inflammatory nature. Second is the extent of the
effect the publicity had upon the venire persons in the case.” Id.
Gavin v. State, 785 So. 2d 1088, 1095 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).
10
impaneled an impartial jury.” Id. at 431 (citing Swann v. State, 806 So. 2d 1111, 1116
(Miss. 2002)).
¶13. McCune’s motion for change of venue, with six supporting affidavits attached, created
a presumption of doubt that an impartial jury could be obtained.15 See King, 960 So. 2d at
429. The circuit judge correctly determined that the presumption was rebuttable, as the
requisite, irrebutable elements were absent. See King, 960 So. 2d at 429-30. Specifically,
this is not a capital case; “[I] heard nothing about the crowds threatening violence[;]” 16 and
there was not an “inordinate amount of media coverage.” 17 Id. The State presented six
witnesses to rebut the presumption. Each testified that he or she believed McCune could
receive a fair trial in Newton County. Furthermore, during voir dire, numerous venire
members indicated that they had read news accounts or had seen television newscasts
15
Only two of the affiants testified at the hearing, i.e., McCune’s mother and aunt.
16
McCune unpersuasively argues that the alleged use of extra security precautions
(i.e., law enforcement in and around the courthouse, metal detectors, and limited entryways),
not used during the “other trial that took place during the same week of the court term,”
invalidate the circuit judge’s finding. Unfortunately, untoward conduct in courthouses
caused by unwelcome societal changes has prompted increased security in many
courthouses. This Court rejects the notion that the use of such precautions should be added
to the White elements.
17
As the circuit judge noted, a single account from The Newton Record was presented
at the hearing. He found this pretrial publicity was neither extensive nor inflammatory, and
that any effect on the venire could be determined in voir dire. See Holland, 705 So. 2d at
336. Furthermore, the circuit judge found the case sub judice to be different from the
specific cases in which the “inordinate amount of media coverage” element was of particular
concern. King, 960 So. 2d at 429-30 (quoting White, 495 So. 2d at 1349). Specifically, the
only testimony as to the applicability of these cases was the testimony of McCune’s mother
that Bolton’s family was more prominent than McCune’s. The circuit judge found that
testimony to be insufficient. This Court would add that the existence or non-existence of
such specific cases is irrelevant in the absence of an “inordinate amount of media coverage”
in the first place. Id.
11
regarding the case, and the only one who indicated that she had already formed an opinion
as to how the case should be decided was excused.18 The State’s witnesses at the hearing and
the voir dire proceedings rebutted any presumption that an impartial jury could not be
obtained. See King, 960 So. 2d at 429-31. We find nothing in the record of such quality and
weight to indicate that the circuit judge abused his discretion in denying McCune’s motion
for change of venue. See Mingo, 944 So. 2d at 30. Accordingly, this Court finds that this
issue is without merit.
II. Whether the circuit court erred in refusing to grant Instructions D-1,
D-5, D-8 and D-11, which would have allowed the jury to consider the
lesser offense of manslaughter.
¶14. This Court has stated that:
the standard of review for challenges to jury instructions is clear[:]
[t]he Court does not single out any instruction or take
instructions out of context; rather, the instructions are to be read
together as a whole. A defendant is entitled to have jury
instructions given which present his theory of the case. This
entitlement is limited, however, in that the Court is allowed to
refuse an instruction which incorrectly states the law, is covered
fairly elsewhere in the instructions, or is without foundation in
the evidence.
Spicer v. State, 921 So. 2d 292, 313 (Miss. 2006) (citing Parks v. State, 884
So. 2d 738, 746 (Miss. 2004)).
With regard to [McCune’s] claim that he was entitled to a lesser-included
offense instruction, we conduct de novo review, as this is a question of law.
State v. Shaw, 880 So. 2d 296, 298 (Miss. 2004) (citing Ostrander v. State,
803 So. 2d 1172, 1174 (Miss. 2002)).
18
Additionally, all venire members indicated that they had not formed an opinion as
to innocence or guilt and could be fair to both McCune and the State.
12
Downs v. State, 962 So. 2d 1255, 1258 (Miss. 2007). According to Strickland v. State, 2008
Miss. LEXIS 132 (Miss. March 6, 2008), lesser-included-offense instructions:
should be given if there is an evidentiary basis in the record that
would permit a jury rationally to find the defendant guilty of the
lesser offense and to acquit him of the greater offense. Welch
v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 684 (Miss. 1990). In reviewing the
propriety of such an instruction, we have stated:
A lesser-included offense instruction should be
granted unless the trial judge and ultimately this
Court can say, taking the evidence in the light
most favorable to the accused and considering all
the reasonable inferences which may be drawn in
favor of the accused from the evidence, that no
reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty of
the lesser-included offense (conversely, not guilty
of at least one element of the principal charge).
McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1028 (Miss. 1989).
However, this Court has repeatedly held that a lesser-included
offense instruction should not be indiscriminately granted, but
rather should be submitted to the jury only where there is an
evidentiary basis in the record. Lee v. State, 469 So. 2d 1225,
1230 (Miss. 1985).
Strickland, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 132 at *36-37.
¶15. Manslaughter is defined as “[t]he killing of a human being, without malice, in the heat
of passion, but in a cruel or unusual manner, or by the use of a dangerous weapon, without
authority of law, and not in necessary self-defense . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35 (Rev.
2006) (emphasis added). This Court has defined “heat of passion” as:
[a] state of violent and uncontrollable rage engendered by a blow or certain
other provocation given, which will reduce a homicide from the grade of
murder to that of manslaughter. Passion or anger suddenly aroused at the time
by some immediate and reasonable provocation, by words or acts of one at the
time. The term includes an emotional state of mind characterized by anger,
rage, hatred, furious resentment or terror.
13
Agnew v. State, 783 So. 2d 699, 703 (Miss. 2001) (quoting Graham v. State, 582 So. 2d
1014, 1017 (Miss. 1991)) (emphasis added). “[T]here must be such circumstances as would
indicate that a normal mind would be roused to the extent that reason is overthrown and
passion usurps the mind destroying judgment.” Agnew, 783 So. 2d at 703-704 (citing
Graham, 582 So. 2d at 1018).
¶16. Instruction D-1 provided, in part, that:
[i]f you find from the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that
[McCune], on or about August 13, 2006, in Newton County, Mississippi,
killed J.J. Bolton without malice, in the heat of passion, by the use of a deadly
weapon and further that [McCune] was not acting in self-defense, then you
shall find [McCune] guilty of manslaughter.[19 ]
The circuit judge determined that:
[i]f you’re asking for a manslaughter instruction on the basis of passion, not
in necessary self-defense, then you cannot turn around and ask for a self-
defense instruction. Of course, we’re going to argue about the self-defense
instruction when we get to it. Here is your instruction that you offered to me,
which says killing of a human being without malice or heat of passion but in
a cruel or unusual manner or by use of a dangerous weapon without authority
of law and not in necessary self-defense. It’s refused.
¶17. This Court agrees with the circuit court’s denial of the lesser-offense instructions on
manslaughter. A lesser-offense instruction can be refused if it is without foundation in the
evidence. See Strickland, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 132 at *36-37; Downs, 962 So. 2d at 1258.
Manslaughter must be “in the heat of passion,” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006), i.e.,
the result of “immediate and reasonable provocation, by words or acts of one at the time.”
19
Instruction D-5 provided a definition of manslaughter identical to that in Mississippi
Code Annotated Section 97-3-35; Instruction D-8 was an excessive force instruction; and
Instruction D-11 was a jury verdict instruction as to manslaughter.
14
Agnew, 783 So. 2d at 703 (quoting Graham, 582 So. 2d at 1017). Hardy testified that prior
to the incident Bolton was “talking nice” to McCune. McCune conceded that Bolton did not
threaten him that evening, had never made any threat directly to McCune, and he did not see
Bolton with a gun that evening. The evidence is devoid of a verbal or physical provocation
by Bolton. See id. In short, there was no evidentiary basis of provocation of a degree to
evoke an uncontrolled response of “anger, rage, hatred, furious resentment or terror.” Id.
¶18. Moreover, McCune requested a self-defense instruction, which was granted by the
circuit court. McCune testified that the twelve gunshots were fired “out of self-defense.”
The very definition of manslaughter requires that it is “not in necessary self-defense[.]”
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-35 (Rev. 2006). Although “[a] criminal defendant has a right to
assert alternative theories of defense, even inconsistent alternative theories[,]” Reddix v.
State, 731 So. 2d 591, 593 (Miss. 1999) (citing Love v. State, 441 So. 2d 1353, 1356 (Miss.
1983), there must be an evidentiary basis therefor. That evidentiary basis is lacking.
¶19. Thus, there was no foundation in the evidence for the lesser-offense instruction. See
Strickland, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 132 at *36-37; Downs, 962 So. 2d at 1258. This Court
concludes that the circuit court acted properly in denying such an instruction. This issue
likewise is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶20. Accordingly, this Court affirms the final judgment and sentences of the Circuit Court
of Newton County.
¶21. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE
IMPRISONMENT IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF AGGRAVATED
15
ASSAULT AND SENTENCE OF TWENTY (20) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. THIS SENTENCE
SHALL RUN CONSECUTIVE TO THE SENTENCE IMPOSED IN COUNT I
HEREOF.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND DIAZ, P.JJ., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON
AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
16