IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2006-KA-02149-SCT
GREGORY SMITH a/k/a JR.
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/30/2006
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ROBERT WALTER BAILEY
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAUDERDALE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: BENJAMIN A. SUBER
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: STEPHANIE B. WOOD
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: BILBO MITCHELL
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 06/26/2008
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., DICKINSON AND LAMAR, JJ.
LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In the Circuit Court of Lauderdale County, a jury found Gregory Smith guilty of
capital murder, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
Smith filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and a motion for a new trial,
both of which the trial court denied. Smith appeals.
FACTS
¶2. In the early morning hours of May 29, 2004, Jeremy Scott was shot four times in the
head in the Meridian home of relatives. A 911 call was placed around 2:49 a.m., to which
the Meridian Police Department (“MPD”) responded shortly thereafter. Scott died from the
gunshot wounds to the head.
¶3. Assigned to investigate the murder one year after it occurred, Detective Andy Havard,
MPD criminal investigator, learned from Scott’s mother that Scott had purchased a cell
phone about two weeks before he was murdered. The detectives subpoenaed the cell phone
records for calls made from Scott’s phone from 2:45 a.m. on May 29, 2004, through the next
three days. Because the phone was used post-mortem, the detectives concluded that persons
in the house during or after Scott’s death took his phone. Through investigation related to
the phone records, the detectives determined that Anthony Evans, Lewis Thomas Green, and
Gregory Smith were suspects.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶4. A grand jury in Lauderdale County indicted Evans, Green, and Smith for armed
robbery and capital murder. The trial court granted Evans’s request for severance from his
codefendants. Smith also filed a motion for severance. However, the motion was neither
noticed for a hearing nor ruled on by the trial court.
¶5. At the joint trial of Smith and Green, six witnesses testified. Jason McElhenney, a
former MPD criminal investigator, testified about his observations at the scene of the crime.
Dr. Steven Hayne, a pathologist who performed an autopsy on Scott, described Scott’s
gunshot wounds and opined as to Scott’s cause of death. Bernice Collins, former live-in
girlfriend of Green, testified that Evans, Smith, and Green were regularly together. She said
that she was with Smith and Green until about 1:00 a.m, less than two hours before the
2
murder, and that when she saw Green again around 5:00 a.m., Green told her Evans was with
him. MPD Officer Joe Hoadley, initially the lead detective on the case, testified about his
investigation, which did not lead to the identification of any suspects. Detective Havard
testified about the fruits of his investigation, which included his interrogation of Smith and
Green. Another MPD criminal investigator, Detective J.C. Boswell, who assisted Havard
in the interrogation of Smith and Green, also testified about statements made by Smith and
Green during their respective interrogations.
¶6. Detectives Havard and Boswell testified that they interrogated Smith on three
occasions: December 8, 2005; December 13, 2005; and February 9, 2006. On each
occasion, Smith was incarcerated on other charges. Smith’s apparent knowledge of the
murder expanded with each interview, culminating in his confession during the February 9
interview. Detective Havard testified that Smith stated in the final interrogation that he and
Green had been at the scene of the crime, and that he had been a lookout. According to
Havard, Smith said they had gone in to commit robbery. Smith also said Green had shot
Scott. The State entered disc recordings of Smith’s interrogations as well as transcripts of
those recordings. Green objected numerous times to the testimony regarding Smith’s
statements on the grounds of confrontation and hearsay. The trial court eventually granted
Green a continuing objection.
¶7. Detectives Havard and Boswell testified that they had interrogated Green on two
occasions: October 27, 2005, and March 2, 2006. Green also was interrogated while in
custody on other charges. At the first interrogation, Green denied knowing anything about
3
the murder. At the second interrogation, which, according to the detectives, lasted about
forty-five minutes, the detectives began to record Green’s interrogation; however, after the
detectives played for Green the portion of Smith’s interrogation in which Green was named
as an accomplice, Green requested that the recorder be stopped, and the detectives complied.
After this request, the detectives testified that Green admitted he and Smith had been present
at the murder. Detective Havard testified that Green stated that he and Smith had gone to rob
Scott and that Green had had a gun. Detective Havard further testified that Green said he had
searched the house while Smith had watched the front door, and Green said he had heard
three to five shots fired while he was searching the house. According to the officers, Green
also said he had taken drugs and money from the house. Green told the officers that Smith
had a chrome handgun, and that a small gun like a .380-caliber and a long handgun had been
involved. Smith objected numerous times to the officers’ testimony regarding Green’s
statements on the grounds of confrontation and hearsay. The trial court overruled each
objection.
¶8. After the State rested, the trial court called each defendant individually and explained
to him his right to testify or not testify. Each defendant declined to testify, and neither put
on any evidence. After a three-day trial, both Smith and Green were convicted of capital
murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
¶9. Smith filed post-trial motions, which were denied. Smith appeals his conviction.1
1
Green also appealed but later moved to withdraw his appeal, and that motion was granted
by order of the Court dated June 5, 2008.
4
DISCUSSION
¶10. Smith raised two issues on appeal: (1) Whether Smith was irreparably and unfairly
prejudiced by the admission of character evidence of prior bad acts, including prior arrests,
charges, bond hearings, and other unrelated crimes; and (2) whether Smith was denied a fair
trial due to the trial court’s failure to sever the trials of Smith and Green. Further, Smith
implicitly avers a Confrontation Clause violation in his severance issue where he argues “[a]
separate trial was necessary to ensure a fair determination of Smith's guilt or innocence
without Green's hearsay and confrontational statements.” Rule 28(a)(3) of the Mississippi
Rules of Appellate Procedure states: “A statement shall identify the issues presented for
review.” The rule also says “the court may, at its option, notice a plain error not identified
or distinctly specified.” M.R.A.P. Rule 28(a)(3). Under the plain-error doctrine, we can
recognize obvious error which was not properly raised by the defendant on appeal, and which
affects a defendant’s “fundamental, substantive right.” See Debrow v. State, 972 So. 2d 550
(Miss. 2007) (recognizing as plain error that the admission of evidence of defendant’s blood
alcohol content was in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation); Sanders
v. State, 678 So. 2d 663, 670 (Miss. 1996) (quoting Gray v. State, 549 So. 2d 1316, 1321
(Miss. 1989) (“It has been established that where fundamental rights are violated, procedural
rules give way to prevent a miscarriage of justice”)). Plain-error review is properly utilized
for “correcting obvious instances of injustice or misapplied law.” Newport v. Fact Concerts,
453 U.S. 247, 256, 101 S. Ct. 2748, 69 L. Ed. 2d 616 (1981). Because we find that a
violation of the Confrontation Clause is a violation of a “fundamental, substantive right,” we
5
also will address whether Green’s statement, which implicated Smith, violated Smith’s right
to confrontation, as provided by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution, and if so, whether such error requires reversal.2
I. Whether the Trial Court Committed Reversible Error in
Admitting Character Evidence or Prior Bad Acts about Prior
Arrests, Charges, Bond Hearings, and Other Unrelated Crimes.
¶11. Smith argues that the trial court erred when it admitted character evidence through
Smith’s own statements concerning prior arrests, charges, bond hearings, and other unrelated
crimes. The State responds that Smith is procedurally barred from raising as error the
admissibility of his statements as character evidence since he did not specifically object on
that ground in the trial court.
¶12. This Court reviews the trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence under an
abuse of discretion standard of review. Jones v. State, 962 So. 2d 1263, 1268 (Miss. 2007)
(citing Jones v. State, 904 So. 2d 149, 152 (Miss. 2005)).
¶13. This Court has held “[a]n objection must be made with specificity, and failure to
articulate the grounds for objection constitutes a waiver of the alleged error.” Ross v. State,
954 So. 2d 968, 987 (Miss. 1973). Further, we have held that “an objection on one or more
2
Smith objected to the confrontation error in trial court. To Detective Havard’s testimony as
to what Green said of Smith’s involvement in the murder, Smith stated:
[Smith’s Counsel]:Your Honor, we are going to object to anything – the same basis
Mr. Stephenson had. I realize the Court has already overruled those objections, but
it’s definitely confrontational and also hearsay.
Court: Yes, sir. I understand. Overruled.
6
specific grounds constitutes a waiver of all other grounds.” Spicer v. State, 921 So. 2d 292,
316 (Miss. 2006) (quoting Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1255 (Miss. 1993), overruled
on other grounds by Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 161-62 (Miss. 1999); Morgan
v. State, 741 So. 2d 246, 253 (Miss. 1999) (citing Stringer v. State, 279 So. 2d 156, 158
(Miss. 1973)). This Court noted in Morgan that an objection cannot be enlarged in the
reviewing court to embrace an omission not complained of at trial. Morgan, 741 So. 2d at
253 (citing McGarrh v. State, 249 Miss. 247, 276, 148 So. 2d 494, 506 (1963)); Stringer,
279 So. 2d at 158-59. This Court cannot find that a trial judge committed reversible error
on a matter not brought before him or her to consider. Montgomery v. State, 891 So. 2d 179,
187 (Miss. 2004); Stringer, 279 So. 2d at 158.
¶14. When Smith’s statements were offered into evidence, Smith joined an objection made
by Green on the grounds of hearsay and the right to confrontation. Smith failed to object on
the ground he raises on appeal – improper character evidence. Smith waived any argument
concerning character evidence when he failed to raise it in the trial court.
II. Whether the Trial Court Committed Reversible Error in Not
Severing the trials of Gregory Smith and Lewis Green.
¶15. Smith also asserts that the trial court committed error by failing to sever the trials of
Smith and codefendant Green. The State argues that since Smith filed a motion for severance
but never set the motion for hearing, this assignment also is procedurally barred.
¶16. Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court Practice 9.03 places in the discretion of
the trial judge the grant or refusal of severance of defendants in cases not involving the death
7
penalty.3 This Court has held that, even when a defendant has a right to a separate trial from
that of a codefendant, “this right, as any other fundamental and absolute right, can be
waived.” Smith v. State, 724 So. 2d 280, 307 (Miss. 1988). Uniform Rule of Circuit and
County Court Practice 2.04 states:
It is the duty of the movant, when a motion or other pleading is filed, including
motions for a new trial, to pursue said motion to hearing and decision by the
court. Failure to pursue a pretrial motion to hearing and decision before trial
is deemed an abandonment of that motion; however, said motion may be heard
after the commencement of trial in the discretion of the court.
This Court has repeatedly held that “it is the responsibility of the movant to obtain a ruling
from the court on motions . . . and failure to do so constitutes a waiver.” Evans v. State, 725
So. 2d 613, 708 (Miss. 1997) (quoting Johnson v. State, 461 So. 2d 1288, 1290
(Miss.1984)). “Issues not brought before the trial court are deemed waived and may not be
raised for the first time on appeal.” Tate v. State, 912 So. 2d 919, 928 (Miss. 2005) (citing
Wilcher v. State, 479 So. 2d 710, 712 (Miss. 1985)).
¶17. We find no record of a ruling by the trial court on Smith’s motion for severance nor
any evidence that the motion was noticed for hearing by the defendant. By failing to pursue
a hearing or ruling on the motion from the trial court, Smith effectively abandoned the
motion and waived this issue for appeal.
III. Whether the Trial Court Committed Reversible Error in
Admitting Green’s Statement Against Smith.
3
Although this is a capital murder case, the State did not seek the death penalty.
8
¶18. This Court reviews de novo a Confrontation Clause objection. See Hayden v. State,
972 So. 2d 525, 535-36 (Miss. 2007) (citing Baker v. State, 802 So. 2d 77, 80 (Miss. 2001)).
¶19. The United States Supreme Court has noted:
[there] are few subjects, perhaps, upon which this Court and other courts have
been more nearly unanimous than in the expressions of belief that the right of
confrontation and cross-examination is an essential and fundamental
requirement for the kind of fair trial which is this country's constitutional goal.
Lee v. Ill., 476 U.S. 530, 540, 106 S. Ct. 2056, 90 L. Ed. 2d 514 (1986) (quoting Pointer v.
Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 405, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923 (1965)). The right to
confrontation:
(1) insures that the witness will give his statements under oath -- thus
impressing him with the seriousness of the matter and guarding against the lie
by the possibility of a penalty for perjury; (2) forces the witness to submit to
cross-examination, the ‘greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery
of truth’; (3) permits the jury that is to decide the defendant's fate to observe
the demeanor of the witness making his statement, thus aiding the jury in
assessing his credibility.
Lee, 476 U.S. at 540 (quoting California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 158, 90 S. Ct. 1930, 26 L.
Ed. 2d 489 (1970)). “[The] truthfinding function of the Confrontation Clause is uniquely
threatened when an accomplice's confession is sought to be introduced against a criminal
defendant without the benefit of cross-examination.” Lee, 476 U.S. at 541.
¶20. In Crawford v. Washington, the United States Supreme Court held that testimonial
statements of witnesses absent from trial can be admitted, in accordance with common law,
only where the declarant is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-
examine. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1364, 158 L. Ed. 2d
9
177 (2004) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court distinguished nontestimonial hearsay
from testimonial hearsay. Id. Nontestimonial hearsay is subject to evidentiary rules
concerning reliability rather than being subject to scrutiny under the Confrontation Clause.
Id. However, testimonial hearsay must be filtered by the Confrontation Clause. Id. at 53.
¶21. The Court declined in Crawford to define “testimonial” statements, but noted that the
term, at a minimum, includes “prior testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury,
or at a former trial; and to police interrogations.” Id. at 68 (emphasis added). Subsequently,
the Court addressed the need to “determine more precisely which police interrogations
produce testimony.” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 165 L. Ed.
2d 224 (2006). In Davis, the Court further distinguished statements made in response to
police interrogations, explaining that:
[s]tatements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police
interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary
purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing
emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate
that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the
interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
criminal prosecution.
Davis, 547 U.S. at 822. Accordingly, the statements made during police interrogation in the
present case are unquestionably testimonial and thus would be admissible only if the
declarant was unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross examine. See
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52, 68.
¶22. Crawford cites Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 126, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 1622, 20
L. Ed. 2d 476 (1968), for the proposition that the admission of a codefendant’s statement
10
against a defendant without the opportunity to cross-examine the codefendant is a violation
of the Confrontation Clause. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 57. Following Bruton, this Court has
held that “the prosecution should not offer, and the trial judge should not admit, in evidence,
incriminating statements of a codefendant (implicating the defendant) during the state’s case-
in-chief, since it could not be known whether the codefendant would testify after the state
rested.” Clark v. State, 891 So. 2d 136, 140 (Miss. 2004) (quoting Brown v. State, 340 So.
2d 718, 721 (Miss. 1976)).
¶23. The trial court allowed the introduction of Smith’s and Green’s statements based on
the reliability test set forth in Seales v. State, 495 So. 2d 475 (Miss. 1986). In Seales, at the
joint trial of the defendants, out-of-court statements of each defendant made to officers while
in police custody were admitted into evidence in the State's case-in-chief, relying on the Ohio
v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597, 100 S. CT. 2531 (1980), “indicia of reliability”
test. Under this test, the statement of a nontestifying codefendant was admissible when the
declarant was unavailable and the statement bore adequate “indicia of reliability.” Seales,
495 So. 2d at 480. Roberts held that reliability is sufficient “where the evidence falls within
a firmly rooted hearsay exception” or is shown to contain “particularized guarantees of
trustworthiness.” Roberts, 448 U.S. at 66. Seales, in following Roberts, determined that the
admission of the statements in that case was not reversible error, stating “‘particularized
guarantees of trustworthiness’ are present, that is, that the statements corroborate one another
on the core details of the crime.” Seales, 495 So. 2d at 479. Analogizing Seales to the case
11
at hand, the trial court found the statements reliable since “both Defendants, basically,
corroborated each others’ story, generally, until you get to who the shooter was.”
¶24. However, Seales and Roberts are in conflict with Crawford as they relate to the
admissibility of testimonial statements. Crawford held that the Roberts reliability test, i.e.,
whether it falls under a “firmly rooted hearsay exception" or bears "particularized guarantees
of trustworthiness,” strays unacceptably from the original intention of the Confrontation
Clause. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 60. The unpardonable vice of the Roberts test is “its
demonstrated capacity to admit core testimonial statements that the Confrontation Clause
plainly meant to exclude.” Id. at 63. The Court found that, under the test laid out in Roberts,
trial courts continued routinely to admit accomplice confessions implicating the accused and
other sorts of plainly testimonial statements. Id.
¶25. As to the Roberts test, the Supreme Court concluded that the admission of statements
upon a mere finding of reliability failed to meet the core concerns of the Confrontation
Clause and failed to protect against paradigmatic confrontation violations. Id. at 60.
[w]here testimonial statements are involved, we do not think the Framers
meant to leave the Sixth Amendment's protection to the vagaries of the rules
of evidence, much less to amorphous notions of “reliability.”. . . Admitting
statements deemed reliable by a judge is fundamentally at odds with the right
of confrontation. To be sure, the Clause's ultimate goal is to ensure reliability
of evidence, but it is a procedural rather than a substantive guarantee. It
commands, not that evidence be reliable, but that reliability be assessed in a
particular manner: by testing in the crucible of cross-examination.
Id. at 61.
12
¶26. Crawford holds that when dealing with testimonial evidence, a finding of reliability
does not create an exception to the Confrontation Clause. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 61. “Where
testimonial statements are at issue, the only indicium of reliability sufficient to satisfy
constitutional demands is the one the Constitution actually prescribes: confrontation.” Id.
at 68-69 (emphasis added). We overrule Seales and its progeny 4 to the extent that they allow
admission of testimonial statements when found to be reliable under the “indicia of
reliability” test in the absence of cross-examination. We decline to address the applicability
of Seales to nontestimonial statements.
¶27. The trial court admitted the statements and attempted to address any confrontational
issues by giving a cautionary instruction. With regard to Green’s statements, jury instruction
C-16 stated:
[t]he court instructs the jury that statements attributed to Lewis Green have
been admitted into evidence. The court instructs the jury that you are to
disregard any such statement regarding Gregory Smith and his alleged
involvement in an armed robbery and murder that is the subject of this trial.
You are further instructed to disregard any other statement attributed to Lewis
4
The applicable progeny of Seales includes Harrington v. State, 793 So. 2d 626 (Miss.
2001) (finding after examination of an alleged confrontation clause error that the statements were
inadmissible since they did not satisfy the Roberts reliability test as set out in Seales); Smith v.
State, 754 So. 2d 1159 (Miss. 2000) (same); Williams v. State, 667 So. 2d 15, 21 (Miss. 1996) (if
the statement bears particularized guarantees of trustworthiness so that “the test of
cross-examination would be of marginal utility,” the statement is admissible at trial); Johnson v.
State, 512 So. 2d 1246, 1254 (Miss. 1987) (“ if the trial court determines at a suppression hearing
prior to trial that the statements contain ‘particularized guarantees of trustworthiness’ . . . that is, that
the statements corroborate one another on the core details of the crime,” then the statement is
admissible); Mitchell v. State, 495 So. 2d 5, 9 (Miss. 1986) (the Bruton presumption against
admission of a co-defendant's statement against a defendant without the opportunity to
cross-examine the co-defendant may be rebutted so as to meet Confrontation Clause standards if it
is supported by a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness).
13
Green regarding Gregory Smith as evidence in this case against Gregory
Smith. You are not permitted to use any statement attributed to Lewis Green
in regard to Gregory Smith as evidence in this case against Gregory Smith.
¶28. The United States Supreme Court has rejected a jury instruction as a cure for the
violation of the Confrontation Clause, explaining:
A defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one. It is not
unreasonable to conclude that in many such cases the jury can and will follow
the trial judge's instructions to disregard such information. Nevertheless, . . .
. there are some contexts in which the risk that the jury will not, or cannot,
follow instructions is so great, and the consequences of failure so vital to the
defendant, that the practical and human limitations of the jury system cannot
be ignored. Such a context is presented here, where the powerfully
incriminating extrajudicial statements of a codefendant, who stands accused
side-by-side with the defendant, are deliberately spread before the jury in a
joint trial. Not only are the incriminations devastating to the defendant but
their credibility is inevitably suspect, a fact recognized when accomplices do
take the stand and the jury is instructed to weigh their testimony carefully
given the recognized motivation to shift blame onto others. The unreliability
of such evidence is intolerably compounded when the alleged accomplice, as
here, does not testify and cannot be tested by cross-examination. It was against
such threats to a fair trial that the Confrontation Clause was directed.
Bruton, 391 U.S. at 135-36 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Bruton found the
jury instruction insufficient to cure a Confrontation Clause violation and reversed the
petitioner’s conviction because of “substantial risk that the jury, despite instructions to the
contrary, looked to the incriminating extrajudicial statements in determining petitioner’s
guilt.” Bruton, 391 U.S. at 126. This Court has followed Bruton. See e.g., Harris v. State,
861 So. 2d 1003, 1022 (Miss. 2003) (citing Bruton for the proposition that “where a
codefendant's statement is introduced at a joint trial which powerfully implicates the
defendant in a crime, a jury instruction or redactions which naturally suggest the defendant's
14
name has been removed is not sufficient protection of the defendant's right to confront his
accuser where the codefendant does not take the stand and subject himself to
cross-examination by the defendant”).
¶29. In accordance with Bruton, this Court continues to hold that a violation of the
Confrontation Clause by admission of a codefendant’s out-of-court statement which
implicates the defendant in a crime cannot be cured by the granting of a cautionary
instruction such as the ones entered in this case.
¶30. Having determined that neither through establishment of reliability under Roberts and
Seales, nor through the issuance of a jury instruction, were Green’s statements properly
admitted, we must finally determine whether, as the State asserts, the Confrontation Clause
violation was harmless error. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 674, 106 S. Ct.
1431, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986) (vacating and remanding the case for harmless-error analysis
where, though the trial court committed a Confrontation Clause violation, the Delaware
Supreme Court erred “when it [rejected the state’s argument and] declined to consider
whether [the trial court] ruling was harmless in the context of the trial as a whole”).
¶31. The United States Supreme Court has explained that “a defendant is entitled to a fair
trial but not a perfect one,” for there are no perfect trials. Brown v. United States, 411 U.S.
223, 231, 93 S. Ct. 1565, 36 L. Ed. 2d 208 (1973) (quoting Bruton, 391 U.S. at 135 (quoting
Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 619, 73 S. Ct. 481, 97 L. Ed. 593 (1953))). While
“there are some constitutional rights so basic to a fair trial that their infraction can never be
treated as harmless error,” Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed.
15
2d 705 (1967), “most constitutional errors can be harmless.” Neder v. United States, 527
U.S. 1, 8, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999) (citing Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S.
279, 306, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991)). The Supreme Court has recognized
a limited class of fundamental constitutional errors, “structural errors,” that are not subject
to harmless-error analysis and require automatic reversal. Neder, 527 U.S. at 7 (citing
Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 309). However, for all other constitutional errors, reviewing courts
must apply harmless-error analysis in order to determine whether the error was harmless
“beyond a reasonable doubt.” Neder, 527 U.S. at 7 (citing Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24). “[A]n
otherwise valid conviction should not be set aside if the reviewing court may confidently say,
on the whole record, that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 681. Once the constitutional error has been established, the burden
is on the State to demonstrate the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Fulminante,
499 U.S. at 296.
¶32. Although this Court did hold in McCulloch v. State, 194 Miss. 851, 855, 13 So. 2d
829 (Miss. 1943), that “[t]he violation of a constitutional right can not be harmless error,”
the United States Supreme Court later explained in Chapman the applicability of harmless-
error analysis to constitutional violations. In accordance with Chapman, this Court has
recognized that the admission of statements made by a non-testifying defendant in violation
of the Confrontation Clause can be harmless error. Clark, 891 So. 2d at 141; Bynum v.
State, 929 So. 2d 312, 314-15 (Miss. 2006) (finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the trial
court's error in admitting the co-defendant's statement was harmless). Clark followed Brown
16
v. United States, which held that admission into evidence of a statement made by a non-
testifying codefendant – a Bruton error – is harmless where “[t]he testimony erroneously
admitted was merely cumulative of other overwhelming and largely uncontroverted evidence
properly before the jury.” Brown, 411 U.S. at 231; Clark, 891 So. 2d at 141. See Haynes
v. State, 934 So. 2d 983, 991 (Miss. 2006) (This Court has held “errors involving a violation
of an accused’s constitutional rights may be deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
where the weight of the evidence against the accused is overwhelming.”)
¶33. The State asserts that in the present case the facts constituting the elements of murder
committed during the commission of a robbery were established by overwhelming evidence
and through the use of proper means; thus, the error of admitting Green’s statements was
harmless. Smith was charged with capital murder committed during the commission of a
robbery. Mississippi Code Annotated § 97-3-19(2)(e) (Rev. 2006) defines capital murder as:
(2) The killing of a human being without the authority of law by any means
or in any manner will be capital murder in the following cases:
....
(e) When done with or without any design to effect death, by any person
engaged in the commission of the crime of . . . robbery . . . or in any attempt
to commit such felonies . . . .
(emphasis added). The underlying crime charged in this case was robbery. The elements of
robbery are: “(1) felonious intent, (2) force or putting in fear as a means of effectuating the
intent, and (3) by that means taking and carrying away the property of another from his
person or in his presence.” Walker v. State, 913 So. 2d 198, 223 (Miss. 2005) (quoting
Caldwell v. State, 481 So. 2d 850, 853 (Miss. 1985)).
17
¶34. The State argues that the facts constituting the elements of murder committed during
the commission of a robbery were established by overwhelming evidence and through the
use of proper means.
¶35. Outside of Green’s erroneously admitted statements, the only evidence that ties Smith
to the crime are the statements Smith made during his interrogation which was presented to
the jury through the disc recordings and transcripts of those interrogations. While we have
determined that Smith’s statement would have been inadmissibile against Green, it is
admissible against Smith himself. “[W]hile Crawford certainly prohibits the introduction of
a codefendant's out-of-court testimonial statement against the other defendants in a
multiple-defendant trial, it does not signal a departure from the rules governing the
admittance of such a statement against the speaker-defendant himself, which continue to be
provided by Bruton, Richardson [v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 107 S. Ct. 1702, 95 L. Ed. 2d 176
(1987)], and Gray [v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 188, 118 S. Ct. 1151, 140 L. Ed. 2d 294
(1998)].” United States v. Ramos-Cardenas, 524 F.3d 600, 609-10 (5th Cir. 2008). See also
United States v. Rodriguez-Duran, 507 F.3d 749, 768-70 (1st Cir. 2007) (under Crawford,
in a joint trial, even though a defendant’s statement is inadmissible against codefendants, it
can be admissible as to him); Bruton, 391 U.S. at 127 (“[Bruton’s codefendant’s] oral
confessions were in fact testified to, and were . . . legitimate evidence against [his
codefendant] and to that extent [were] properly before the jury during its deliberations”).
¶36. Smith told Havard and Boswell during interrogation that he went to the house where
Scott was murdered in order to commit robbery, that he acted as the lookout, that Green shot
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Scott, and that he received some of the stolen money. We note that Smith made no effort to
suppress his own statements and the only objection made to the introduction of his statement
was his joining Green’s objection on the grounds of hearsay and confrontation. No objection
was made which would challenge either the truthfulness, or the voluntariness, or the
reliability of Smith’s statements. Smith’s confession was the most probative and damaging
evidence admitted against him, and it constituted direct evidence of the facts related to
Scott’s murder. Smith’s own statements concerning his participation in the robbery and
murder of Scott were uncontradicted and unchallenged. Therefore, we find that the evidence
in the record was overwhelming and was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict, and that the
introduction of Green’s statement was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
CONCLUSION
¶37. We find that the issues of character evidence and severance are procedurally barred.
Further, even considering the violation of Smith’s constitutional right under the
Confrontation Clause, we find that the trial court’s admission of Green’s statement was
harmless error. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment convicting Smith of capital murder and
the resulting sentence.
¶38. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF ROBBERY BY USE OF A DEADLY WEAPON,
AFFIRMED. APPELLANT RECEIVED NO SENTENCE ON COUNT I, THAT
OFFENSE BEING ENCOMPASSED IN COUNT II. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF
CAPITAL MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. THIS SENTENCE IS CONSECUTIVE TO ANY OTHER SENTENCE
AND THIS APPELLANT SHALL BE ELIGIBLE FOR PAROLE, BUT UNDER
47-7-3 MCA, THIS SHALL BE WITHOUT PAROLE CONSIDERATION.
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SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON AND
RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY DIAZ, P.J.
GRAVES, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶39. The majority finds that the trial court’s admission of Smith’s non-testifying co-
defendant’s statement was in violation of Smith’s right to confrontation, and then finds that,
while the admission of such evidence did violate Smith’s constitutional right to
confrontation, the error was harmless. In light of the lack of evidence in the instant case, I
cannot agree with the majority’s determination that the violation of Smith’s constitutional
right to confrontation was mere harmless error. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
¶40. Such a violation of a defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation is considered
harmless error only when “testimony erroneously admitted was merely cumulative of other
overwhelming and largely uncontroverted evidence properly before the jury.” Brown v.
United States, 411 U.S. 223, 231, 93 S. Ct. 1565, 36 L. Ed. 2d 208 (1973) (emphasis added).
Furthermore, “[h]armless errors are those ‘which in the setting of a particular case are so
unimportant and insignificant that they may, consistent with the Federal Constitution, be
deemed harmless, not requiring the automatic reversal of the conviction.’” Bynum v. State,
929 So. 2d 312, 314 (Miss. 2006) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 22, 87 S. Ct.
824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967)). Brown is an example of such an instance.
¶41. In Brown, the defendants were charged with and convicted of transporting stolen
goods and of conspiracy to transport stolen goods in interstate commerce. Brown, 411 U.S.
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at 224. The trial court erred in admitting police testimony as to statements made by a
co-defendant implicating the defendant in the crimes charged, even though these statements
were made out of the defendant's presence. Id. at 230-31. Despite the Bruton error, the
evidence which was properly before the jury could be considered overwhelming. Bruton v.
United States, 391 U.S. 123, 126, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 1622, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476 (1968). In Brown,
stolen merchandise which was seized from a co-conspirator’s store was received in evidence.
Police-officer eyewitnesses testified and fully described their observations of defendants
leaving the warehouse from which the goods were stolen while the defendants were in
possession of stolen goods; twenty photographs of the crime in progress were admitted into
evidence; and incriminating testimony was given by the owner of the service station, from
whom petitioners had rented trucks used in the thefts. Also, five witnesses testified they had
seen petitioners unloading boxes from a truck late at night and carrying the boxes into the co-
conspirator’s store, where the stolen goods were seized. Id. at 226.
¶42. In the instant case, Scott’s cause of death was established by the testimony of Dr.
Hayne. However, evidence of the remaining elements of the crime of which Smith was
convicted were supplied solely by the statements of the defendants. Detective Havard
testified that he determined that Smith was a suspect through cellular phone records of the
victim. These phone records were never entered into evidence. There was no testimony
from any witness which tied Smith to the phone. There was no evidence that Scott’s cellular
phone was ever recovered. Further, no evidence was presented from any eyewitnesses at the
crime scene. No persons who actually collected evidence or performed any evidentiary tests
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were called as witnesses. Four .380-caliber shell casings were found near the body, but were
never matched to a particular gun. Absolutely no physical evidence was presented to connect
Smith to the crime.
¶43. Absent the statements of Smith and Green, there was no evidence – direct or
circumstantial – which tied Smith to the murder. Therefore, it cannot be found that the
statement was “merely cumulative of other overwhelming and largely uncontroverted
evidence properly before the jury,” when the only evidence offered before the jury which
linked Smith to the crime were the two statements. Brown, 411 U.S. at 231. As the majority
concedes, the severability issue is inextricably linked to the violation of Smith’s
constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him. “Smith implicitly avers a
confrontation violation in his severance issue where he argues ‘[a] separate trial was
necessary to ensure a fair determination of Smith's guilt or innocence without Green's hearsay
and confrontational statements.’” If, as the majority finds and I agree, the admission of
Green’s statement violated Smith’s right to confrontation, then it follows that Smith’s
statement was admitted in violation of Green’s right to confrontation.
¶44. While Smith does not have proper standing to raise the constitutional rights of his co-
defendant Green, this Court would be remiss to ignore that the two defendants were, in fact,
tried together. Smith’s statement was unquestionably inadmissible against Green. See
Bruton, 391 U.S. at 126; Clark v. State, 891 So. 2d 136, 140 (Miss. 2004) (quoting Brown
v. State, 340 So. 2d 718, 721 (Miss. 1976)); Harris v. State, 861 So. 2d 1003, 1022 (Miss.
2003) (citation omitted). It is impossible to extricate what happened at the trial and apply
22
it as if Smith were tried separately from Green. He was not. Smith’s statement simply was
inadmissible at Green’s trial. Unfortunately, Green’s trial was also Smith’s trial. The
majority relies on Smith’s own statement, which also was erroneously admitted at trial in
violation of Green’s right to confrontation, to find that the erroneous admission of Smith’s
non-testifying co-defendant was “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Hence, the majority
is ignoring what actually occurred during the trial. Furthermore, the majority’s opinion is
inconsistent with the United States Supreme Court holding in Brown that such violations of
a defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation are considered harmless error only when
“testimony erroneously admitted was merely cumulative of other overwhelming and largely
uncontroverted evidence properly before the jury.” Brown, 411 U.S. at 231 (emphasis
added). Neither the statement of Green nor that of Smith was “properly” before the jury, as
required by Brown.
¶45. Admittedly, had the cases been severed, Smith’s statement would have been
admissible against Smith. But there was a joint trial of Green and Smith. A finding that the
admission of the statements of both Green and Smith violated their respective co-defendant’s
constitutional right to confrontation further evidences the fact that the violation of Smith’s
right to confrontation cannot be considered harmless error. If the erroneously admitted
statements had not been offered at trial, the only evidence that the prosecution would have
offered would have been the testimony of Dr. Hayne.
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¶46. For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse Smith’s conviction of capital murder and
remand the case for a trial at which Smith would be permitted, in accordance with his
constitutional rights, to confront all witnesses against him, consistent with this opinion.
DIAZ, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
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