IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2008-CC-01183-SCT
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM
v.
JANNIE M. DISHMON
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/19/2008
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. TOMIE T. GREEN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: MARY MARGARET BOWERS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: GEORGE S. LUTER
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED -07/23/2009
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
PIERCE, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. This appeal by the Public Employees Retirement System (PERS) arises from an order
entered by the Circuit Court of the First Judicial District of Hinds County, Mississippi, on
March 19, 2008. The circuit court overturned an administrative decision by PERS denying
disability benefits to Jannie M. Dishmon, a Department of Human Services (DHS) employee.
¶2. Dishmon’s claim for disability benefits initially was reviewed and denied by the PERS
Medical Board in 1997. That decision was appealed to the PERS Disability Appeals
Committee. A hearing was held wherein testimony and evidence was received. The
Committee presented its recommendation to the PERS Board of Trustees, and the Board
denied Dishmon’s claim. On appeal to the circuit court, Judge Tomie Green ruled in favor
of Dishmon, finding that the Board arbitrarily and capriciously had ignored substantial
evidence in support of disability. PERS appealed to this Court which found reversible error
in the fact that a member of the Medical Board also had sat on the Disability Appeals
Committee. Pub. Ret. Sys. v. Dishmon, 797 So. 2d 888 (Miss.2001). This Court remanded
the case to the circuit court with instructions that the matter be remanded to PERS for a fair
and impartial review of Dishmon’s disability claim. Following the hearing on remand, the
Board again adopted the recommendation of the Disability Appeals Committee to deny
Dishmon’s application for disability benefits as defined in Miss. Code Section 25-11-113.
Dishmon appealed PERS’ decision to the circuit court. On March 19, 2008, Judge Green
reversed the decision of the Board, finding PERS’ actions to be arbitrary and capricious.
Having reviewed the record, this Court affirms the circuit court’s ruling.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
¶3. Dishmon began working as an eligibility worker for the Warren County DHS in
March 1985. As an Eligibility Worker II, Dishmon was responsible for assessing the
qualifications of potential recipients of food stamps and AFDC (Aid to Families with
Dependent Children) funding. Her job entailed interviewing candidates, documenting her
findings, and other related activities. During her employment, Dishmon suffered from a
number of medical problems which she claimed included osteomyelitis, insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM), hypertensive cardiovascular disease (HCVD), cellulitis of the
great toe, degenerative arthritis, atherosclerotic vascular disease to the lower extremities,
carpal tunnel syndrome, anxiety, and depression. Dishmon was advised by her treating
2
physician, Dr. Paul Pierce 1 , to seek medical retirement. Dishmon took leave without pay
from DHS on July 5, 1996.
¶4. Dishmon filed her initial claim with PERS for disability retirement benefits pursuant
to Mississippi Code Section 25-11-113(1)(a) in March of 1997. Lois L. Price, Dishmon’s
supervisor, certified to PERS that Dishmon was unable to perform her job duties. Price also
indicated that Dishmon was not offered another job within her agency or any other agency
without material reduction in compensation or change in location of employment.
Additionally, Dr. Pierce submitted a “Statement of Examining Physician” form to PERS
which stated he found Dishmon to be permanently disabled.
¶5. In March of 1997, the Social Security Administration found Dishmon completely
disabled and awarded her benefits. On March 21, 1997, Dr. Pierce again wrote a letter to
PERS stating that Dishmon’s “physical impairment preventing her from work remains
unchanged,” and that she “is still permanently disabled.” The Medical Review Board
reviewed her application, which included the Social Security award, letters from her
physician, and her description of other physical implications. The Board did not find
substantial evidence in support of a permanent disability as defined in Section 25-11-113.
Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-113 (Rev. 2006). Dishmon then appealed the Medical Board ruling
to the Disability Appeals Committee.
¶6. The Committee conducted a formal hearing in its de novo review and agreed with the
finding of the Medical Board that Dishmon had failed to prove she was unable to perform
her duties as an Eligibility Worker II. The material for review consisted of Dishmon’s
1
Dr. Pierce is not related to the writing Justice.
3
testimony, findings of the Medical Review Board, her employer’s statements, a letter from
Dishmon’s physician, Dishmon’s medical records, and the disability award from the Social
Security Administration. No physician on the Medical Board of PERS conducted a medical
examination, nor did they request an independent physician to examine Dishmon. The record
reflects the only evidence of medical examination and medical opinion of Dishmon’s medical
condition and disability were records submitted by Dr. Pierce, which included, however,
diagnostics from other treating physicians.
¶7. Following the decision of the Medical Board to deny benefits, Dishmon appealed to
the circuit court. The circuit court reversed the decision of the Board and found that PERS
had acted arbitrarily and capriciously by disregarding substantial evidence in favor of
Dishmon. PERS appealed the Circuit Court’s decision to this Court. Dishmon, 797 So. 2d
888. This Court reversed and remanded Dishmon’s case for a new hearing after finding that
one of the physicians who sat on the PERS Medical Board also had sat on the PERS
Disability Appeals Committee. Id.
¶8. On remand, Dishmon was afforded a second hearing before the Disability Appeals
Committee which then consisted of Special Assistant Attorney General Beverly Bolton,
presiding hearing officer, and Drs. David Duddleston and Mark Meeks, University Medical
Center physicians.
¶9. At the start of the hearing, on August 13, 2001, Dishmon requested that the record
remain open to allow her to take Dr. Pierce’s deposition. Hearing Officer Bolton stated she
would take the request under advisement. Dishmon testified that she had left DHS in 1997
due to deteriorating health which resulted in several hospitalizations. Dishmon stated that,
4
although she had attempted on several occasions to go back to work, she was unable to
continue due to carpal tunnel syndrome in her right hand which caused excessive pain and
difficulty, degenerative disc disease, and difficulty controlling her diabetes in addition to
osteomyelitis, thyroid nodules, and pain in her upper and lower extremities and neuropathy
causing burning pain in her feet.
¶10. Joyce Shepherd, Warren County Department of Human Services Supervisor II,
testified that she had observed Dishmon “holler out” with pain, be unbalanced on her feet,
and sometimes appear to be feeling unwell. Shepherd stated that, at the time Dishmon
worked at DHS she had the highest caseload in the southeastern states and that Dishmon was
handling a case load of around 350 people. She said that her job would require her to mark
paper, take telephone calls, and have three or four people coming in at the same time. She
added that it was a very stressful job and if one had any kind of physical or emotional illness,
there was no way he or she could perform the job.
¶11. Shepherd further testified that Dishmon tried several times to come back to work after
being off for a while; that Dishmon was a dedicated public servant; but that Dishmon could
not do the job.
¶12. On November 22, 2001, Dishmon noticed the deposition of Dr. Paul Pierce to PERS
Attorney Margo Bowers for November 29, 2001. On November 28, 2001, Bowers wrote and
objected to such deposition and stated the medical records should “speak for themselves
without necessity of a deposition.”
¶13. In his deposition, Dr. Pierce testified that his prior statements regarding Dishmon’s
health were accurate and that, in his opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, she
5
was unable to perform her job as described in 1997. Dr. Pierce said that he thought he was
more equipped to decide whether Dishmon was disabled than someone who only had
reviewed her records or heard her testify briefly, adding:
I don’t think there’s any question I’m certainly in a better position to do that.
I think you also have to look at my position and my record. I’m not one of
these doctors that writes to put everybody on disability. In fact, I do not write
for people on disability. I like people to continue to work, but in certain cases
it’s the proper thing to do, and in Ms. Dishmon’s case I don’t think there’s any
question about it.
¶14. On May 31, 2002, PERS informed Dishmon that her claim would be presented to the
Disability Appeals Committee. On June 10, 2002, Dishmon appeared before the Disability
Appeals Committee, consisting of new Hearing Officer Sheila Jones, and Drs. Duddleston
and Meeks, and before whom the deposition and Dr. Pierce’s additional records were
introduced into evidence. The Disability Appeals Committee denied Dishmon’s application
for disability retirement. Jones wrote:
We understand and applaud Dr. Pierce for volunteering to be his patient’s
advocate and we believe that he had her best interest at heart, but there is a
huge difference between our definition of disability and that of the medical
community or other legal arenas, for that matter. Our definition is quite
narrow and must be supported by objective and credible medical evidence. It
must reach the level that this Committee be persuaded likewise. There is a lot
of evidence, but not evidence that supports disability as defined by statute.
¶15. On August 27, 2002, the PERS Board of Trustees adopted the recommendation of the
Disability Appeals Committee and denied Dishmon’s application for disability retirement.
Dishmon appealed that decision to the Circuit Court for a second time.
¶16. On appeal to the circuit court, Judge Green reversed the denial of Dishmon’s
application for disability. In her Memorandum Opinion and Order, Judge Green stated that
6
“[t]here is speculation among the board and committee members as to whether many of the
illnesses Ms. Dishmon presently suffers from were actually present during her time of
employment with DHS.” Judge Green noted that, rather than require Dishmon submit to an
independent medical examination, PERS merely reviewed the statement submitted by Dr.
Pierce, as well the treatment notes from all of Dishmon’s treating and examining physicians,
and held that there was no showing of permanent disability. She said, based on its review,
PERS had concluded that the evidence failed to support Dishmon’s claim regarding her
inability to maintain proper control over her various illnesses.
¶17. Judge Green concluded that “although there is some evidence that some of the
illnesses can be controlled with the medication prescribed, overall Ms. Dishmon can be
termed disabled in accordance with Mississippi Law.” Therefore, “the decision of [PERS]
should be overturned in as much as there is substantial evidence of disability and the decision
. . . was arbitrary and capricious.”
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶18. This Court’s standard of review of an administrative agency’s finding and decisions
is well-established. Rule 5.03 of the Uniform Circuit and County Court Rules provides that
an agency’s conclusions must remain undisturbed unless the agency’s order: (1) is not
supported by substantial evidence, (2) is arbitrary or capricious, (3) is beyond the scope or
power granted to the agency, or (4) violates one’s constitutional rights. Pub. Employees’ Ret.
Sys. v. Marquex, 774 So. 2d 421, 425 (Miss. 2000) (citing Fulce v. Pub. Employees’ Ret.
Sys., 759 So. 2d 401, 404 (Miss. 2000); Davis v. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys., 750 So. 2d 1225,
1229 (Miss. 1999); Brinston v. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys., 706 So. 2d 258, 259 (Miss. Ct.
7
App. 1998)). A rebuttable presumption exists in favor of the action of an administrative
agency, and the burden of proof is on the party challenging an agency's action. Brinston, 706
So. 2d at 260 (citing Miss. Comm'n on Envtl. Quality v. Chickasaw County Bd of
Supervisors, 621 So. 2d 1211, 1215 (Miss. 1993)). This Court is not entitled to substitute its
own judgement for that of PERS, and it is impermissible for a reviewing court to reweigh the
facts of the case. Marquez, 774 So. 2d at 425 (citing Miss. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Merchants
Truck Line, Inc., 598 So. 2d 778, 782 (Miss. 1992).
LEGAL ANALYSIS
I. WHETHER THE CIRCUIT COURT SUBSTITUTED ITS
JUDGEMENT FOR THAT OF PERS WHEN IT FOUND THE
DECISION TO DENY DISABILITY BENEFITS W AS
ARBITRARY AND CAPRICIOUS.
¶19. The primary question before this Court is not, as the trial court concluded, whether
there is “substantial evidence” of a disability, but whether the record contains substantial
evidence to support PERS’ finding that Dishmon is not disabled. Dishmon, 797 So. 2d at
892. “Substantial evidence” has been defined by this Court as “such relevant evidence as
reasonable minds might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Marquez, 774 So. 2d
at 425 (quoting Delta CMI v. Speck, 586 So. 2d 768, 773 (Miss. 1991)). The question before
the PERS Medical Board, Disability Committee, and Board of Trustees was whether or not
Dishmon’s claim met the statutory requirements for receipt of permanent disability benefits.
As fact-finder, it is for PERS to determine which evidence is more believable or carries more
weight. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Howard, 905 So. 2d 1279, 1287 (Miss. 2005). It is not
for this Court to determine whether the claimant has presented enough evidence to prove he
8
or she is disabled, “but whether PERS has presented enough evidence to support its finding
that the claimant is not disabled.” Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Henderson, 867 So. 2d 262,
264 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Doyle v. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys., 808 So. 2d 902, 905
(Miss. 2002)).
¶20. For purposes of a disability determination; Mississippi Code Section 25-11-113(1)(a)
contains two categories. First, the Medical Board, after a medical examination, must certify
that the applicant is “mentally or physically incapacitated for the further performance of duty,
that such incapacity is likely to be permanent, and that the member should be retired[.]” Miss.
Code Ann. § 25-11-113(1)(a) (Rev. 2006). This option covers employees for any injury that
they prove rises to the debilitating level required by statute, whether or not it occurred as a
result of work-related activities. Second, the Medical Board must apply the statutory
definition of “disability” which reads:
The inability to perform the usual duties of employment or the incapacity to
perform such lesser duties, if any, as the employer, in its discretion, may assign
without material reduction to compensation, or the incapacity to perform the
duties of any employment covered by the Public Employees’ Retirement
System that is actually offered and is within the same general territorial work
area, without material reduction in compensation.
Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-113(1)(a).
¶21. After a determination has been made as to whether an employee is disabled, disability
benefits are available to PERS members in two ways: (1) regular disability benefit payable
to members who have at least four years of creditable service provided he/she became a
member of the System prior to July 1, 2007, and who become disabled for any reason; and (2)
hurt-on-the-job disability benefit, payable to members regardless of the number of years of
9
creditable service, where the member becomes disabled due to an injury occurring in the line
of duty. Pub. Employees Ret. Sys. v. Stamps, 898 So. 2d 664, 672 (Miss. 2005) (citing Miss.
Code Ann. §§ 25-11-113 and 25-11-114 (Rev. 2006).
¶22. PERS asserts that the circuit court reweighed the facts and substituted its judgment for
that of the administrative agency in finding that Dishmon was entitled to receipt of disability
benefits. PERS argues that the decision by the Board of Trustees is based upon substantial
evidence and should be reinstated, as the facts presented in the record before this Court
support the decision of the PERS Board of Trustees that Dishmon is not entitled to the receipt
of regular disability benefits pursuant to Mississippi Code § 25-11-113. PERS avers that,
while there is no doubt Dishmon suffers from a plethora of medical problems, they are not so
severe that they warrant a decision that Dishmon is totally disabled.
¶23. Dishmon contends, however, that the first denial of her claim by the PERS Medical
Board and the subsequent affirmance of such denial by the PERS Disability Appeals
Committee was arbitrary and capricious. Dishmon maintains that her medical records reveal
that she has been diagnosed by Dr. Pierce, her long-time treating internist, with osteomyelitis,
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), hypertensive cardiovascular disease (HCVD),
cellulitis of the great toe, degenerative arthritis, atherosclerotic vascular disease to the lower
extremities, carpal tunnel syndrome, anxiety, and depression. Yet she claims, PERS ignored
the opinions of Dr. Pierce, even failing to participate in his deposition, or to obtain an
independent medical exam. Dishmon asserts that this failure on the part of PERS presumably
leaves Dr. Pierce’s opinions unrebutted and uncontradicted. Dishmon therefore argues that
she has effectively rebutted the initial denial of her claim by the PERS Medical Board and the
10
subsequent denial by the PERS Disability Appeals Committee, and that such denial is
therefore unsupported by substantial evidence.
¶24. While PERS correctly points out that it is not required by law or regulation to secure
an independent medical examination, such failure may constitute a factor in determining
whether or not the agency has presented sufficient evidence to support its finding that the
claimant is not disabled. In Public Employees’ Retirement System. v. Dearman, 846 So. 2d
1014, 1018 (Miss. 2003), this Court affirmed the circuit court’s ruling which reversed a PERS
decision denying disability benefit based, inter alia, on PERS’ failure to offer any medical
evidence which disputed the opinions of claimant’s treating physicians. In noting that the
opinions provided by the physicians on the Medical Board and the Disability Appeals
Committee were not conclusive, the Dearman Court stated:
PERS cannot choose to ignore the only evidence in the record from the
examining physician, especially where it chose not to exercise its right to an
independent medical evaluation under Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-113(1)(c).
Id. at 18.
¶25. Here, the Committee provided a lengthy, comprehensive analysis as to why each
individual ailment afflicting Dishmon at the time she applied for disability benefits did not
qualify her for disability retirement as contemplated by Mississippi Code Section 113.
However, there is no evidence in the record to contest Dr. Pierce’s medical conclusion that
Dishmon, based on her numerous ailments, can no longer work. Cf. Thomas v. Pub.
Employees’ Ret. Sys., 995 So. 2d 115, 120 (Miss. 2008) (finding that, because there was no
evidence in the record that the Appeals Committee had ignored or rejected evidence in its
duties as factfinder, substantial evidence supported its findings).
11
¶26. The Committee acknowledged that Dishmon is a diabetic, but disputed Dr. Pierce’s
opinion that her diabetes is not well-controlled. The Committee stated, “we do not find
objective medical evidence that the diabetes fails to be under control.” The Committee thus
concluded that the diabetes itself was not disabling either medically or occupationally.
¶27. With regard to hypertensive cardiovascular disease, the Committee stated, “it is a well
known fact that persons with diabetes usually have trouble in this area . . . , [but] it appears
that the hypertension has been well controlled over the years.” The Committee further stated,
“while Ms. Dishmon does carry the diagnosis of hypertension, and it probably is due at least
in part to her weight and her diabetes, it is obviously and thankfully controlled and does not
constitute occupational disability as defined in this matter.”
¶28. The Committee disputed whether Dr. Pierce’s diagnosis of osteomyelitis of Dishmon’s
right great toe was accurate. The Committee opined that, while osteomyelitis is a serious
infection because it is in the bone itself, it is debatable as to whether Dishmon actually had
osteomyelitis or merely cellulitis, which is an infection of the tissues rather than the bone of
Dishmon’s toe.
¶29. The Committee disagreed with Dr. Pierce that Dishmon suffered disabling arthritis at
the time she filed her disability claim, and also with his testimony that Dishmon could not
stand or sit for long periods of time. The Committee opined, “we note x-rays in 2000 that
show a mild degenerative disc disease of the low back. It seems that based upon the objective
medical record that the lower back problems Ms. Dishmon experiences began after her date
of termination, and thus, cannot be considered with regard to disability at the date of
termination.”
12
¶30. As to Dr. Pierce’s testimony pertaining to Dishmon’s carpal tunnel syndrome, the
Committee questioned whether the carpal tunnel syndrome was disabling, and concluded that
there was no objective proof that it was. The Committee noted that there were no EMG
studies to substantiate Dr. Pierce’s testimony. The Committee acknowledged that Dr. Tiwari
had found carpal tunnel on the right side, but because the Committee was without the report
itself, could not determine the degree of carpal tunnel syndrome Dishmon had at the time of
her filing.
¶31. Finally, the Committee took note of Dr. Pierce’s testimony that Dishmon had
depression, and was taking Elavil. However, because no entries were found in Dishmon’s
medical records documenting serious depression, and no record of referral to a psychiatrist
or a counselor, the Committee determined that Dishmon’s depression was neither severe nor
disabling.
¶32. The analysis section of the Committee’s proposed recommendation failed to
specifically mention Dishmon’s diagnosis of atherosclerotic vascular disease of the lower
extremities.
¶33. PERS is correct that it has the duty to determine which of the physicians’ assessments
and other documentation it should rely on in making a determination. See Pub. Employees’
Ret. Sys. v. Stamps, 898 So. 2d 664, 674 (Miss. 2005) (the “weight given to the statements
of a personal physician is determined by PERS, and it is not for the courts to reweigh the
facts”). However, when PERS rejects individual assessments outright, it must not leave in
doubt the cumulative effect that each ailment creates for the claimant as a whole, in making
its determination.
13
¶34. For example, PERS fully acknowledges that Dishmon suffers from diabetes, and that
this condition is responsible for most of Dishmon’s other ailments, such as the infection of
Dishmon’s toe. Based solely on its interpretation of Dishmon’s medical records, rejected Dr.
Pierce’s diagnosis that the infection was the result of osteomyelitis, which it acknowledged
is a serious infection involving bone. Yet, PERS admitted that it could not definitively say
that Dishmon did not suffer from osteomyelitis, opining that if she did have osteomyelitis, she
was successfully treated with antibiotics and “amputation [was] not necessary at least up to
the point of the last record in this matter.”
¶35. In disregarding Dishmon’s diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, PERS simply found
many unanswered questions as to whether Dishmon’s carpal tunnel syndrome was actually
disabling, essentially concluding that if she did, in fact, have the condition, that there was no
objective proof that it was disabling.
¶36. Dishmon provided objective medical proof from Dr. Pierce that she suffers from
degenerative arthritis. The Committee, however, rejected the diagnosis out-of-hand based on
a finding that x-rays taken in 2000 appeared to suggest that Dishmon was not suffering from
this condition when she filed her claim in 1997. But the record indicates otherwise, as Dr.
Pierce made his diagnosis prior to Dishmon filing her claim in 1997.
¶37. This Court finds that the Committee’s analysis is without support in the record. When
coupled with the fact that PERS chose not to exercise its right to an independent medical
examination, this Court is unable to find that PERS’ decision denying disability benefits in
this matter is supported by the evidence.
14
¶38. In Public Employee’s Retirement System v. Robert Ann Shurden, 822 So. 2d 258, this
Court said that the receipt of disability benefits to deserving claimants should not be
unnecessarily out of reach, stating:
PERS should not stray from its purpose of Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-113, to
compensate disabled employees that have not met the 25 year criteria, in
denying benefits nor set the bar so high that this purpose is frustrated.
Id. at 264.
CONCLUSION
¶39. The circuit court did not err in finding the PERS decision to be arbitrary and
capricious, as its denial of benefits to Dishmon was unsupported by substantial evidence.
¶40. AFFIRMED.
WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH,
KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ., CONCUR. LAMAR, J., DISSENTS WITH
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.
LAMAR, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶41. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion, as it appears to me there is
substantial evidence to support PERS’ decision and, in my opinion, the circuit court
improperly reweighed the evidence. As an administrative agency, PERS sits as the finder of
fact, not the reviewing court. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Cobb, 839 So. 2d 605, 609 (Miss.
Ct. App. 2003). Neither the circuit court nor this Court can reweigh the evidence, as it
appears to have done at present.
¶42. The majority cites PERS’ failure to contest the evidence provided by Dishmon’s doctor
or to submit Dishmon to an independent examination, but the Legislature has imposed no
requirement upon PERS to do either. Rather, PERS, as the finder of fact, has the discretion
15
to objectively review the evidence and determine the weight to be given to statements of
personal physicians. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Stamps, 898 So. 2d 664, 674 (Miss. 2005)
(citing Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Dearman, 846 So. 2d 1014 (Miss. 2003)). Contrary to
the majority’s finding, PERS did not ignore the evidence presented in this case but thoroughly
discussed each disability listed, often citing years’ worth of tests and readings within Dr.
Pierce’s report that reasonably supported its findings.
¶43. For clarity, I offer the following factual history. Dishmon took leave without pay due
to alleged disability on July 5, 1996.2 Dishmon filed her initial claim with PERS for disability
retirement benefits in 1997. Initially, Dishmon claimed chronic osteomyelitis, insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive cardiovascular disease, with poor prognoses
on all three, as preventing her from performing her job. She stated that her frequent activities
on the job included sitting, writing, and repetitive fine manipulation of her hands. She
occasionally walked and used her hands for simple grasping, pushing, and pulling.
¶44. Dishmon’s second hearing before PERS began on August 13, 2001. At that hearing,
she alleged the same complaints as presented at the 1997 hearing, in addition to: carpal tunnel
syndrome, degenerative back disease, thyroid nodules, neuropathy, trouble concentrating, and
pain in her upper and lower extremities. Dishmon also testified that she had begun treatment
for depression in 1997.
2
According to Section 25-11-113(1)(b), “[a]ny inactive member. . . who has
withdrawn from active state service, is not eligible for a disability retirement allowance
unless the disability occurs within six (6) months of the termination of active service and
unless satisfactory proof is presented to the board of trustees that the disability was the direct
cause of withdrawal from state service.” Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-113(1)(b) (Rev. 2006)
(emphasis added).
16
¶45. The Disability Appeals Committee, which consisted of two internists and a nurse,
reviewed Dishmon’s claims in depth. It started by analyzing Dishmon’s allegations in her
original filing. The Committee noted that the medication list, the hospitalization list and
records, and Dr. Pierce’s office records all were dated after 1996. Dishmon stated that these
were all she could produce, as her records were voluminous and would have been too
expensive to copy in full.
¶46. The Committee noted that the degenerative disk disease Dishmon referred to was
diagnosed in 1998, after she already had left work. The Committee also found that
osteomyelitis was not referenced in any of her medical records. Dishmon testified that she
began intravenous treatment for the osteomyelitis with Vancomycin around June of 1997,
though it was not diagnosed until 1998. The Committee noted that, even if Dishmon had
suffered from osteomyelitis in 1996, it was successfully treated with antibiotics and therefore
no longer contributed to her inability to perform her job, which consisted mostly of sitting.
The Committee also noted that nothing in her records up to the date she left work mentioned
neuropathy; nor was there any mention of anxiety, depression, or atherosclerotic vascular
disease in her doctor’s records from 1996.
¶47. Additionally, regarding the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), the Committee noted that no pulmonary specialists were consulted, no pulmonary
function studies were performed, and there was no listing of medications for pulmonary
problems. Her complaints of lower-back pain began in 1997 or 1998, and x-rays showed mild
degenerative disk disease of the lower back in 2000. Furthermore, the record shows that
Dishmon’s gastrointestinal problems did not arise until after the date of termination.
17
¶48. The Committee thoroughly reviewed levels of blood glucose taken at least twelve times
between June 1996 and December 1997, all of which were below what the medical
community finds serious, much less disabling. The Committee did a similar analysis
regarding blood pressure readings over the years and found Dishmon’s blood pressure to be
well-controlled. The Committee noted that cardiac tests from July of 1995 came back normal,
and a cardiologist took Dishmon off some of her numerous medications in 2001, with no
apparent problems. The Committee noted hypothyroidism is not uncommon and should not
be disabling as long as medication is taken. Since Dishmon did not see a psychiatrist or
counselor regarding her depression, the Committee concluded it was probably not severe, let
alone disabling.
¶49. Lastly, the Committee discussed what it believed to be the most important allegation,
which was carpal tunnel syndrome. The Committee noted that there were no tests confirming
carpal tunnel syndrome until 1999, nor was it mentioned in her medical records from 1996.
They also noted that the orthopedist had placed no restrictions on Dishmon. The Committee
ultimately concluded the carpal tunnel syndrome was not disabling, because Dishmon’s
complaints regarding carpal tunnel were sporadic rather than consistent, and she had waited
four years to have surgery, while most people with disabling carpal tunnel have the surgery
immediately.
¶50. In its “Conclusions of Law,” the Committee looked at Dishmon’s numerous complaints
as a whole. It highlighted many of the above findings as well as Dr. Pierce’s entry that “he
thought nothing was wrong with Ms. Dishmon, yet she insisted on testing.” The Committee
concluded that Dishmon was not statutorily disabled.
18
¶51. On appeal, the trial court noted evidence that some of the illnesses can be controlled
with medication and that some of the illnesses were nonexistent when Dishmon took leave
without pay. Yet the court still concluded that PERS ignored substantial evidence of
disability, and that the decision was arbitrary and capricious, in large part, because PERS did
not require Dishmon submit to an independent medical examination.
¶52. This Court should not impose a duty upon PERS to bring forth its own evidence. In
Case v. Public Employees’ Retirement System, the appellant argued that PERS’ denial of her
benefits was not supported by substantial evidence, because her disability was supported by
the reports of her doctors, and PERS had failed to order a separate psychiatric evaluation.
Case v. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys., 973 So. 2d 301, 310-11 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008). The Court
rejected this argument, however, because the Committee, using its medical expertise, had
throughly reviewed the medical records and sufficiently explained its conclusion. Id. at 313.
Indeed, the Court noted: “‘[p]art of the benefit of having physicians on the Disability Appeals
Committee is so that they can analyze the medical claims. When a thorough set of findings
and conclusions explain the expertise that those physicians applied, we find no fault in relying
on such expertise.’” Id. at 312-13 (quoting Flowers v. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys., 952 So.
2d 972, 980 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006)). Lastly, the Court noted that the applicable requirement
is not an independent evaluation, but an explanation that goes beyond mere conclusions. Id.
¶53. In the case sub judice, the Disability Appeals Committee has thoroughly gone through
each alleged disability, often citing years’ worth of tests, to explain its findings. In its
“Conclusions of Law,” the Committee explicitly stated it had examined the cumulative effect
of each condition affecting Dishmon; it referenced the objective medical records and tests
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provided by Dishmon; and it explained why Dishmon’s conditions as a whole do not meet the
statutory requirements of disability. Further, as noted by this Court in Dishmon I, “[t]his
Court cannot attempt to weigh the credibility of Dishmon . . . . The Appeals Committee was
the trier of facts in this case, and it had the opportunity to look the witnesses in the eyes to
determine credibility.” Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Dishmon, 797 So. 2d 888, 893 (Miss.
2001). Given all of the above, I fail to see how PERS ignored substantial evidence in
reaching its conclusion.
¶54. The majority references Public Employees’ Retirement System v. Dearman, 846 So.
2d 1014 (Miss. 2003), for the proposition that, by not conducting an independent evaluation,
PERS ignored the only evidence in the record. The controlling statute, Section 25-11-113,
makes it abundantly clear that PERS is under no obligation to conduct an independent medical
evaluation. According to the statute, an employee who has at least four years of membership
service credit (beginning prior to July 1, 2007) may receive disability retirement allowance:
provided that the medical board, after an evaluation of medical evidence that
may or may not include an actual physical examination by the medical board,
certifies that the member is mentally or physically incapacitated for the further
performance of duty, that the incapacity is likely to be permanent, and that the
member should be retired. . . .
Miss. Code Ann. § 25-11-113(1)(a) (Rev. 2006) (emphasis added).
¶55. I find Justice Cobb’s dissent in Dearman to be sound. Dearman, 846 So. 2d at 1019-
22 (Cobb, J., dissenting). In Dearman, as in this case, the Court effectively reweighed the
evidence, substituting its opinion for that of PERS, and literally shifted the burden to PERS
to present evidence. Id. at 1020-21. Justice Cobb eloquently spoke to the difficulties posed
by these cases when she stated:
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Cases like Dearman’s are hard ones to decide. A claimant professes to
be in great pain so that she can no longer work. It is difficult to evaluate such
claims: legitimately disabled persons are entitled to relief, but on the other
hand, if PERS is required to credit every such claim before it, then it may as
well close up shop and just write checks. Such hard cases and close calls are
best made by the administrative agency with the professional skills, the daily
experience, and the face-to-face opportunity to evaluate these close calls. That
is why administrative agencies exist; why we regularly defer to their findings;
and why the majority errs in deciding, on a cold record, that judicial opinions
outweigh medical ones.
Id. at 1022.
¶56. For all the aforementioned reasons, I respectfully dissent.
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Public Employees' Retirement System v. Jannie M. Dishmon
Combined Opinion