P. v. Bankers Ins. Co. CA4/3

Filed 4/29/13 P. v. Bankers Ins. Co. CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent, G046024

v. (Super. Ct. No. 10CF0494)

BANKERS INSURANCE COMPANY, OPINION

Defendant and Appellant.

Appeal from a judgment and postjudgment order the Superior Court of
Orange County, Craig E. Robison, Judge. Affirmed.
E. Alan Nunez for Defendant and Appellant.
Nicholas S. Chrisos, County Counsel, and Marisa Matsumura, Deputy
County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
 INTRODUCTION
Bankers Insurance Company (Bankers) appeals from a summary judgment
entered on forfeiture of a bail bond, posted to secure the appearance of defendant Flor
Garcia, and from an order denying Bankers‟ motion to set aside the summary judgment,
discharge forfeiture of bail, and exonerate the bail bond. Bankers argues (1) the trial
court‟s noncompliance with Penal Code section 1166 (section 1166) exonerated the bail
bond by operation of law and (2) Garcia‟s deportation constituted a permanent disability
that entitled Bankers to exoneration of the bond under Penal Code section 1305,
subdivision (d).
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We hold a trial court‟s noncompliance with section 1166 does not
exonerate a bail bond by operation of law. We also hold Bankers‟ motion to set aside
summary judgment, discharge forfeiture of bail, and exonerate the bail bond was not
timely filed under Penal Code section 1305, subdivision (b). We therefore affirm.

BACKGROUND
In March 2010, Bankers posted bail bond No. 555056637-7 for the release
of Garcia from custody. Garcia had been charged with felony violation of Health and
Safety Code section 11351.5. Bail was in the amount of $30,000.

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Section 1166 provides: “If a general verdict is rendered against the defendant, or a
special verdict is given, he or she must be remanded, if in custody, or if on bail he or she
shall be committed to the proper officer of the county to await the judgment of the court
upon the verdict, unless, upon considering the protection of the public, the seriousness of
the offense charged and proven, the previous criminal record of the defendant, the
probability of the defendant failing to appear for the judgment of the court upon the
verdict, and public safety, the court concludes the evidence supports its decision to allow
the defendant to remain out on bail. When committed, his or her bail is exonerated, or if
money is deposited instead of bail it must be refunded to the defendant or to the person or
persons found by the court to have deposited said money on behalf of said defendant.”

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 On November 17, 2010, a jury returned a verdict finding Garcia guilty of a
lesser included offense of the charged crime. The jury was discharged, and the trial court
set sentencing for November 19, 2010. The court minutes for November 17 state,
“[d]efendant ordered to appear” and “[p]resent bail deemed sufficient and continued.”
Sentencing was continued to December 3, 2010. The court minutes again
state, “[d]efendant ordered to return” and “[p]resent bail deemed sufficient and
continued.”
Garcia did not appear for sentencing on December 3, and, on that date, the
trial court ordered the bail bond forfeited in open court. The court clerk mailed a notice
of felony bond forfeiture on December 6, 2010.
In June 2011, Bankers brought a motion to extend the 180-day period in
which to bring a motion to vacate the forfeiture of the bail bond. The trial court denied
the motion. On July 20, 2011, a summary judgment was entered on the forfeiture
pursuant to Penal Code section 1306, subdivision (a). The County of Orange (the
County) served a notice of entry of summary judgment upon forfeiture of bail bond on
August 1, 2011.
On August 16, 2011, Bankers filed a “motion to set aside summary
judgment; discharge forfeiture and exonerate bail” (capitalization omitted) (the Motion to
Vacate). The Motion to Vacate was made on two grounds: (1) the bail bond was
exonerated by operation of law on November 17, 2010 because the trial court had failed
to comply with section 1166 and (2) deportation of Garcia rendered performance on the
bail bond impossible, thereby exonerating the bond under Penal Code section 1305,
subdivision (d). The trial court denied the Motion to Vacate on September 16, 2011.
Bankers appealed from the order denying the Motion to Vacate and from the summary
judgment.

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 DISCUSSION
I.
The Appeal Is Timely.
The summary judgment is appealable as a final judgment. (Code Civ.
Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(1).) An order denying a motion to set aside forfeiture of bail has
been held to be appealable. (People v. Wilcox (1960) 53 Cal.2d 651, 654-655.) An order
denying a motion to vacate a judgment is appealable “when the record available to the
appellate court on such appeal raises issues which are not disclosed or could not be
disposed of on appeal from the judgment itself.” (Rooney v. Vermont Investment Corp.
(1973) 10 Cal.3d 351, 359.)
The County argues Bankers‟ appeal is untimely because the Motion to
Vacate was untimely and therefore did not extend the time in which to file a notice of
appeal from the summary judgment. Bankers did not appeal only from the summary
judgment: Bankers also appealed from the September 16, 2011 order denying the Motion
to Vacate. The order denying the Motion to Vacate was itself appealable either as an
order denying a motion to set aside forfeiture of bail (People v. Wilcox, supra, 53 Cal.2d
at pp. 654-655) or because the appeal raises issues which were not disclosed or could not
be disposed of on appeal from the summary judgment (Rooney v. Vermont Investment
Corp., supra, 10 Cal.3d at p. 359). The notice of appeal, filed on November 2, 2011, was
timely, as measured from September 16, 2011. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a).)
Bankers‟ appeal from the summary judgment also was timely. The
County‟s argument that the appeal was untimely is based on the erroneous assertion that
notice of entry of judgment was served on July 20, 2011. That was the date judgment
was entered. Notice of entry of judgment was served on August 1, 2011. Code of Civil
Procedure section 663a, subdivision (a)(2) requires notice of a motion to vacate a
judgment be filed within 15 days of mailing of notice of entry of judgment by the court

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clerk or service by a party of notice of entry of judgment. Bankers filed the Motion to
Vacate on August 16, 2011, within 15 days of mailing the notice of entry of judgment.
The Motion to Vacate, assuming it was made under section 663a, subdivision (a)(2), was
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timely.
The trial court denied the Motion to Vacate on September 16, 2011.
Because an order denying the Motion to Vacate or notice of entry of that order was not
served, under California Rules of Court, rule 8.108(c)(2), Bankers had 90 days from the
date it filed the Motion to Vacate, in which to file the notice of appeal from the summary
judgment. Bankers therefore had until November 14, 2011, in which to file its notice of
appeal from the summary judgment. Bankers timely filed a notice of appeal on
November 2, 2011.
II.

The Trial Court’s Noncompliance with Section 1166 Did
Not Exonerate the Bail Bond by Operation of Law.

A. Noncompliance with Section 1166
Bankers contends the bail bond was exonerated by operation of law on
November 17, 2010, when the trial court allowed Garcia to remain free on bail, on the
ground the court did not comply with section 1166.
Section 1166 states: “If a general verdict is rendered against the defendant,
or a special verdict is given, he or she must be remanded, if in custody, or if on bail he or
she shall be committed to the proper officer of the county to await the judgment of the
court upon the verdict, unless, upon considering the protection of the public, the
seriousness of the offense charged and proven, the previous criminal record of the
defendant, the probability of the defendant failing to appear for the judgment of the court

2
As explained below, the Motion to Vacate was in effect a motion to vacate the order
forfeiting the bail bond under Penal Code section 1305.

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upon the verdict, and public safety, the court concludes the evidence supports its decision
to allow the defendant to remain out on bail. When committed, his or her bail is
exonerated, or if money is deposited instead of bail it must be refunded to the defendant
or to the person or persons found by the court to have deposited said money on behalf of
said defendant.”
“[Section 1166] requires the court to commit the defendant to custody
unless, after considering five factors, the court concludes the evidence supports a decision
to release the defendant on bail.” (People v. Seneca Ins. Co. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 954, 957
(Seneca).)
Under section 1166, commitment of the defendant to the “proper officer of
the county” to await sentencing following rendition of the verdict exonerates the bail
bond by operation of law. (People v. Doe (1959) 172 Cal.App.2d Supp. 812, 816.) An
order forfeiting the bail bond after its exoneration under section 1166 is void and may be
challenged at any time. (People v. Doe, supra, at p. 817.)
Conversely, if the trial court considers the factors identified in section 1166
and concludes the evidence supports its decision to allow the defendant to remain out on
bail, then the bail bond continues in effect. It follows that a later order forfeiting the
bond must be challenged within the relevant time restraints. (See, e.g., Pen. Code,
§ 1305, subds. (b) & (d).)
The trial court in this case did not comply with section 1166. There is
nothing in the court minutes for November 17, 2010, or the reporter‟s transcript of
proceedings on that date, which shows the court considered the factors identified in
section 1166 and concluded the evidence supported a decision to allow Garcia to remain
free on bail. While we agree with the County that section 1166 imposes no obligation on
the trial court to make formal findings, it was necessary for the trial court to articulate the
grounds upon which it reached its conclusion with sufficient specificity to permit
meaningful review. (In re Podesto (1976) 15 Cal.3d 921, 938 (Podesto).)

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 Podesto, supra, 13 Cal.3d at page 929, addressed Penal Code former
section 1272, which granted the trial court discretion to release convicted defendants
pending appeal. The Podesto court listed a series of factors (now codified in
section 1166) that a trial court must consider in determining whether to remand or release
a convicted defendant pending sentencing. (Podesto, supra, at pp. 932-933.) The court
concluded that “to facilitate meaningful review trial courts should provide a brief
statement of reasons supporting a denial of release pending appeal.” (Id. at p. 933, italics
omitted.) “Such a statement need not include conventional findings of fact; all that is
required „is that the basis for the order be set forth “with sufficient specificity to permit
meaningful review.”‟” (Id. at p. 938.)
From the record, we cannot tell whether the trial court considered the
factors identified in section 1166 for releasing a defendant on bail pending sentencing or
whether the trial court concluded the evidence supported its decision to allow Garcia to
remain out on bail until sentencing. The trial court therefore did not meet the
requirements set forth in Podesto for complying with section 1166.

B. No Exoneration by Operation of Law
As we have explained, section 1166 states that commitment of the
defendant to the county to await sentencing exonerates the bail bond by operation of law.
Section 1166 does not state that the trial court‟s failure to consider the factors identified
in section 1166 before allowing the defendant to remain free on bail also exonerates the
bail bond by operation of law.
This issue has not been addressed in prior decisions. In Seneca, supra, 29
Cal.4th 954, the court addressed whether section 1166 applies in the case of a conviction
by guilty plea. The surety argued the trial court erred by failing to comply with
section 1166 before allowing the defendant to remain free on bail after pleading guilty.
(Seneca, supra, at p. 956.) The court‟s failure to comply with section 1166 was, the

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surety argued, a jurisdictional error that exonerated the bail bond by operation of law.
(Seneca, supra, at p. 956.) The California Supreme Court concluded section 1166
applied only when the defendant was found guilty by verdict and did not apply when the
defendant pleaded guilty. (Seneca, supra, at pp. 956, 964.) The court expressly stated,
“[w]e do not decide whether a trial court‟s failure to comply with section 1166 in a case
where that provision does apply would have the effect of exonerating bail by operation of
law.” (Id. at p. 957.)
People v. Accredited Surety & Casualty Co., Inc. (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 1
(Accredited Surety) addressed a similar issue. The surety in that case argued its liability
on the bail bond was discharged by operation of law because the trial court reduced the
amount of bail from $2 million to $20,000 without complying with Penal Code
section 1275, subdivision (a), which requires a court to consider public safety, the
seriousness of the offense, the defendant‟s prior criminal record, and the flight risk, in
setting, reducing or denying bail. (Accredited Surety, supra, at pp. 6-8.) Rejecting that
argument, the Court of Appeal concluded, “[n]oncompliance with section 1275 is not a
cognizable ground for exoneration nor a defense to forfeiture of a bail bond.” (Id. at
p. 6.) The “unambiguous purpose” of section 1275 is public safety, its provisions “have
nothing to do with bails bonds,” and nothing in section 1275 abrogated the surety‟s
contractual obligation to pay bail when the defendant failed to appear. (Accredited
Surety, supra, at pp. 7-8.) The trial court‟s failure to comply with section 1275 therefore
“does not operate to exonerate a surety‟s liability, and is not a defense to forfeiture of the
bail bond.” (Accredited Surety, supra, at p. 8.)
Section 1166, unlike Penal Code section 1275, does provide for exoneration
of bail bonds, but only when the defendant is committed upon rendition of the verdict.
Nothing in section 1166 suggests the requirement that the trial court consider various
factors before allowing the defendant to remain out on bail was intended to protect the

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 3
surety on the bail bond. In Podesto, supra, 15 Cal.3d at page 937, the Supreme Court
concluded that the requirement of articulated reasons served the interests of protecting the
defendant‟s right to meaningful appellate review of a decision denying bail, safeguarding
against a “careless decision,” and preserving public confidence in the decisionmaking
process. Failure to comply with section 1166 is not among the statutory grounds for
exoneration of the bail bond. (Pen. Code, §§ 980, subd. (b), 1000.2, 1116, 1188, 1296,
1305, subds. (b), (c) & (d), 1371, 1384.) The argument that the bail bond is exonerated
by operation of law when the trial court fails to articulate reasons presupposes the trial
court, had it considered the factors identified in section 1166, would not have allowed the
defendant to remain out on bail.
We therefore conclude a trial court‟s noncompliance with section 1166
before allowing a defendant to remain free on bail does not exonerate a bail bond by
operation of law. We do not address whether the trial court‟s noncompliance with
section 1166 is a defense to forfeiture of the bail bond because, as we conclude in part III.
of the Discussion, the Motion to Vacate was untimely.
III.
The Motion to Vacate Was Untimely.
Bankers argues the trial court erred by denying the Motion to Vacate
because Garcia‟s deportation created a “permanent disability” under Penal Code
4
section 1305, subdivision (d). We find no error because the Motion to Vacate was not
timely filed.

3
Bankers argues, “the mandatory language in section 1166” was intended to protect the
surety. In support of that argument, Bankers cites County of Orange v. Lexington Nat.
Ins. Corp. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1488, and People v. American Contractors Indemnity
Co. (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 799, both of which concern compliance with Penal Code
sections 1305 and 1306.
4
Section 1305, subdivision (d) states: In the case of a permanent disability, the court
shall direct the order of forfeiture to be vacated and the bail or money or property
deposited as bail exonerated if, within 180 days of the date of forfeiture or within 180

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 A motion to vacate an order of forfeiture of a bail bond must be filed within
185 days of the date the court clerk mails the notice of forfeiture. (Pen. Code, § 1305,
subd. (b).) “The 185 days after the date the clerk of the court mails a notice of forfeiture
(180 days plus five days for mailing) to the appropriate parties is known as the
appearance period. [Citation.] During this time, the surety on the bond is entitled to
move to have the forfeiture vacated and the bond exonerated on certain grounds, such as
an appearance in court by the accused. [Citation.] The trial court may also toll the
appearance period under certain circumstances, or extend the period by no more than 180
days from the date the trial court orders the extension, provided that the surety files its
motion before the original 185-day appearance period expires and demonstrates good
cause for the extension. [Citations.]” (People v. American Contractors Indemnity Co.
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 653, 658.) The motion must be heard within 30 days of the expiration
of the 180-day period unless extended by the court on a showing of good cause. (Pen.
Code, § 1305, subd. (j).) Once the period for exonerating the bond expires, the trial court
loses jurisdiction to grant relief from forfeiture. (People v. Accredited Surety & Casualty
Co., Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1490, 1503.)
In this case, the notice of felony bond forfeiture was mailed on December 6,
2010. Bankers filed the Motion to Vacate over 185 days later, on August 16, 2011.
Bankers brought a motion to extend the 180-day period in which to vacate forfeiture of
the bail bond, but the trial court denied the motion. Bankers does not argue the trial court
erred by denying the motion for an extension of time.
The Motion to Vacate, though technically made to vacate summary
judgment, was for all intents and purposes a motion to vacate the order of forfeiture. The

days of the date of mailing of the notice, if notice is required under subdivision (b), it is
made apparent to the satisfaction of the court that both of the following conditions are
met: [¶] (1) The defendant is deceased or otherwise permanently unable to appear in the
court due to illness, insanity, or detention by military or civil authorities. [¶] (2) The
absence of the defendant is without the connivance of the bail.”

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Motion to Vacate was based on grounds for vacating forfeiture under Penal Code
section 1305, subdivision (d) and could have been made as a motion to vacate forfeiture
within the 185-day period. The Motion to Vacate was not brought within 185 days of the
mailing of the notice of forfeiture and therefore was untimely. As Bankers failed to seek
relief from the order forfeiting bail in a timely fashion, summary judgment on the
forfeited bail bond is affirmed.
DISPOSITION
The summary judgment and the order denying the Motion to Vacate are
affirmed. Respondent shall recover costs incurred on appeal.

FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

ARONSON, ACTING P. J.

IKOLA, J.

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