UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS
NO . 10-3605
ROBERT L. TRAFTER, APPELLANT ,
V.
ERIC K. SHINSEKI,
SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE .
On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals
(Argued January 30, 2013 Decided April 29, 2013)
Daniel G. Curry, of Kansas City, Missouri, for the appellant.
Jesse B. Greenstein, Appellate Attorney, with whom Will A. Gunn, General Counsel, R.
Randall Campbell, Assistant General Counsel, and Nisha C. Hall, Deputy Assistant General
Counsel, were on the brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.
Before HAGEL, MOORMAN, and SCHOELEN, Judges.
MOORMAN, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. HAGEL, Judge, filed a separate opinion
concurring in the result.
MOORMAN, Judge: Veteran Robert L. Trafter appeals, through counsel, an October 5,
2010, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied entitlement to compensation under
38 U.S.C. § 1151 for a mental disorder allegedly due to treatment occurring at a VA facility. See
Record (R.) at 3-17.
This panel was convened to decide, in the context of a 38 U.S.C. § 1151 compensation claim,
whether the correct legal standard for determining if VA must provide a medical examination or
opinion is provided under 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a) or 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d). The Court holds that
VA's application of section 5103A(d) to section 1151 disability compensation claims is in keeping
with the statutory language, prior caselaw from this Court and the United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit ("Federal Circuit"), and legislative history. However, because the Board
misinterpreted a section 5013A(d)(2) factor, to the detriment of the appellant, remand is required.
I. BACKGROUND
The appellant presented two theories of entitlement to compensation under section 1151 to
the Board: (1) VA failed to timely diagnose and treat his breast cancer, which led to the development
or aggravation of his mental disability; (2) VA misdiagnosed him as having bipolar disorder, which,
in turn, caused or aggravated his mental disability. R. at 8; see M21-1 MR, pt. IV, Subpart ii, ch.
2, sec. G(34)(b) ("Entitlement to compensation under 38 U.S.C. [§] 1151 may be based on acts of
omission as well as acts of commission."). In its October 5, 2010, decision, the Board recognized
"that assistance shall include providing a medical examination or obtaining a medical opinion when
such an examination or opinion is necessary to make a decision on the claim." R. at 6 (citing
38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d) and McLendon v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 79 (2006)). However, the Board
found that because the record contained no "competent medical evidence that additional disability
resulted as a consequence of negligence, careless[ness], or other fault on the part of VA, or an event
not reasonably foreseeable," and the appellant's lay testimony did not "satisfy the criteria for
obtaining a VA opinion or examination," VA was not required to provide a medical examination or
opinion in this case. Id.
On appeal, the appellant asserts that VA should have provided him with a medical opinion
under section 5103A(d), because "both the competent medical evidence and [his] lay testimony–was
sufficient to 'indicate' that an additional disability (depression) resulted from VA medical treatment."
Appellant's (App.) Brief (Br.) at 6. In the alternative, and in response to the Court's request for
additional briefing, the appellant argues that section 5103A(a) should have been applied to his claim
because a section 1151 claim does not seek "disability compensation," as required for the application
of section 5103A(d). He asserts that, according to section 5103A(a), VA must provide him with a
medical opinion because it is necessary to decide his claim and has a reasonable possibility of
substantiating his claim. The appellant also contends that the Board improperly substituted its own
2
medical judgment in lieu of obtaining a medical opinion, provided an inadequate statement of
reasons or bases for its determination, and failed to obtain relevant private medical records.
The Secretary argues that the application of section 5103A(d) to a claim for disability
compensation under section 1151 is reasonable in the absence of clear Congressional intent as to
which part of section 5103A should apply. He also argues that VA is not required to provide a
medical opinion because "the record is absent sufficient evidence to establish fault on the part of VA,
or suggest an association between any VA medical care [the] [a]ppellant received and his alleged
current mental condition," and that VA has no duty to obtain irrelevant private cancer treatment
records that the appellant failed to identify. Secretary's (Sec.) Br. at 15, 22.
Because determining which part of section 5103A applies to a section 1151 compensation
claim is critical in resolving the key issues raised in this appeal, the Court begins by reviewing the
statutes involved de novo. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261; Bradley v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 280, 290 (2008).
II. STATUTORY ANALYSIS
When this Court reviews statutes that VA administers, we are initially confronted with
whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. See Chevron v. Nat'l Res. Def.
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984). The matter of statutory construction is at an end if the
intent of Congress is unambiguously expressed. Id. at 842-43. However, if the statutes are silent
or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the second question becomes whether VA's
interpretation is based on a permissible construction of the statutes. See id. at 843. Within the
complex veterans benefits scheme, if VA's interpretation of the statutes is reasonable, the courts are
precluded from substituting their judgment for that of VA, unless the Secretary has exceeded his
authority; the Secretary's action was clearly wrong; or the Secretary's interpretation is unfavorable
to veterans, such that it conflicts with the beneficence underpinning VA's veterans benefits scheme,
and a more liberal construction is available that affords a harmonious interplay between provisions.
See Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 117-18 (1994); Train v. Nat'l Res. Def. Council, Inc., 421 U.S.
60, 87 (1975); U.S. v. Shimer, 367 U.S. 374, 382 (1961); Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair
Corp., 328 U.S. 275, 285 (1946).
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A. 38 U.S.C. § 1151
To decide the correct application of section 5013A to section 1151, we start by reviewing the
language of 38 U.S.C. § 1151(a) to determine the type of benefit at issue. Section 1151(a) states:
Compensation under this chapter and dependency and indemnity compensation under
chapter 13 of this title shall be awarded for a qualifying additional disability or a
qualifying death of a veteran in the same manner as if such additional disability or
death were service-connected. For purposes of this section, a disability or death is a
qualifying additional disability or qualifying death if the disability or death was not
the result of the veteran's willful misconduct and [setting forth other requirements].
38 U.S.C. § 1151(a); see U.S. v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 580 (1981) ("In determining the scope of
a statute, we look first to its language."). The plain language of section 1151(a) unequivocally lists
two possible types of benefits available under the provision: (1) compensation for an additional
qualifying disability or (2) dependency and indemnity compensation (DIC) for the qualifying death
of a veteran. See 38 U.S.C. § 101(13) ("The term 'compensation' means a monthly payment made
by the Secretary to a veteran because of service-connected disability, . . .").
Although the language of section 1151 does not explicitly state that the compensation
awarded "under this chapter" is disability compensation, a common sense reading dictates that
compensation for an additional qualifying disability under a statutory section titled "Benefits for
persons disabled by treatment or vocational rehabilitation," which is under a chapter titled
"Compensation for Service-Connected Disability or Death," is properly considered to be disability
compensation, as opposed to a hitherto unidentified compensation type. See 38 U.S.C. § 1151; Food
& Drug Admin. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 132 (2000) ("It is 'a
fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read in their context
and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.'" (quoting Gustafson v. Alloyd Co.,
513 U.S. 561, 569 (1995))). Indeed, such a reading is harmonious with 38 U.S.C. § 5110(c), which
explains that "[t]he effective date of an award of disability compensation by reason of section 1151
of this title shall be the date such injury or aggravation was suffered if an application therefor is
received within one year from such date" (emphasis added). See id.; Fishgold, supra; Gaston v.
Shinseki, 605 F.3d 979, 983 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (noting that 38 U.S.C. § 5110(c) specifies the
"effective date of disability compensation under 38 U.S.C. § 1151"(emphasis added)).
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Further, such a straightforward reading is in keeping with the well-established purpose of
section 1151. Although the language of section 1151 has been modified over the years, its
underlying purpose of providing compensation to veterans disabled as a result of training or
treatment for their injuries, has not significantly changed. See Kilpatrick v. Principi, 327 F.3d 1375,
1379 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Bartlett v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 328, 330-331 (2011); see also Gardner,
513 U.S. at 116, n.1 ("Section 1151 is invoked typically to provide benefits to veterans for
nonservice related disabilities, although it is not so limited by its terms."); Mansfield v. Peake, 525
F.3d 1312, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ("In general terms, section 1151 provides that veterans disabled
as a result of negligent treatment at VA medical facilities shall be compensated as if their disabilities
are service-connected."); Alleman v. Principi, 349 F.3d 1368, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("Section 1151
does not accord service-connected status to a veteran's disability or death, but rather provides that
in certain instances a veteran's disability or death will be treated 'as if' it were service-connected for
certain purposes.").
Hence, this Court has routinely referred to section 1151 compensation claims as disability
compensation claims. See Bartlett, 24 Vet.App. at 329 (summarizing the Board decision as one that
"denied his claim for disability compensation pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 1151"); Ingram v. Nicholson,
21 Vet.App. 232, 247-48 (2007) (explaining that in regard to a 1151 claim "there was nothing in the
August 1986 RO [(regional office)] decision or cover letter that informed Mr. Ingram of anything
that might relate to a disability compensation claim"); Kilpatrick v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 1, 4 (2002)
("Although section 1151(a) provides for the payment of compensation (disability compensation
under chapter 11 or dependency and indemnity compensation under chapter 13) to the class of
beneficiaries to which the appellant belongs, the parties seem to have forgotten that the appellant is
seeking benefits . . . ."), aff'd 327 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Cottle v. Principi, 14 Vet.App. 329,
334 (2001) ("Section 1151 states that a veteran who was injured as the result of 'the pursuit of a
course of vocational rehabilitation,' shall be awarded disability compensation."); Jones v. West,
12 Vet.App. 460, 461 (1999) (explaining that the Board denied a claim as not well grounded "inter
alia, a claim for [VA] disability compensation pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 1151 for residuals of a fall
at a VA hospital."); see also Cogburn v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 205, 212-13 (2010) (quoting the
finding in Ingram, 21 Vet.App. at 247-48, that "'he had no reason to know how a disability
5
compensation claim based on section 1151 might have been decided by the regional office'"); Green
v. Brown, 10 Vet.App. 111, 118 (1997) (summarizing the Federal Circuit's decision in Gardner v.
Brown, 5 F.3d 1456, 1458 (Fed. Cir. 1993) as "VA could not by regulation add to an entitlement to
disability compensation established under 38 U.S.C. § 1151 . . . . "); cf. Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S.
575, 581 (1978) ("Congress is presumed to be aware of an administrative or judicial interpretation
of a statute . . . . [W]here . . . Congress adopts a new law incorporating sections of a prior law,
Congress normally can be presumed to have had knowledge of the interpretation given to the
incorporated law . . . ") (citations omitted).
The Federal Circuit has similarly referred to compensation under section 1151 as "disability
compensation." See Gaston, supra; Seymour v. Principi, 245 F.3d 1377, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
("Congress has specifically provided that disability compensation under section 1151 is 'awarded in
the same manner as if such disability . . . were service connected.'" ); see also Adams v. Shinseki,
568 F.3d 956, 962 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (explaining that in Ingram "the regional office's explanation of
its rejection of Mr. Ingram's non-service-connection claim for pension benefits did not give Mr.
Ingram reasonable notice that it was also rejecting his claim for disability compensation under
section 1151").
Although scant, the available legislative history supports the Courts' interpretation of the term
"disability compensation" as including section 1151 compensation claims. See S.Rep. 103-280
(June 7, 1994) ("Section 1151 of title 38, United States Code, governs claims for disability
compensation or dependency and indemnity compensation . . . ."); S.Rep. 87-2042 (Sept. 13, 1962)
("It is possible today for an injured veteran to secure a judgment under the Federal Tort Claims Act
and thereafter be awarded disability compensation from the Veterans' Administration for the same
injury.").
However, the appellant argues that a section 1151 claim is not a disability compensation
claim under the definition provided in Wood v. Peake, 520 F.3d 1345, 1349 n. 3 (Fed. Cir. 2008).
In Wood, the Federal Circuit explained that the government had conceded that a DIC claim was not
a disability compensation claim, and noted:
The VA defines "disability compensation" as "a monthly payment made by the
Department of Veterans Affairs to a veteran because of service-connected disability
. . . . if the veteran is disabled as the result of a personal injury or disease (including
6
aggravation of a condition existing prior to service) while in active service if the
injury or disease was incurred or aggravated in line of duty." 38 C.F.R. § 3.4(a),
(b)(1). Thus, as the government conceded, payments to a widow or widower of a
veteran are not "disability compensation."
Wood, 520 F.3d at 1349, n. 3; see DeLaRosa v. Peake, 515 F.3d 1319, 1321-22 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
(explaining that § 5103A(a) applies to any "benefit under a law administered by the Secretary" and
thus encompasses DIC claims, but that § 5103A(d) only applies to "claim[s] for disability
compensation," which does not include DIC claims.)
The Federal Circuit's dictum in Wood occurred in the context of a Chapter 13 DIC case where
any reference to section 1151 would have been unnecessary and the resulting language was obviously
not intended to apply outside of the narrow context of DIC claims. See Wood, supra; DeLaRosa,
515 F.3d at 1322 n.1. In both Wood and DeLaRosa, the Federal Circuit was discussing only DIC,
which is listed separately from compensation within section 1151. 38 U.S.C. § 1151(a)
("Compensation under this chapter and dependency and indemnity compensation under chapter 13
of this title shall be awarded . . . "). Additionally, the definition provided by the Federal Circuit is
constructed from two separate parts of 38 C.F.R. § 3.4—(a) and (b)(1). See 38 C.F.R. § 3.4 (a),
(b)(1) (2012). Section 3.4(a) defines the term "compensation," while § 3.4 (b)(1) explains that "basic
entitlement" to disability compensation exists when a veteran has a personal injury or disease
incurred while in active service. Compare 38 U.S.C. § 1110 (Basic entitlement) with 38 U.S.C.
§ 1151 (Benefits for persons disabled by treatment or vocational rehabilitation). Thus, although not
explicitly stated, the Federal Circuit was, at most, defining "basic entitlement to disability
compensation" only. Indeed, subsequent to Wood and DeLaRosa, the Federal Circuit took no issue
with the language of 38 C.F.R. § 3.154, which, since 2004, has stated: "VA may accept as a claim
for benefits under 38 U.S.C. § 1151 and § 3.361 any communication in writing indicating an intent
to file a claim for disability compensation or dependency and indemnity compensation under the
laws governing entitlement to veterans' benefits for disability or death . . . ." (emphasis added).
38 C.F.R. § 3.154 (2012); see Mansfield, 525 F.3d at 1318. Thus, the Federal Circuit's definition
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of basic entitlement to disability compensation in the context of a DIC claim should not be construed
as implying that section 1151 compensation is not "disability compensation."1
In sum, even if the language of section 1151 does not explicitly define what type of
compensation is awarded for an additional qualifying disability, the Secretary's construction that a
section 1151 compensation claim, as opposed to a section 1151 DIC claim, is considered a claim for
disability compensation within the veterans benefits schema is not only reasonable, but also the only
rational interpretation that allows for harmony between separate provisions of title 38, chapter 11
of the United States Code. See Turkette, supra. Therefore, the Court holds that a section 1151
compensation claim is considered a disability compensation claim for the purposes of determining
what part of section 5103A applies.
B. 38 U.S.C. § 5103A
Under section 5103A(d), titled "Medical examinations for compensation claims," part (d)(1)
clarifies that "[i]n the case of a claim for disability compensation, the assistance provided by the
Secretary under subsection (a) shall include providing a medical examination or obtaining a medical
opinion when such an examination or opinion is necessary to make a decision on the claim."
38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(1) (emphasis added). Thus, section 5103A(d)(1) applies to a section 1151
disability compensation claim. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 5103A(d)(1), 5110(c); see also Traynor v.
Turnage, 485 U.S. 535, 545–46 (1988) (assuming that Congress was aware of VA interpretation of
"willful misconduct" when it enacted new law using that term "and that Congress intended that the
term receive the same meaning for purposes of that statute as it had received for purposes of other
veterans' benefits statutes").
However, the application of section 5103A(d)(2) to a section 1151 compensation claim is not
so easily addressed.2 For instance, section 5103A(d)(2)(B) requires evidence of record that
1
Regarding the appellant's contention that "the basic holding of Wood is clear, and binding: As used in [s]ection
5103A(d), 'disability compensation' only refers to claims for service-connection" (App. Resp. at 6), the dictum in Wood
does not suggest that the Federal Circuit found that section 1151 compensation is not to be considered "as if" it were
service-connected for purposes of applying the term "disability compensation." See 38 U.S.C. § 1151(a); Wood, supra.
2
38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2) states in full:
The Secretary shall treat an examination or opinion as being necessary to make a decision on a claim
8
"indicates" a disability or symptoms may be associated with "active military, naval, or air service,"
but, in a section 1151 compensation claim, as in this case, the disability or symptoms are not
necessarily associated with active duty service. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 1151(a), 5103A(d)(2)(B); Gardner,
513 U.S. at 117 n.1. Although section 1151 compensation is to be awarded in the same manner "as
if" an additional qualifying disability were service connected, neither section 1151 nor 5103A
specifies how the factors under section 5103A(d)(2) should apply to a section 1151 compensation
claim in which the disability or symptoms are not directly related to the claimant's active duty
service. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 5103A; Alleman, supra.
The appellant argues that, because the language of section 5103A(d)(2) "is silent regarding
what other kinds of evidence might make a medical opinion necessary in other kinds of claims, like
Section 1151 claims," that "[s]ection 5103A(a)'s description of when the duty to assist engages–when
the evidence is 'necessary to substantiate the claimant's claim' and when a 'reasonable possibility
exists' that such help would aid the claimant–must fill that void." App. Response to the Court's July
18, 2012, Order (Resp.) at 6. The Secretary counters that, although the language of section
5103A(d)(2)(B) applies specifically to basic entitlement to service-connection claims, that it is VA's
reasonable policy to look to the factors under section 5103A(d)(2) as guidance when determining
whether an examination is necessary in a section 1151 disability compensation claim. See Sec.
Resp. at 3, 6, 9.
To the extent that the appellant suggests that section 5103A(d)(1) could be applied in
isolation, the plain language of section 5103A(d)(2) disproves such an interpretation, stating that
"[t]he Secretary shall treat an examination or opinion as being necessary to make a decision on a
claim for purposes of paragraph (1) if the evidence of record . . . " before listing factors that must be
for purposes of paragraph (1) if the evidence of record before the Secretary, taking into consideration
all information and lay or medical evidence (including statements of the claimant) --
(A) contains competent evidence that the claimant has a current disability, or
persistent or recurrent symptoms of disability; and
(B) indicates that the disability or symptoms may be associated with the claimant's
active military, naval, or air service; but
(C) does not contain sufficient medical evidence for the Secretary to make a
decision on the claim.
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met before a medical examination or opinion is required in a disability compensation claim.
38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d); see Wells v. Principi, 326 F.3d 1381, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (explaining that
no basis was presented to support the appellant's contention at oral argument that section 5103A(d)
triggers an obligation for the Secretary to provide a medical examination or opinion regardless of
the specific provisions under 5103A(d), which limit the Secretary's obligation). Additionally, the
appellant's suggestion that the Court interpret section 5103A(d)(1) as having the same requirements
as those under section 5103A(a) in a section 1151 compensation claim, would make section
5103A(d)(1) redundant and section 5103A(d)(2) superfluous. Such an interpretation violates the
well-established interpretive canon that a "'statute should be construed so that effect is given to all
its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant.'" Corley v.
U.S., 556 U.S. 303, 314 (2009) (quoting Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101 (2004)); see Hornick v.
Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 50, 52, 55 (2010) (explaining that "the plain meaning of any statutory
provision must be determined in light of the statutory scheme as a whole" and the Court should
interpret statutory provisions in the same subchapter of title 38 as producing a harmonious whole);
Cottle, 14 Vet.App. at 334 (each section or part of a statute should be construed with every other part
of section to produce a harmonious whole (citing Meeks v. West, 12 Vet.App. 352, 354 (1999))).
Thus, section 5103A(d)(1) must be read in conjunction with 5103A(d)(2).
Because section 5103A(d)(1) applies to a section 1151 compensation claim and section
5103A(d)(1) cannot be read in isolation, the Court agrees with the Secretary that it is useful and
consistent with the treatment of other disability claims to interpret the factors under 5103A(d)(2)
broadly to determine when a medical examination or opinion must be provided in a section 1151
compensation claim. Cf. Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 437 U.S. 443, 450 (1978)
("Moreover, an administrative 'practice has peculiar weight when it involves a contemporaneous
construction of a statute by the [persons] charged with the responsibility of setting its machinery in
motion, of making the parts work efficiently and smoothly while they are yet untried and new."
(quoting Norwegian Nitrogen Products Co. v. United States, 288 U.S. 294, 315 (1933))). Thus, the
question becomes: In a section 1151 compensation claim, what interpretations of the factors under
5103A(d)(2) are permissible? See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843; see Brown & Williamson Tobacco
10
Corp., 529 U.S. at 132 ("[I]f Congress has not specifically addressed the question, a reviewing court
must respect the agency's construction of a statute so long as it is permissible.").
C. Interpreting the Factors Under Section 5103A(d)(2)
The Secretary concedes that "38 C.F.R. § 3.159(c)(4) is the implementing regulation for
38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d), but notes that in regard to the applicability of the standards set-forth in both
to[sic] a Veteran's claim for disability benefits under section 1151, [§] 3.159(c)(4) is similarly silent."
Sec. Resp. at 6, n.1 (citing to Sharp v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 267, 275 (2009), for the proposition
that "[d]eference to the regulation that offers no additional clarity to the interpretive issue would be
inappropriate."). Although the Secretary has not prescribed a regulation pertaining to the application
of section 5103A(d) to section 1151 compensation claims, the Court will review his current
interpretations and provide guidance on interpreting the section 5103A(d)(2) factors to effectuate a
purposeful remand. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(e); Zenith Radio Corp., 437 U.S. at 450 ("longstanding
and consistent administrative interpretation is entitled to considerable weight."); Quirin v. Shinseki,
22 Vet.App. 390, 396 (2009) (noting that additional arguments may be addressed to provide
guidance to a lower tribunal).
i. Factor 5103A(d)(2)(A) and Factor 5103A(d)(2)(C)
According to the first factor under section 5103A(d)(2) (factor A), a medical examination
or opinion is necessary to make a decision on a claim if the evidence of record, along with the
requirements under the other factors, "contains competent evidence that the claimant has a current
disability, or persistent or recurrent symptoms of disability . . . " 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(A). The
Secretary asserts that in the context of a section 1151 compensation claim, factor A should be
interpreted in the same manner as it is in a non-section 1151 disability compensation claim. Sec.
Resp. at 12-13. The Court discerns no difficulty or irrationality with the application of factor A to
a section 1151 disability compensation claim in a manner similar to that used in basic entitlement
to disability compensation claims—if there is no competent evidence of a current disability or
persistent or recurrent symptoms of a disability, then a medical examination or opinion is not
mandated by statute. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(A). Such a straightforward application of
factor A is also most favorable to veterans, as it does not require the weighing of competing facts,
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but rather the assessment of the existence of such evidence in the record and whether such evidence
is competent. See Gardner, 513 U.S. at 117-18; McLendon, 20 Vet.App. at 81-82.3
As to factor 5103A(d)(2)(C) (factor C), taking into account the requirements of the other
factors, it mandates that a medical examination or opinion be provided when the record before the
Secretary "does not contain sufficient medical evidence for the Secretary to make a decision on the
claim." 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(C). The Court agrees that there is no need to interpret factor C any
differently for a section 1151 compensation claim than for a basic entitlement disability
compensation claim, because the plain language applies effortlessly to both. See id.; McLendon,
20 Vet.App. at 84-85; Sec. Resp. at 12-13.
ii. Factor 5103A(d)(2)(B)
Factor 5103A(d)(2)(B) (factor B) states that a medical examination or opinion is mandated,
in conjunction with the requirements of factors A and C, if the evidence of record before the
Secretary "indicates that the disability or symptoms may be associated with the claimant's active
military, naval, or air service; . . . ." 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(B). As explained above, the language
of factor B must be interpreted broadly because a section 1151 compensation claim does not require
that there be an association between the disability or symptoms and the claimant's "active military,
naval, or air service." See 38 U.S.C. § 1151(a); Gardner, supra.
The Secretary contends that VA "reasonably inquires . . . whether there is evidence
supporting the material components of a section 1151 claim" when assessing whether a medical
opinion is necessary. Sec. Resp. at 12. Specifically, the Secretary asserts that, when adjudicating
a section 1151 compensation claim, it is reasonable to interpret factor B as meaning "an indication
that said disability or symptoms [may] be associated with carelessness, negligence, lack of proper
skill, error in judgment, or similar instance of fault on the part of VA, or an event not reasonably
foreseeable, in the treatment VA provided a claimant." Id. at 13. According to the Secretary's
3
Although the existence of an additional qualifying disability must be ascertained for disability compensation
benefits to be awarded under section 1151, such a determination is separate from the application of the duty to assist
factors under section 5103A(d)(2), which should generally be reviewed prior to any determination regarding the granting
of benefits. Compare 38 C.F.R. § 3.361(b) (2012) with 38 C.F.R. § 3.159(c)(4) (2012); see also Veterans Benefits
Administration Adjudication Procedures Manual M21-1 MR (M21-1MR), pt. IV, Subpart ii, ch. 2, sec. G(33)(c) (2011)
(Under the "General Information on Entitlement to Benefits Under 38 U.S.C. 1151," a discussion about "Determining
W hether Additional Disability Exists").
12
interpretation, the language"may be associated" includes an element of causation. In effect, not only
does the evidence have to indicate that there was VA treatment, but that the treatment may have
caused the disability or symptoms. See id.; cf. 38 C.F.R. § 3.159 (c)(4)(i)(B),(C). As the Federal
Circuit explained in Wells, supra, having a disability without any causal connection is insufficient
to obligate the Secretary to provide a medical opinion or examination. See also Chotta v. Peake,
22 Vet.App. 80, 85 (2008) (interpreting McLendon to mean that the duty to provide a medical
examination applies "only once the evidence has met the minimal threshold of indicating the
existence of a medical question" because the duty to assist does not require a fishing expedition to
substantiate a completely unsupported claim (quoting Gobber v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 470, 472
(1992) and citing to 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a)(2))). Thus, the Secretary's interpretation appears
reasonable in that it properly effectuates the intent of section 5103A(d)(2) and complies with legal
precedent. The Court holds that the language "may be associated" requires that the evidence of
record indicate a causal connection between the current disability and the VA treatment before VA
is required to provide a medical examination or opinion. 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2). However, in
light of the purpose of section 5103A and our analysis in McLendon, the nature of a causal
connection in this interpretation necessitates further discussion.
Congress perceived significant barriers to veterans who needed assistance in obtaining
information and evidence to receive benefits from VA, and eliminated the well-grounded-claim
requirement by enacting the Veterans Claims Assistance Act of 2000 (VCAA), which was later
codified, in part, as 38 U.S.C. § 5103A. Duenas v. Principi, 18 Vet.App. 512, 516 (2004) (per
curiam). Prior to the enactment of the VCAA and the filing of the appellant's claim, this Court
explained in Jones v. West, 12 Vet.App. 460, 464 (1999), that the requirements of a well-grounded
section 1151 compensation claim were:
paralleling those [requirements] set forth in Caluza[v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 506
(1995), aff'd per curiam, 78 F.3d 604 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (table)] generally as follows:
(1) Medical evidence of a current disability; (2) medical evidence, or in certain
circumstances lay evidence, of incurrence or aggravation of an injury as the result of
hospitalization, medical or surgical treatment, or the pursuit of a course of vocational
rehabilitation under chapter 31 of title 38, United States Code; and (3) medical
evidence of a nexus between that asserted injury or disease and the current disability.
13
Today, a section 1151 compensation claim does not need to meet the requirements of being
well-grounded for VA to have a duty to assist. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A. Indeed, this Court has
explained that, in a basic entitlement disability compensation claim, factor B only requires that the
evidence meet a low threshold, such that the evidence "indicates" that there "may" be a nexus
between the disability (or persistent or recurrent symptoms of a disability) and military service.
McLendon, 20 Vet.App. at 83; see Alleman, supra; cf. Jones, 12 Vet.App. at 463 (treating the
veteran's claim for an additional disability under section 1151 as it would a claim for service
connection). Therefore, in keeping with this Court's determinations in McLendon, in a section 1151
disability compensation claim, the threshold under factor B must be equally low.
Thus, when applying factor 5103A(d)(2)(B) to a section 1151 compensation claim, the
Secretary may not require that the evidence of record be sufficient to prove a nexus between the
asserted injury or event and the current disability. See McLendon, 20 Vet.App. at 84 ("Indeed, in this
instance, although the medical evidence was deemed insufficient to establish a nexus, that evidence,
together with other evidence of record, may nevertheless be sufficient for the Board to conclude that
it 'indicates' that Mr. McLendon's current disability 'may be associated' with . . . . "). Nor may the
Secretary require that the record provide competent medical evidence that an "additional disability
resulted as a consequence of negligence, careless[ness], or other fault on the part of VA, or an event
not reasonably foreseeable," prior to determining whether a medical opinion must be provided. R. at
6 (standard used by the Board). Mandating that the record include competent medical evidence of
fault, before receiving a medical opinion as to whether VA failed to exercise the degree of care that
would be expected of a reasonable health care provider, would potentially defeat the purpose of not
having to present a well-grounded section 1151 compensation claim. Compare 38 U.S.C.
§ 5103A(d)(2) with Jones, 12 Vet.App. at 464; see also 38 C.F.R. § 3.361(d)(i); M21-1 MR, pt. III,
Subpart iv, ch. 3, sec. A(9)(f) (2011) (when requesting a medical opinion in a 1151 claim, the
provider should be asked, in pertinent part, to "state whether it is as least as likely as not that–the
claimed disability was caused by or became worse as a result of the VA treatment at issue . . . –
failure on the part of VA to timely diagnose and/or properly treat the claimed disease or disability
allowed the disease or disability to continue to progress"); Jandreau v. Nicholson, 492 F.3d 1372,
1376-77 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (competent medical evidence may not be required if the determinative issue
14
involves medical etiology or medical diagnosis and there is competent lay evidence sufficient to
establish a diagnosis).
Therefore, when adjudicating a section 1151 compensation claim, the Board must analyze
the evidence of record to determine whether it indicates that the disability or symptoms may be
associated with the hospital care, medical or surgical treatment, or examination furnished the
claimant under any law administered by the Secretary, either by a Department employee or in a
Department facility as defined in 38 U.S.C. § 1701(3)(A), or as part of an approved rehabilitation
program under chapter 31 of title 38, or a program (know as a "compensated work therapy program")
under 38 U.S.C. § 1718. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 1151(a)(1),(a)(2), 5103A(d)(2)(B); McLendon, supra;
M21-1 MR (M21-1MR), pt. IV, Subpart ii, ch. 2, sec. G(35)(d) (When preparing a rating decision,
VA advises: "Do not make uncorroborated conclusions in the rating decision that a relationship
between the treatment, surgery, or medication provided and the claimed disability does not exist.")
III. REVIEW OF THE OCTOBER 5, 2010, BOARD DECISION
A. The Duty to Provide a Medical Opinion
In regard to both of the appellant's theories for entitlement to section 1151
compensation—that VA failed to timely diagnose his recurrent breast cancer and misdiagnosed his
mental condition—the Board recognized "that assistance shall include providing a medical
examination or obtaining a medical opinion when such an examination or opinion is necessary to
make a decision on the claim." R. at 6 (citing to section 5103A(d) and McLendon). However, the
Board thereafter not only failed to discuss the section 5103A(d)(2) factors with any specificity, but
implied that a medical opinion did not need to be provided because "the record is absent for
competent medical evidence that additional disability resulted as a consequence of negligence,
careless[ness], or other fault on the part of VA, or an event not reasonable foreseeable." Id. As
discussed above, the finding that a medical opinion is not warranted because the evidence of record
does not include competent medical evidence of fault on the part of VA is legally untenable, because
under factor 5103A(d)(2)(B), the evidence must only "indicate" that there "may" be an association
between a current disability and VA treatment. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(B); see also M21-1
MR, pt. IV, Subpart ii, ch. 2, sec. G(34)(b).
15
In addition to the Board's general misinterpretation of section 5103A(d), for the following
reasons the claim on appeal will be remanded. See Mayfield v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 103, 116
(2005) (stating that the key to determining whether an error is prejudicial is the effect of the error
on the essential fairness of the adjudication), rev'd on other grounds, 444 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
1. Failure to Timely Diagnose.
In regard to the appellant's first theory of injury under section 1151—that VA failed to timely
diagnose his recurring breast cancer such that his mental disability occurred or worsened— the Board
initially stated that a medical opinion was not warranted because there was no competent medical
evidence of causation and the appellant was not competent to provide lay testimony as to the
complex medical question of causation. See R. at 6, 8. Thereafter, the Board again explained that
the appellant "as a layperson, is not competent to comment on the timeliness of a diagnosis of cancer,
such as in this case." R. at 15 (citing broadly to Jandreau for the proposition that "a veteran is
competent to provide a diagnosis of a simple condition such as a broken leg, but not competent to
provide evidence as to more complex medical questions"). However, this finding did not deter the
Board from itself determining that "[t]here is nothing in the medical records from VA to suggest that
the diagnosis of breast cancer was not made in a timely fashion." R. at 15. Although this latter
determination appears within the Board's analysis of the merits of the section 1151 compensation
claim, it indicates that the Board failed to appreciate that it is restricted from making unsubstantiated
medical determinations and considering the absence of evidence as substantive negative evidence,
including when deciding whether it has complied with the duty to assist provisions. Compare R. at
6 with R. at 15; see Buczynski v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 221, 224 (2011) ("When assessing a claim,
the Board may not consider the absence of evidence as substantive negative evidence."); Duenas,
18 Vet.App. at 516 (explaining that whether a claimant prevails on the merits of a 1151
compensation claim remains a separate matter from whether VA has a duty to assist under section
5103A(d)); Santiago v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 288, 292 (1993) (citing Colvin v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App.
171, 175 (1991), overruled on other grounds by Hodge v. West, 155 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed. Cir.
1998)). Thus, the Board not only misinterpreted factor B as requiring competent medical evidence
of VA fault, but also provided inadequate reasons or bases for its determination that a medical
opinion was not warranted in regard to whether VA failed to timely diagnose the appellant's breast
16
cancer. See 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1); Allday v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 517, 527 (1995); Caluza, supra;
Simon v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 621, 622 (1992); Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 57 (1990).
However, the Board did make certain findings of fact that remain undisputed by the parties:
(1) "In February 2005 the Veteran presented at the Kansas City VA Medical Center (VAMC) to
establish care" (R. at 9); (2) "At this time, he expressed that he desired to use the VAMC to check
up on possible breast cancer" (R. at 9); (3) the appellant missed his September 2005 appointment,
and in November 2005, he again requested a breast cancer check-up (R. at 725); (4) the appellant
was seen for several psychiatric evaluations at the VAMC thereafter (R. at 7-9); (5) in September
2006, "[t]he Veteran also talked about recently finding another breast lump" (R. at 11), and he
underwent a biopsy later that month (R. at 12); (6) the appellant stated that he "went into a serious
state of depression as [he] felt that [he] was not properly treated" (R. at 13); the appellant was
subsequently diagnosed with dysthimic disorder and depression (R. at 14). See App. Br. at 1-4; Sec.
Br. at 2, 9-10.
These undisputed findings, taken as a whole, unequivocally "indicate" that there "may be an
association" between the appellant's current mental disability and his VAMC treatment, which
included an approximately 11-month gap between a repeated request for a breast cancer check-up
and a diagnosis of recurrent breast cancer.4 See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(A),(B); see also Cantu v.
Principi, 18 Vet.App. 92, 99-100 (2004) (applying the plain meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 1710 to the
undisputed facts of the case to conclude that the appellant met the eligibility criteria for VA hospital
care). It is also clear from the Board's statements that the record does not contain "sufficient medical
evidence for the Secretary to make a decision on the claim." 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(C).
Therefore, the Board clearly erred in finding that VA had substantially complied with "assistance
requirements." R. at 6; see Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52. On remand, the Board must provide the
4
To the extent that the appellant suggested, during oral argument, that he might have also suffered a physical
injury, separate from a mental disability, due to the alleged delay in breast cancer treatment, such a claim was not
presented to the Board. Thus, the Court does not have jurisdiction over it. See Seri v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 441, 443
(2007); Tubianosa v. Derwinski, 3 Vet.App. 181, 184 (1992) (a party before the Court should develop and present all
of its arguments in its initial pleading) .
17
appellant with a medical opinion pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d). Cf. M21-1MR, pt. III, Subpart
iv, ch. 3, sec. A(9)(f) ("Instructions for Providing Medical Opinions–1151 Claims").5
2. Misdiagnosis
As to the appellant's second theory of injury under section 1151—that VA misdiagnosed him
with bipolar disorder, which, in turn, caused or aggravated his mental disability—the Board provided
the same erroneous analysis as it had for the appellant's first theory. See R. at 6, 8. However, unlike
the appellant's first theory, several pertinent facts are disputed as to this theory, such that the Court
cannot conclude that there is unequivocally an indication that the appellant's current mental disability
may be associated with VA treatment. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2)(B); R. at 9, 16.
Because the Board failed to discuss whether the evidence of record indicated that there may
be an association between the appellant's current disability and VA treatment, it provided inadequate
reasons or bases for its determination that the duty to assist was met. See 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1);
Allday and Gilbert, both supra. On remand, the Board must provide a detailed analysis of its
application of section 5103A(d)(2) to the pertinent facts surrounding the appellant's current mental
disability and diagnoses.
B. The Duty to Assist in Obtaining Medical Records
In addition, the Board found that "[a]ll known and available records relevant to the issues on
appeal have been obtained." R. at 5. The appellant argues that the Board failed to obtain records
of his University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC) cancer treatment, which was provided
concurrently with some of his VAMC cancer treatment by a physician who also worked at the
VAMC. R. at 624, 683; App. Br. at 25-26. It appears that some portion of the appellant's private
cancer treatment records were faxed from the KUMC to the VAMC. R. at 618.
Any KUMC records in the possession of VA prior to the Board's decision on appeal were
also constructively before the Board. See Bell v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 611, 613 (1992). It is
unclear from the record before the Court and from the parties' arguments exactly what records VA
5
In requiring the Secretary to order a medical opinion based on the undisputed facts of this case, the Court is
not suggesting these facts necessarily prove that there was fault on the part of VA, or that the appellant's claimed
disability was caused by or became worse as a result of VA medical conduct, or that any of the latter diagnoses constitute
an additional qualifying disability. See 38 U.S.C. § 1151. W hile such questions are integral to an analysis of the merits
of a section 1151 compensation claim, they are not pertinent inquiries when determining the Secretary's duty to assist
under the low threshold requirements of factor 5103A(d)(2)(B). See Duenas, supra.
18
may or may not have in its possession, but it appears that such records may be relevant to the claim
on appeal. See R. at 9, 11, 618. On remand, because there appears to be some concern that a prior
release of information authorization (ROI) is no longer viable, the appellant must provide an updated
ROI for VA. Thereafter, VA is required to attempt to obtain all of the appellant's KUMC medical
records pertaining to his mental disability and cancer treatment. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(b); Golz
v. Shinseki, 590 F.3d 1317, 1320-21 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Upon receipt of any additional medical
records, and before any additional medical opinions are undertaken, VA is required to add such
records to the appellant's claims file.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the October 5, 2010, decision of the Board is VACATED and this
matter is REMANDED for adjudication consistent with this opinion.
HAGEL, Judge, concurring in the result: I fully concur in the result in this case, but I write
separately to express my concern over the majority's resolution of the central issue. A panel was
convened to decide, in the context of a claim for benefits under 38 U.S.C. § 1151, whether 38 U.S.C.
§ 5103A(a) or 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d) controls the determination of whether VA must provide a
medical examination or opinion. Based on a plain reading of the applicable statutes, and the
precedential decisions of this court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, I conclude
that the proper standard for determining whether a medical examination or opinion should be ordered
in a claim for benefits under section 1151 is provided under 38 U.S.C § 5103A(a). However, because
analysis under section 5103A(a) yields the same result as did the majority using section 5103A(d),
I concur in the result.
A. Plain Meaning
Foremost, a plain reading of the relevant statutes requires this conclusion. A fundamental
canon of statutory construction is that the words of a statute are given "their 'ordinary, contemporary,
common meaning,' absent an indication Congress intended them to bear some different import."
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 431 (2000) (quoting Walters v. Metropolitan Ed. Enterprises, Inc.,
519 U.S. 202, 207 (1997); see Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223 (1993) (citing Perrin v. United
19
States, 444 U.S. 37, 42, (1979) (stating that "[U]nless otherwise defined, words [in a statute] will be
interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning")). Section 5103A(d)(1)
explicitly concerns "a claim for disability compensation," while section 5103A(a) does not. Thus,
we must determine whether a claim made under 38 U.S.C. § 1151 is properly construed as "a claim
for disability compensation." The plain meaning of "disability compensation" dictates that it is not.
First, 38 C.F.R. § 3.4(b)(1) states that "[b]asic entitlement [for disability compensation] for
a veteran exists if the veteran is disabled as the result of a personal injury or disease (including
aggravation of a condition existing prior to service) while in active service if the injury or disease
was incurred or aggravated in the line of duty." 38 C.F.R. § 3.4(b)(1)(2012). The focus of this
regulation is that the injury or disease was "incurred or aggravated in the line of duty." Id. (emphasis
added). "In the line of duty" is defined as "an injury or disease incurred or aggravated during a period
of active military, naval, or air service unless such injury or disease was the result of the veteran's
own willful misconduct . . . ." 38 C.F.R. § 3.1(m)(2012).
Here, Mr. Trafter sought compensation under section 1151 based on two theories: (1) that
VA medical personnel failed to timely diagnose and treat his breast cancer, which led to the
development or aggravation of his mental disability; and (2) that VA misdiagnosed him with bipolar
disorder, which, in turn, caused or aggravated his mental disability. R. at 8. Section 1151 provides
that compensation shall be awarded for an additional disability or death "in the same manner as if
such additional disability or death were service-connected," if the additional disability or death was
not the result of the veteran's willful misconduct and:
(1) the disability or death was caused by hospital care, medical or surgical treatment,
or examination furnished the veteran under any law administered by the Secretary . . .
and the proximate cause of the disability or death was–
(A) carelessness, negligence, lack of proper skill, error in judgment, or
similar instance of fault on the part of the Department in furnishing the
hospital care, medical or surgical treatment, or examination; or
(B) an event not reasonably foreseeable.
38 U.S.C. § 1151(a).
20
The premise behind compensation under section 1151 is that the veteran suffered an
additional disability or death as the result of training, hospital care, medical or surgical treatment,
compensated work therapy, or an examination furnished by VA, not by injury or disease incurred
or aggravated while in active service. 38 U.S.C. § 1151; 38 C.F.R. § 3.361 (2012). Thus, Mr.
Trafter's theories of entitlement to compensation are premised on negligence on the part of VA, not
that his depression was incurred or aggravated in the line of duty. The factual premise underlying
section 1151 claims, by the very language of the statute, does not include a disability that took place
in service but is, in fact, linked to treatment after service.
Second, section 5103A(d)(2)(B) explicitly provides that, when the Secretary is determining
whether a medical examination or opinion is "necessary to make a decision on a claim," the evidence
of record must "indicate[] that the disability or symptoms may be associated with the claimant's
active military, naval, or air service." The term "active military, naval, or air service" includes:
(A) active duty;
(B) any period of active duty for training during which the individual concerned
was disabled or died from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in line of
duty; and
(C) any period of inactive duty training during which the individual concerned
was disabled or died–
(i) from an injury incurred or aggravated in line of duty; or
(ii) from an acute myocardial infarction, a cardiac arrest, or a
cerebrovascular accident occurring during such training.
38 U.S.C. § 101(24). Again, the crux of a claim made pursuant to section 1151 is negligence on the
part of VA, specifically that the claimant's disability was the result of VA care or medical treatment,
not as a result of his active military, naval, or air service. Thus, the plain meaning of the term
"disability compensation" necessitates that the disability for which the claimant is seeking benefits
is incurred in or aggravated by active military service. Entitlement to benefits under section 1151
is grounded in post-service fault of VA, not on the in-service incurrence or aggravation of a
disability, benefits that are authorized under 38 U.S.C § 1110.
21
B. Prior Caselaw of This Court
Second, our own prior caselaw also supports the conclusion that section 1151 claims are not
"disability compensation" claims.
Contrary to the majority's finding, this Court has previously held that, although compensation
awarded to an 1151 claimant is paid in the same manner as if such additional disability were service
connected, they are, in fact, two distinct claims. See Anderson v. Principi, 18 Vet.App. 371, 377
(2004) ("There is a legal distinction between filing a claim for service connection for a disability
pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 1110 and a claim for compensation derived from a grant of compensation
pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 1151.").6 Further, this Court has noted that "[s]ection 1151 does not confer
upon its beneficiaries the status of service connection; rather, section 1151 awards compensation
as if the claimant were service connected. In other words, section 1151 nowhere provides that the
disability is . . . to be treated generally as if it were service connected." Kilpatrick v. Principi,
16 Vet.App. 1, 5 (2002), aff'd, 327 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2003). A section 1151 claim "constitutes
a separate and distinct claim for VA benefits." Anderson, 18 Vet.App.at 377. Thus, this Court's case
law has consistently distinguished claims made pursuant to section 1151 and claims for disability
compensation pursuant to section 1110.
C. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) Precedent
The Federal Circuit has also drawn a distinction between "disability compensation" and other
benefits administered by the Secretary. Section 5103A(a) provides that:
(1) The Secretary shall make reasonable efforts to assist a claimant in obtaining
evidence necessary to substantiate the claimant's claim for a benefit under a law
administered by the Secretary. (2) The Secretary is not required to provide assistance
to a claimant under this section if no reasonable possibility exists that such assistance
would aid in substantiating the claim.
38 U.S.C. 5103A(a)(1, 2) (emphasis added). This general language contrasts starkly with the more
specific "disability compensation" language used as the predicate for applying section 5103A(d).
In Wood v. Peake, 520 F.3d. 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2008), the Federal Circuit determined that the
"general duty to assist provision" applies when determining whether dependency and indemnity
6
This Court, in an attempt to speak more specifically, has eschewed the use of the term "claim for service
connection." See Hillyard v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 343, 355 (2011).
22
compensation claimants are entitled to a medical examination or opinion in the development of their
claims. The Federal Circuit concluded that, "[w]hile [section] 5103A(a) applies to any 'benefit under
a law administered by the Secretary' and thus encompasses [dependency and indemnity
compensation] claims, § 5103A(d) only applies to 'claim[s] for disability compensation,' which does
not include [dependency and indemnity compensation] claims." Wood, 520 F.3d. at 1349; see also
Delarosa v. Peake, 515 F.3d. 1319, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (noting that "[s]ection 5103A(d)(1)
explicitly limits its applicability to claims for disability compensation"). Further, in a footnote the
Federal Circuit noted, and the Secretary conceded, that dependency and indemnity compensation
payments are not "disability compensation." Wood, 520 F.3d. at 1349 n.3. Thus, it is a logical
extension that, if dependency and indemnity compensation benefits are not "disability
compensation,"1151 claims also fall outside the purview of "disability compensation." Although
these Federal Circuit cases were decided in the context of dependency and indemnity compensation
claims, section 1151 claimants also seek compensation for injuries that are not connected to active
service as defined by 38 C.F.R. § 3.4. Thus, by analogy, section 1151 claims fall into the category
of "any other benefit" administered by the Secretary, and section 5103A(a) is therefore the correct
standard to use to determine whether VA must provide a medical examination or opinion.
In addition, in Alleman v. Principi, 349 F.3d. 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2003), the Federal Circuit
decided that veterans receiving benefits under section 1151 were not entitled to Service Disabled
Veterans' Insurance under 38 U.S.C. § 1922. The Federal Circuit determined that section 1151 "does
not accord service-connected status to a veteran's disability or death, but rather provides that in
certain instances a veteran's disability or death will be treated 'as if' it were service connected." Id.
at 1370. Further, the Federal Circuit reiterated that, "for a disability to be 'service-connected,' the
disability must have been incurred or aggravated 'in the line of duty in the active military, naval, or
air service.'" Id. (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 101(16)).
Finally, although section 1151 appears in the chapter titled "Compensation for Service-
Connected Disability or Death," and in the sub-chapter "General compensation provisions" this is
not inconsistent with the above analysis. The logical interpretation of this location is that the
compensation awarded pursuant to section 1151 is paid in the same manner as if the disability was
service connected, even though section 1151 benefits are not "claim[s] for disability compensation."
23
In light of the above discussion, I strongly believe that 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a) provides the
correct standard for when a VA medical examination or opinion is required in claims under
section 1151.
D. Comparing 5103A(a) and 5103A(d)
Sections 5103A(a) and 5103A(d) "apply wholly different and unrelated requirements," and
are "dramatically different [in] scope." Wood, 520 F.3d. at 1349. Section 5103A(a) "requires [] VA
to provide a claimant with a free medical opinion whenever such an opinion is (1) 'necessary to
substantiate [the] claim,' unless (2) 'no reasonable possibility exists that such assistance would aid
in substantiating [the] claim.'" Wood, 520 F.3d.at 1349 (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a)). On the
other hand, section 5103A(d) requires that "the claimant [] demonstrate that the record evidence (1)
'contains competent evidence that the claimant has a current disability, or persistent or recurrent
symptoms of disability; (2) 'indicates that the disability or symptoms may be associated with the
claimant's active military, naval, or air service;' and (3) 'does not contain sufficient medical evidence
for the Secretary to make a decision on the claim.'" Id. at 1349-50 (quoting 5103A(d)(2)). 7
E. Application of Law To This Case
Section 5103A(a) requires that VA "assist a claimant in obtaining a medical opinion or
examination whenever such an opinion is 'necessary to substantiate the claimant's claim,'" and "only
7
Section 5103A(d) provides in full:
(1)In the case of a claim for disability compensation, the assistance provided by the Secretary under
subsection (a) shall include providing a medical examination or obtaining a medical opinion when
such an examination or opinion is necessary to make a decision on the claim.
(2)The Secretary shall treat an examination or opinion as being necessary to make a decision on a
claim for purposes of paragraph (1) if the evidence of record before the Secretary, taking into
consideration all information and lay or medical evidence (including statements of the claimant) --
(A) contains competent evidence that the claimant has a current disability, or
persistent or recurrent symptoms of disability; and
(B) indicates that the disability or symptoms may be associated with the claimant's
active military, naval, or air service; but
(C) does not contain sufficient medical evidence for the Secretary to make a
decision on the claim.
24
excuses [] VA from making reasonable efforts . . . when 'no reasonable possibility exists that such
assistance would aid in substantiating the claim.'" Wood, 520 F.3d.at 1348 (quoting 38 U.S.C.
§ 5103A(a)).
Mr. Trafter sought VA disability benefits under section 1151, advancing two theories of VA
negligence: (1) that VA medical personnel failed to timely diagnose and treat his breast cancer,
which led to the development or aggravation of his mental disability; and (2) that VA misdiagnosed
him with bipolar disorder, which, in turn, caused or aggravated his mental disability. R. at 8.
Here, the Board cited section 5103A(d) and summarily determined that (1) Mr. Trafter is not
competent to opine as to whether the timeliness of his breast cancer diagnosis or misdiagnosis of his
mental condition demonstrates negligence; and (2) no other competent evidence of record exists
demonstrating fault on the part of VA. R. at 6, 15-16. The Board then considered the merits of Mr.
Trafter's section 1151 claim without ever discussing whether a medical opinion was "necessary to
substantiate" his claim or explaining why "no reasonable possibility exists that [a medical opinion]
would aid in substantiating [his] claim." 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a)(1, 2). Although "[t]he duty to assist
is not boundless in its scope," without competent evidence of record or a medical opinion discussing
the theories on which Mr. Trafter's section 1151 claim is based, it is unclear how the Board could
reach the conclusion that Mr. Trafter's mental disability is not the result of VA negligence. R. at 4;
see Golz v. Shinseki, 590 F.3d. 1317, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (holding that VA's "duty to assist is not
boundless in scope"). The Board's treatment of this issue is conclusory, and a more thorough
discussion is needed for Mr. Trafter to understand the Board's reasoning and for the Court to conduct
a proper review. See Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 52 (1990) (holding that the Board must
provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its conclusions that permits the claimant to
understand why the Board made the determination it did and to allow effective judicial review of that
decision).
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