In the Matter of Rachel R. Alexander

SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA
En Banc

In the Matter of a Member of the ) Arizona Supreme Court
State Bar of Arizona ) No. SB-12-0039-AP
)
RACHEL R. ALEXANDER, ) Office of the Presiding
Attorney No. 20092 ) Disciplinary Judge
) No. PDJ20119002
Respondent. )
)
) O P I N I O N
)
__________________________________)

Appeal of Hearing Panel Opinion and Disciplinary Order from the
Office of the Presiding Disciplinary Judge

SUSPENSION ORDERED

________________________________________________________________

Rachel Alexander Phoenix
In Propria Persona

John S. Gleason Denver, CO
Alan C. Obye
James S. Sudler
Independent Bar Counsel
Attorney for State Bar of Arizona

________________________________________________________________

T I M M E R, Justice

¶1 This case presents our first opportunity to issue an

opinion on the propriety of findings made and discipline imposed
by a hearing panel under our new attorney-discipline procedures.

We accept the panel’s determination that Rachel R. Alexander

violated Arizona Rules of Professional Conduct (“ERs”) 1.1,

1.7(a)(1), 3.1, and 8.4(d) and former Arizona Supreme Court Rule

53(d) and (f).1 We disagree she violated ERs 1.7(a)(2), 3.4(c),

and 4.4(a). We reduce her suspension to six months and, as a

condition for reinstatement, require her to take ten hours of

classes focusing on the ethical responsibilities of Arizona

lawyers.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Alexander was admitted to the State Bar of Arizona in

2000. She met Andrew Thomas in 2004 while he was campaigning

for the office of Maricopa County Attorney. After Thomas was

elected, Alexander became a deputy county attorney and his

special assistant. Alexander did not directly handle cases but

assisted trial lawyers with “behind-the-scenes work” and

performed non-legal tasks like disseminating information to the

public through websites, social media, and speeches.

¶3 Starting in 2006, the Maricopa County Attorney’s

Office (“MCAO”) became embroiled in well-publicized disputes,

lawsuits, investigations, and criminal prosecutions variously

1
Effective January 1, 2011, Rule 53 was renumbered and
amended as Rule 54. Throughout this opinion, we refer to the
former version of the rules as “former Rule ____” and the
current version as “Rule ____.” Unless otherwise indicated, we
cite to the current version of the Rules.
2
involving members of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors

(the “Board”), judges serving in the Maricopa County Superior

Court, and others. These disciplinary proceedings primarily

concern Alexander’s role in a federal civil racketeering

(“RICO”) lawsuit filed by Thomas and Maricopa County Sheriff

Joseph Arpaio in 2009 against the Board, its members, four

superior court judges, and others.

¶4 MCAO and the Sheriff’s Office initially considered

filing a civil RICO lawsuit against the Board in fall 2009 but

seemingly abandoned the idea after several attorneys, including

Deputy County Attorney Peter Spaw, MCAO’s designated RICO

expert, advised against it due to a lack of supporting evidence.

Thomas reconsidered without consulting his senior advisors,

however, and directed Deputy County Attorney Lisa Aubuchon to

pursue the lawsuit.

¶5 On December 1, 2009, Aubuchon filed the RICO lawsuit

on behalf of Thomas and Arpaio in their official capacities.

She alleged that the defendants committed acts of bribery and

extortion as part of a conspiracy to hinder the investigation

and prosecution of elected officials, county employees, and

their attorneys concerning the funding and construction of a

court tower in Maricopa County.

¶6 Days after the lawsuit was filed, Thomas assigned

Alexander to the case because Aubuchon had a potential conflict

3
of interest. Alexander had no prior trial experience and only

minimal knowledge of RICO. According to Mark Faull, her

supervisor for deputy county attorney duties, Alexander

incompetently handled routine court matters, and he warned that

appointing Alexander as lead counsel in the RICO lawsuit would

be “inviting malpractice” as she lacked sufficient experience

and training.

¶7 Thomas transferred Alexander to work under Spaw’s

supervision. MCAO also retained the law firm of Ogletree,

Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart (“Ogletree Deakins”) to provide

“advice, research and review of pleadings” in the RICO lawsuit,

but terminated the engagement two weeks later. Deputy County

Attorney Jeffrey Duvendack was also initially assigned to assist

Alexander but never did so. Although Spaw communicated with

opposing counsel and Thomas about the lawsuit and otherwise

worked on the matter, only Alexander appeared as counsel of

record in the lawsuit after Aubuchon withdrew.

¶8 The RICO defendants filed motions to dismiss the

complaint, and Alexander and Spaw drafted and filed responses.

While the motions were pending, Alexander and Spaw, with input

from Thomas, drafted and filed a first-amended complaint, which

added two counts. The court rejected the pleading, concluding

MCAO was not entitled to amend the complaint without leave of

the court. Alexander moved the court to either reconsider its

4
order or grant plaintiffs leave to file the amended complaint.

The court never ruled on this motion or the motions to dismiss.

In early March 2010, the court granted the Sheriff’s motion to

substitute out-of-state counsel for MCAO. One week later,

Alexander and the Sheriff’s new attorneys filed a notice

voluntarily dismissing the complaint.

¶9 Also in March 2010, at the request of the Executive

Director of the State Bar of Arizona, Chief Justice Rebecca

White Berch appointed independent bar counsel to investigate

and, as appropriate, prosecute allegations of ethical misconduct

against Thomas and other MCAO lawyers. Pursuant to former Rule

54(b)(4), bar counsel submitted a report of the investigation to

a probable cause panelist, who subsequently found probable cause

for counsel to file a formal complaint against Thomas, Aubuchon,

and Alexander. Bar counsel filed a complaint in February 2011

alleging Alexander violated six ERs during her involvement in

the RICO lawsuit and violated former Rule 53(d) and (f) by

failing to cooperate and furnish information during the

disciplinary screening investigation.2

¶10 Because bar counsel filed the complaint after the

effective date of the new rules governing disciplinary

2
The complaint also alleged thirty-three charges against
Thomas and twenty-eight charges against Aubuchon, which resulted
in an order by the hearing panel disbarring them. The panel’s
findings regarding Thomas and Aubuchon and the discipline
imposed are not part of this appeal.
5
complaints, a three-person hearing panel composed of a presiding

disciplinary judge, a lawyer volunteer, and a non-lawyer

volunteer conducted the disciplinary hearing. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct.

52. After a lengthy evidentiary hearing, the panel issued its

report finding that bar counsel had proven all charges against

Alexander. It then suspended her from the practice of law for

six months and one day. Alexander timely appealed, and

enforcement of the panel’s suspension order was stayed pending

appeal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Article 3 and Article

6, Sections 1, 5(3), and 5(4) of the Arizona Constitution and

Supreme Court Rule 59(a).

DISCUSSION

I. Professional Misconduct

¶11 Alexander argues bar counsel failed to prove the

alleged misconduct by clear and convincing evidence. Ariz. R.

Sup. Ct. 58(j)(3). Bar counsel satisfied this burden if he

showed it was highly probable that the allegations against

Alexander were true. In re Curtis, 184 Ariz. 256, 261, 908 P.2d

472, 477 (1995). We accept the panel’s factual findings unless

they are clearly erroneous. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 59(l). Findings

are clearly erroneous if they are not supported by reasonable

evidence. In re Van Dox, 214 Ariz. 300, 304 ¶ 15, 152 P.3d

1183, 1187 (2007).

6
 A. ER 3.1: Meritorious Claims and Contentions

¶12 ER 3.1 prohibits a lawyer from bringing or defending a

proceeding or asserting issues therein “unless there is a good

faith basis in law and fact for doing so that is not frivolous,

which may include a good faith and nonfrivolous argument for an

extension, modification or reversal of existing law.” The

hearing panel found that Alexander violated ER 3.1 by

maintaining the RICO lawsuit because both the complaint and the

proposed amended complaint were legally and factually deficient,

and she failed to sufficiently investigate the validity of the

RICO allegations.

¶13 We apply an objective standard to assess whether a

legal proceeding is frivolous, but we use a subjective standard

to determine whether the lawyer acted in good faith. In re

Levine, 174 Ariz. 146, 153, 847 P.2d 1093, 1100 (1993). To

warrant suspension, the evidence must demonstrate that the

lawyer knowingly violated ER 3.1. Id. at 153-54, 847 P.2d at

1100-01. A lawyer’s motives and knowledge can be inferred from

the frivolousness of a claim. Id. at 154, 847 P.2d at 1101

(“[A]n objective standard assumes that a genuinely frivolous

claim will be known to be frivolous by most lawyers.” (quoting

Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., & W. William Hodes, The Law of

Lawyering: A Handbook on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct

331 (student ed. 1986))).

7
¶14 Alexander does not dispute the panel’s finding that

the RICO lawsuit was frivolous. Instead, Alexander argues she

was unaware the lawsuit was frivolous and acted in good faith by

relying on representations of more experienced MCAO lawyers

while she conducted a reasonable inquiry regarding the merits of

the RICO allegations. Alexander contends she did not know that

Spaw and other lawyers had previously advised against filing a

RICO lawsuit, she was not involved in filing the initial

complaint, she had no reason to doubt representations that MCAO

lawyers and detectives had properly investigated the allegations

underlying the RICO lawsuit, and she worked under Spaw’s

supervision.

¶15 The involvement of other lawyers in filing the RICO

complaint did not relieve Alexander of her ethical obligation to

ensure the RICO lawsuit was supported in law and fact. “What is

required of lawyers . . . is that they inform themselves about

the facts of their clients’ cases and the applicable law and

determine that they can make good faith and nonfrivolous

arguments in support of their clients’ positions.” ER 3.1 cmt.

2. Alexander relies on Unioil, Inc. v. E.F. Hutton & Co., which

held that reliance on co-counsel “may in certain circumstances

satisfy an attorney’s duty of reasonable inquiry” imposed by

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. 809 F.2d 548, 558 (9th Cir.

1986), overruled in part on other grounds, Townsend v. Holman

8
Consulting Corp., 929 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir. 1990), as

recognized by In re Keegan Mgmt. Co., 78 F.3d 431, 434-35 (9th

Cir. 1996). But Alexander ignores Unioil’s warning that when

relying on another lawyer, “counsel must ‘acquire[] knowledge of

facts sufficient to enable him to certify that the paper is

well-grounded in fact,’” and therefore, “[a]n attorney who signs

the pleading cannot simply delegate to forwarding co-counsel his

duty of reasonable inquiry.” Id. (citation omitted).

¶16 That Alexander worked under Spaw’s supervision

similarly did not reduce her responsibilities under ER 3.1. A

lawyer remains bound by the Rules of Professional Conduct even

when working at another lawyer’s direction. ER 5.2(a). We will

not find professional misconduct by the subordinate lawyer,

however, “if that lawyer acts in accordance with a supervisory

lawyer’s reasonable resolution of an arguable question of

professional duty.” ER 5.2(b).

¶17 We accept that when Alexander was first assigned to

the RICO lawsuit she reasonably assumed Aubuchon had properly

investigated the RICO allegations before filing the complaint.

Alexander’s compliance with ER 3.1 instead turns on whether she

sufficiently informed herself about the applicable facts and law

to make good faith and nonfrivolous arguments in maintaining the

lawsuit.

¶18 The evidence adduced at the disciplinary hearing

9
supports the panel’s finding that Alexander knowingly failed to

establish that factual and legal bases existed to continue the

RICO lawsuit. Alexander was well aware when she substituted for

Aubuchon that the complaint was deficient. Two days before

Alexander filed her notice of substitution of counsel, Spaw,

whom she relied on as “the senior RICO attorney,” sent her an e-

mail relating his “deep and profound concern about the viability

of [the RICO] action” and advising her that the complaint

appeared “legally deficient at every issue” making it “dead-on-

arrival.” Spaw advised her to draft an entirely new complaint

rather than attempt to salvage the existing one. Days later,

Spaw told Alexander she needed to “find the investigative file,”

emphasizing that “without access to the detailed facts

supporting this suit,” all efforts to “‘research’ a way out of a

dismissal with prejudice” would be “tantamount to simply

rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.” Contemporaneously,

a lawyer from Ogletree Deakins told Alexander, Spaw, and

Duvendack that the complaint was “weak,” particularly as it

concerned the judge defendants, and it “would have a real

problem even standing up to an initial challenge.” Alexander’s

own research confirmed she needed to “beef up” the complaint

with “more details and facts and allegations” in order to avoid

dismissal. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007) (holding complaint must state a claim “plausible on its

10
face” to avoid dismissal).

¶19 Despite the warnings from other more experienced

lawyers and the results of her research, Alexander failed to

confirm the existence of any meaningful evidence to support

plausible RICO claims. Alexander testified at the disciplinary

hearing that she maintained the RICO lawsuit in good faith by

reviewing “hundreds of documents” collected by the MCAO

executive division and hearing from “everyone [she] talked to in

the office” that judges were trying to stop prosecutions of

Board members. But this review did not enable Alexander to

correct the deficiencies in the complaint by alleging specific

facts supporting the claims of racketeering activity. For

example, in the proposed amended complaint, Alexander repeated

Aubuchon’s allegation that defendants conspired to “commit

bribery and/or extortion” but did not identify or state any

facts plausibly supporting this allegation. When asked to

identify the factual bases for these allegations and others at

the disciplinary hearing, Alexander was unable to do so, with

one exception,3 and instead either vaguely repeated that the

3
As evidence of defendants’ alleged common plan to hinder
prosecution, Alexander cited anticipated testimony from lawyer
Jack LaSota that Board member Don Stapley had told Maricopa
County Superior Court Presiding Judge Barbara Mundell “that if
she hired [lawyer] Tom Irvine to represent them, then she would
get the Court Tower.” But LaSota testified he did not recall
speaking to anyone at MCAO about this statement. Had he been
interviewed, LaSota would have related he had no direct
11
“hundreds of documents” and other prosecutors’ “statements”

supported the allegations or stated she could not recall the

bases. Similarly, when asked what facts substantiated the

statement in her response to the motions to dismiss that “[t]he

defendants have been able to obstruct Maricopa County law

enforcement officers and retaliate against their agencies,”

Alexander answered she did not recall, despite the seriousness

of the allegation and the fact she had authored it less than two

years before the hearing. The panel was justified in not

accepting Alexander’s testimony and finding she never identified

plausible evidence to support the RICO claims.

¶20 The evidence also supports a finding that Alexander

knew her factual inquiry was inexcusably deficient. Alexander

never obtained Aubuchon’s investigative file. As late as one

week before plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the RICO lawsuit,

Aubuchon refused to produce the file because the investigative

material purportedly related to an ongoing investigation. And

Alexander never enlisted the investigative services of either

the Sheriff’s Office or MCAO’s investigation division, never saw

a police report concerning allegations of criminal activity,

and, despite the then-recent nature of events, could not recall

knowledge of such a conversation but had heard it as a “rumor”
and “gossip.” Alexander’s belief about LaSota’s anticipated
testimony did not show she had identified a factual basis for
her allegation of a common plan.
12
at the disciplinary hearing whether she ever located anyone

familiar with an investigation of the RICO allegations.

¶21 Although Alexander could not identify any facts to

plausibly support the RICO lawsuit and knew the complaint was,

in Spaw’s words, “dead on arrival,” she nevertheless filed an

opposition to its dismissal. And because Alexander knew the

lawsuit was frivolous, she cannot escape responsibility for her

misconduct by blaming Spaw. ER 5.2 cmt. 1 (“[I]f a subordinate

filed a frivolous pleading at the direction of a supervisor, the

subordinate would not be guilty of a professional violation

unless the subordinate knew of the document’s frivolous

character.”); see also id. cmt. 2 (“When lawyers in a

supervisor-subordinate relationship encounter a matter involving

professional judgment as to ethical duty, the supervisor may

assume responsibility for making the judgment. . . . [But] [i]f

the question can reasonably be answered only one way, the duty

of both lawyers is clear and they are equally responsible for

fulfilling it.”). For all these reasons, the panel was

justified in finding that Alexander knowingly maintained a

frivolous lawsuit in violation of ER 3.1.

B. ER 4.4(a): Respect for Rights of Others

¶22 The hearing panel found that Alexander violated ER

4.4(a), which prohibits lawyers in the course of representing

clients from “us[ing] means that have no substantial purpose

13
other than to embarrass, delay, or burden any other person.”

Specifically, the panel concluded that Alexander’s failure to

specify evidence of racketeering, bribery, or any other crime in

the proposed amended complaint demonstrated she pursued the

lawsuit as “political payback” for Thomas.

¶23 To determine whether Alexander’s means in representing

Thomas and Arpaio had a substantial purpose other than

embarrassing, delaying, or burdening the RICO defendants, we

examine her motives. In re Levine, 174 Ariz. at 154, 847 P.2d

at 1101. In doing so, we consider Alexander’s subjective

perspective, but we ultimately apply an objective standard to

determine whether she violated ER 4.4(a). Id. As the Kansas

Supreme Court reasoned in addressing Kansas’ counterpart to ER

4.4(a), “[a] lawyer cannot escape responsibility for a violation

based on his or her naked assertion that, in fact, the

‘substantial purpose’ of conduct was not to ‘embarrass, delay,

or burden’ when an objective evaluation of the conduct would

lead a reasonable person to conclude otherwise.” In re Comfort,

159 P.3d 1011, 1020 (Kan. 2007).

¶24 Bar counsel argues that he proved the violation by

showing the lack of any legal or factual basis for the RICO

lawsuit and that Alexander was “adamant” the suit continue. It

does not necessarily follow from these facts, however, that

Alexander was motivated to pursue the RICO lawsuit as a means of

14
“political payback.” Whatever Thomas’s and Aubuchon’s motives

for pursuing the RICO lawsuit may have been, they cannot be

attributed to Alexander without evidence she shared them. But

no evidence showed Alexander had any involvement in the disputes

between MCAO and the RICO defendants or that she was personally

affected by any defendant’s alleged misdeeds.4 She did not serve

as one of Thomas’s senior advisors, she was not involved in the

decision to initiate the lawsuit, and she did not ask to be

assigned to the case. At most, the evidence showed Alexander

was motivated to pursue the RICO lawsuit in order to please

Thomas, thereby furthering her career at MCAO. For these

reasons, we reject the panel’s finding that Alexander violated

ER 4.4(a).

C. ER 1.1: Competence

¶25 The hearing panel found that Alexander violated ER

1.1, which requires a lawyer to “provide competent

representation to a client” by employing “legal knowledge,

skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the

representation.” The panel relied on expert testimony that the

4
In 2007, at Thomas’s request, Alexander compiled a list of
“comments by judges critical of [Thomas] and [MCAO] office
policies.” Although this task undoubtedly informed Alexander of
Thomas’s concern about what judges communicated about him, it
did not involve her in any such disputes or provide a basis to
infer that she bore any grudges. Consequently, we reject bar
counsel’s contention that Alexander’s performance of this
assignment evidenced a motive two years later to burden or
embarrass some of the listed judges in the RICO lawsuit.
15
RICO complaint and proposed amended complaint did not meet

minimal standards and the fact that Alexander, in responding to

motions to dismiss, asked the district court to act outside its

adjudicative role by advising how RICO law could be changed to

prospectively avoid dismissals of similar lawsuits. Alexander

does not contest that the complaint and proposed amended

complaint were deficient but argues she nevertheless provided

ethically competent representation by educating herself about

RICO issues while working at the direction of Spaw and other

more experienced lawyers. Bar counsel counters that she

violated ER 1.1 because she maintained a fatally defective

lawsuit.

¶26 A lawyer’s negligence in handling a matter does not

necessarily constitute a violation of ER 1.1. In re Curtis, 184

Ariz. at 261, 908 P.2d at 477. A lawyer crosses the line

between negligence and unethical incompetence by failing to

possess or acquire the legal knowledge and skill necessary for

the representation or by neglecting to investigate the facts and

law as required to represent the client’s interests. See id. at

262, 908 P.2d at 478; see also ER 1.1 cmts. 1-2, 4-5. In

deciding whether a lawyer violated ER 1.1, “[t]he focus is not

on whether a lawyer may have neglected a particular task, but

rather whether his or her representation in the ‘broader context

of the representation’ reflects the knowledge, skill,

16
thoroughness, and preparation that the rule requires.” In re

Obert, 282 P.3d 825, 837-38 (Or. 2012) (quoting In re Magar, 66

P.3d 1014, 1022 (Or. 2003)). We employ an objective standard to

assess competent representation. Id. at 837.

¶27 The evidence supports the panel’s finding that

Alexander violated ER 1.1. First, Alexander lacked the legal

knowledge and skill to represent Thomas and Arpaio in the RICO

lawsuit. When she substituted as counsel for Aubuchon,

Alexander had minimal litigation experience and had never tried

a case. ER 1.1 cmt. 1 (noting that factors used to determine

requisite knowledge and skill “include the relative complexity

and specialized nature of the matter” and “the lawyers’ general

experience”). In the years preceding her representation in the

RICO lawsuit, Alexander’s duties primarily involved non-

litigation-related tasks such as serving on a MCAO grant

committee, acting as MCAO’s social media liaison, and making

community presentations. And according to Faull, Alexander’s

performance of basic court coverage duties was deficient. In

sum, Alexander was not sufficiently skilled to represent Thomas

and Arpaio in a civil RICO lawsuit, which, according to an

expert witness, typically involves “amazingly complex” issues

that challenge even seasoned lawyers.

¶28 Alexander correctly contends that a lawyer can

acquire competence through study and association with more

17
experienced lawyers. See id. cmt. 2 (“A lawyer can provide

adequate representation in a wholly novel field through

necessary study. Competent representation can also be provided

through the association of a lawyer of established competence in

the field in question.”), cmt. 4 (“A lawyer may accept

representation where the requisite level of competence can be

achieved by reasonable preparation.”). But the record belies

Alexander’s contention that she attained competence in this

manner. When Alexander substituted as counsel, one defendant

had already moved to dismiss the complaint and other defendants

quickly followed. Alexander had insufficient time to educate

herself about RICO to enable her to competently assess the

viability of the complaint, draft an amended complaint, and

respond to the motions. And although Alexander initially

thought she would receive assistance from experienced RICO

counsel, that expectation quickly vanished. Spaw immediately

informed her that he had little experience with federal RICO

lawsuits and she likely had a better sense of the relevant facts

and law than he did. Ogletree Deakins’ services were terminated

after two weeks, and Duvendack never assisted Alexander. The

best evidence of Alexander’s lack of legal skill and knowledge

and her inability to sufficiently attain competency through

study and association with other lawyers is her defense of the

legally deficient complaint and her proposed amended complaint,

18
which was likewise legally deficient.

¶29 Second, for the reasons previously explained, see

supra ¶¶ 18-21, Alexander violated ER 1.1 by failing to

sufficiently investigate the factual and legal bases for the

RICO lawsuit. See ER 1.1 cmt. 5 (“Competent handling of a

particular matter includes inquiry into and analysis of the

factual and legal elements of the problem, and use of methods

and procedures meeting the standards of competent practitioners.

It also includes adequate preparation.”).

¶30 We reaffirm that a lawyer’s negligence does not

necessarily constitute a violation of ER 1.1. In re Curtis, 184

Ariz. at 261, 908 P.2d at 477. But considering Alexander’s

responsibilities in a complex RICO lawsuit relative to her

limited legal experience and insufficient preparation, we agree

with the panel she violated ER 1.1. Although we can appreciate

Alexander’s apparent desire to fulfill Thomas’s assignment, she

was ethically required to assess her legal skill level and

refuse the assignment as beyond her capabilities.

D. ER 1.7: Conflict of Interest: Current Clients

¶31 ER 1.7(a)(1) prohibits a lawyer from representing one

client directly adverse to another client. The panel found that

Alexander violated ER 1.7(a)(1) by suing the Board while her

office simultaneously served as the Board’s lawyer. Alexander

argues this finding is erroneous because the Board had fired

19
MCAO as its lawyer before the RICO lawsuit was filed.

¶32 In December 2008, the Board declared that MCAO had a

conflict of interest representing the Board due to ongoing

disputes. Consequently, the Board retained private counsel to

advise it, created its own “General Litigation Department,” and

refused to send new civil litigation matters, except tax cases,

to MCAO’s civil division. MCAO disputed the legality of the

Board’s action and filed an action seeking declaratory relief.

Because the Board-declared conflict was pending when Alexander

maintained the RICO lawsuit, she argues she did not

simultaneously act as the Board’s lawyer and therefore did not

violate ER 1.7(a)(1).

¶33 Unquestionably, the lawyer-client relationship between

MCAO and the Board continued during the life of the RICO

lawsuit. First, A.R.S. § 11-532(A)(9) required MCAO to act as

the Board’s legal advisor and represent it in civil disputes.5

Cf. Bd. of Supervisors of Maricopa Cnty. v. Woodall, 120 Ariz.

379, 382, 586 P.2d 628, 631 (1978) (holding that a board of

supervisors lacks ability to retain outside counsel to perform a

county attorney’s duties unless the county attorney refuses to

5
Our court of appeals, relying on A.R.S. § 11-532(A)(9) and
Board of Supervisors of Maricopa County v. Woodall, 120 Ariz.
379, 586 P.2d 628 (1978), ultimately held that the Board lacked
authority to retain non-MCAO lawyers to advise and represent the
Board except under certain circumstances and on a case-by-case
basis. Romley v. Daughton, 225 Ariz. 521, 527 ¶¶ 28-29, 241
P.3d 518, 524 (App. 2010).
20
act, is incapable of doing so, or is unavailable). Alexander

effectively acknowledged the continuing lawyer-client

relationship by alleging in the proposed amended complaint that

the Board had “unlawfully usurped plaintiff Thomas’s authority

to serve as legal counsel to the Board and to defend Maricopa

County in civil actions.” Second, even if the Board’s actions

were lawful, MCAO continued to represent the Board on tax

matters and the Board only referred new civil cases to its

General Litigation Department, presumably leaving pending cases

with MCAO. In sum, MCAO and the Board had an existing lawyer-

client relationship during the RICO lawsuit, and Alexander

violated ER 1.7(a)(1) by perpetuating the RICO lawsuit against

the Board.

¶34 The panel also found that Alexander violated ER

1.7(a)(2), which prohibits a lawyer from representing a client

if “there is a significant risk that the representation . . .

will be materially limited . . . by a personal interest of the

lawyer.” The panel determined that Alexander violated this rule

because her judgment was limited by “self-interest and personal

animosity.” For the reasons previously explained, see supra ¶

24, the evidence does not reflect that Alexander pursued the

RICO lawsuit for reasons of personal animus or self-interest.

¶35 Bar counsel nevertheless argues that the panel

properly imputed Thomas’s personal interests to Alexander

21
pursuant to ER 1.10(a), which prohibits a lawyer from

representing a client when another lawyer in the firm would be

prohibited from doing so due to a conflict of interest. A

conflict of interest based on the prohibited lawyer’s personal

interests, however, will not be imputed unless a significant

risk exists that the associated lawyer’s representation would be

materially limited. ER 1.10(a). The lawyer’s representation is

“materially limited” if the prohibited lawyer’s personal

interests would adversely affect the associated lawyer’s loyalty

to the client or threaten the confidentiality of information.

Id. cmt. 3 (“The rule in paragraph (a) does not prohibit

representation where neither questions of client loyalty nor

protection of confidential information are presented.”). Bar

counsel does not explain how Thomas’s animosity towards the RICO

defendants threatened either Alexander’s loyalty to Thomas and

Arpaio or confidential information, and the record does not

reveal such a threat. We therefore reject the panel’s finding

that Alexander violated ER 1.7(a)(2).

E. ER 3.4(c): Fairness to Opposing Party and Counsel

¶36 The panel found that Alexander violated ER 3.4(c) by

basing the RICO lawsuit in part on allegations that some

defendants had initiated bar complaints against Thomas and other

MCAO lawyers, even though Rule 48(l) prohibits civil lawsuits

against bar complainants. ER 3.4(c) prohibits a lawyer from

22
“knowingly disobey[ing] an obligation under the rules of a

tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that

no valid obligation exists.” Although Alexander raises multiple

challenges to the panel’s finding, the dispositive issue is

whether she “knowingly” violated Rule 48(l).

¶37 Alexander “knowingly” violated Rule 48(l) only if she

had actual knowledge of the rule when she maintained the RICO

lawsuit. ER 1.0(f) (defining “knowingly” as “actual knowledge

of the fact in question”). A showing that Alexander should have

known her conduct violated Rule 48(l) is insufficient to prove a

violation of ER 3.4(c). In re Tocco, 194 Ariz. 453, 457 ¶ 11,

984 P.2d 539, 543 (1999).

¶38 The record does not contain clear and convincing

evidence that Alexander knowingly violated Rule 48(l).

Alexander was not asked at the hearing about her awareness of

Rule 48(l), and she testified she could not recall researching

“the nature of immunity provided to complainants in Bar

proceedings” before filing the proposed amended complaint. The

motions to dismiss the complaint argued that defendants were

immune from civil liability for initiating bar complaints, but

none cited Rule 48(l) or cases relying on that rule. Although

Alexander may have been negligent by maintaining the RICO

lawsuit in ignorance of Rule 48(l), no evidence establishes she

actually knew of her violation. We therefore reject the panel’s

23
finding that Alexander violated ER 3.4(c).

F. ER 8.4(d): Misconduct

¶39 ER 8.4(d) provides “[i]t is professional misconduct

for a lawyer to . . . engage in conduct that is prejudicial to

the administration of justice.” The panel found that Alexander

violated this ER by maintaining the RICO lawsuit against the

judges, who were absolutely immune from civil damages lawsuits.

According to the panel, Alexander, along with Thomas and

Aubuchon, “pursued the RICO action to retaliate against the

named judges and to intimidate the judges of the Superior

Court,” thereby prejudicing the administration of justice.

¶40 Alexander argues the panel erred because no evidence

suggests she intended to retaliate against or intimidate judges.

But ER 8.4(d) does not require a mental state other than

negligence. In re Clark, 207 Ariz. 414, 418 ¶ 16, 87 P.3d 827,

831 (2004). Consequently, for purposes of assessing a violation

of ER 8.4(d), Alexander’s motives in maintaining the RICO

lawsuit are immaterial.

¶41 Alexander also contends the panel erred because it was

debatable whether the defendant judges were immune from civil

liability. We disagree. Judges are absolutely immune from

civil damages lawsuits based on judicial acts taken within their

subject matter jurisdiction, “even when the judge is accused of

acting maliciously and corruptly.” Piersen v. Ray, 386 U.S.

24
547, 554 (1967); accord Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356

(1978); Acevedo v. Pima Cnty. Adult Prob. Dep’t, 142 Ariz. 319,

321, 690 P.2d 38, 40 (1984).6 A judge loses that immunity only

when acting in a non-judicial capacity or in “complete absence

of all jurisdiction.” Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11-12

(1991); see also Acevedo, 142 Ariz. at 321, 690 P.2d at 40

(“[Judges] are not liable in a civil action for damages for

their judicial acts, even when such acts are in excess of their

jurisdiction or are alleged to have been done maliciously or

corruptly.”).

¶42 Alexander unquestionably maintained the RICO lawsuit

against the judges for judicial acts taken in criminal cases

over which the judges had subject matter jurisdiction. For

example, the complaint and proposed amended complaint alleged as

racketeering acts that one judge ignored state law in quashing a

grand jury subpoena and in disqualifying MCAO from investigating

court tower project expenditures, and another judge wrongly

failed to recuse himself from presiding over a criminal case and

then issued an improper ruling. Alexander’s response to the

6
Alexander argues she presented authority in her response to
the motions to dismiss that the judges were not immune from the
RICO lawsuit. The cases cited by Alexander did not support her
position because they either involved a claim for injunctive
relief rather than civil damages, Pulliam v. Allen, 466 U.S.
522, 524 (1984), or concerned criminal RICO charges, United
States v. Maloney, 71 F.3d 645, 649 (7th Cir. 1995); United
States v. Grubb, 11 F.3d 426, 430 (4th Cir. 1993).
25
motions to dismiss the complaint highlighted that the RICO

claims against the judges stemmed from their rulings:

“Defendant judges willfully acted unlawfully by ignoring the law

and issuing rulings shielding themselves and other defendants

from investigation and prosecution.” The judges’ rulings

constituted judicial acts, as they were acts typically performed

by judges and involved cases. See Ashelman v. Pope, 793 F.2d

1072, 1075-76 (9th Cir. 1986) (listing factors relevant in

deciding whether an act is judicial, including whether it is a

function normally performed by a judge and relates to a case).

Consequently, the defendant judges were immune from the claims

alleged in the RICO lawsuit.

¶43 Alexander finally argues that because the judges only

testified they were adversely affected by the filing of the RICO

lawsuit, maintaining the lawsuit did not prejudice the

administration of justice. We readily reject this argument. A

violation of ER 8.4(d) turns on whether a lawyer’s conduct

prejudiced the administration of justice rather than the

particular persons affected. Judicial immunity from civil

damages lawsuits exists to assure that judges will perform

judicial functions independently and without fear of personal

consequences, thereby facilitating the proper administration of

justice. See Stump, 435 U.S. at 355-56 (“As early as 1872, the

Court recognized that it was ‘a general principle of the highest

26
importance to the proper administration of justice that a

judicial officer, in exercising the authority vested in him,

[should] be free to act upon his own convictions, without

apprehension of personal consequences to himself.’” (alteration

in original) (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. 335, 347

(1871)). Alexander impeded the administration of justice by

demonstrating to all judges in Maricopa County that they risked

having to defend against a civil damages lawsuit if they made

rulings that displeased MCAO. We agree with the panel that

Alexander violated ER 8.4(d) by maintaining the RICO lawsuit

against the defendant judges.

G. Former Rule 53: Failure to Cooperate

¶44 The panel found that Alexander failed to promptly

respond to bar counsel’s screening investigation letter and

instead filed numerous “meritless, frivolous and dilatory

motions, replies, and special actions” with the probable cause

panelist and this Court in an effort to “delay, obstruct and

burden” the screening investigation. According to the panel,

Alexander’s conduct justified application of former Rule 53,

which authorized discipline against any lawyer who failed to

either cooperate with state bar officials and staff performing

their duties, or promptly furnish a full and complete response

27
to bar counsel’s inquiry. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 53(d), (f) (2010).7

Alexander does not contest that her filings were “meritless,

frivolous and dilatory” and designed to “delay, obstruct and

burden” the investigation; we therefore accept those findings.

Instead, she argues that because she justifiably relied on her

lawyers to properly respond to the screening investigation

letter, she cannot be disciplined under former Rule 53 for their

actions. She alternately contends that discipline under this

rule is not warranted because her lawyers ultimately provided a

comprehensive response to the screening investigation letter.

¶45 Alexander did not insulate herself from application of

former Rule 53 by retaining lawyers to represent her in the

investigation process. We agree with the holding of the Kansas

Supreme Court, which addressed application of Kansas’ equivalent

to former Rule 53 in a similar situation:

A respondent who retains an attorney to represent him
or her in a disciplinary proceeding is not relieved of
the responsibilities . . . to cooperate with and
provide information to the Disciplinary Administrator.
. . . Retained counsel must comply with those duties
just as thoroughly as if respondent is communicating
directly with the Disciplinary Administrator’s office.
. . . [R]ules violations by a retained attorney may be
imputed to the respondent unless the respondent
demonstrates he or she could not reasonably know that
retained counsel was obstructing the investigation.

In re Doudin, 249 P.3d 1190, 1198-99 (Kan. 2011).

7
The substance of former Rule 53(d) and (f) is now set forth
in Rule 54(d).
28
¶46 Alexander knew her lawyers were obstructing the

investigation. Bar counsel sent Alexander’s lawyers a screening

investigation letter on April 13, 2010, advising of the

misconduct allegations against Alexander, requesting a written

response within twenty days, and unequivocally reminding them of

Alexander’s ethical obligation to cooperate in the

investigation. Rather than comply with this request, the

lawyers filed five motions with the probable cause panelist over

the course of the next month, all seeking to stop, delay, or

otherwise burden the investigation. After the probable cause

panelist denied the motions, Alexander’s lawyers challenged the

ruling by filing three special action petitions with this Court,

which we declined to consider. Alexander expressly permitted

her lawyers to file all these documents. The panel did not err,

therefore, by holding her responsible for her lawyers’ efforts

to burden the investigation.

¶47 We also reject Alexander’s assertion that she complied

with former Rule 53 by ultimately providing a comprehensive

written response to bar counsel’s screening investigation

letter. The response was not “prompt,” as Alexander’s lawyers

sent it more than two months after the date requested by bar

counsel. See Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 53(f) (2010). Consequently,

regardless of the comprehensive nature of Alexander’s response

to the screening letter, it came too late to satisfy her

29
obligation to “promptly” respond. We agree with the panel that

discipline was warranted under former Rule 53.

II. Sanction Imposed

¶48 Alexander alternately argues the panel erred by

suspending her from the practice of law for six months and one

day. She contends that reprimand or censure is the appropriate

sanction. We review the imposed sanction de novo as a question

of law. In re Phillips, 226 Ariz. 112, 117 ¶ 27, 244 P.3d 549,

554 (2010). Although we consider the panel’s view, we do not

defer to it because we are ultimately responsible for deciding

the appropriate sanction. Id.

¶49 We determine suitable disciplinary sanctions in

conjunction with the American Bar Association’s Standards for

Imposing Lawyer Sanctions (“Standards”) and, when appropriate, a

proportionality analysis. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 58(k). The

sanction imposed, however, is tailored to the unique

circumstances of the case. In re Wolfram, 174 Ariz. 49, 59, 847

P.2d 94, 104 (1993). Standard 3.0 lists four factors for courts

to examine in deciding an appropriate sanction: “(a) the duty

violated; (b) the lawyer’s mental state; (c) the potential or

actual injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct; and (d) the

existence of aggravating or mitigating factors.” Alexander’s

challenge on appeal focuses on factors (b)-(d).

¶50 The Standards provide presumptive sanctions for

30
misconduct that depend on the lawyer’s mental state when

violating a particular duty and the resulting injury or

potential injury. After the presumptive sanction is identified,

the Court considers any aggravating and mitigating factors to

determine the appropriate sanction. Standards, Preface, § I(B).

The Standards do not account for multiple findings of misconduct

but suggest that, at a minimum, the imposed sanction align with

the sanction for the most serious finding. Standards,

Theoretical Framework, § II.

A. Duty

¶51 Alexander’s most serious misconduct was maintaining

the RICO lawsuit while knowing it lacked legal and factual

merit, thereby violating duties she owed the public and the

legal system. See Standards 5.0, 6.0. We recognize that

Alexander’s most important ethical duty was the one owed her

clients. See Standards, Theoretical Framework, § II (“In

determining the nature of the ethical duty violated, the

standards assume that the most important ethical duties are

those obligations which a lawyer owes to clients.”). Although

she maintained the lawsuit against the Board knowing MCAO was

statutorily required to represent the Board in civil matters,

see supra ¶ 33, her maintenance of the unfounded RICO lawsuit

was the more serious misconduct because it resulted in more

injury and potential injury to the public and the legal system

31
than the Board suffered as a result of being sued by its own

lawyers. Consequently, Standard 5.2, applicable to cases

involving public officials who prejudice the administration of

justice, and Standard 6.2, applicable to cases involving non-

meritorious claims, guide our analysis.

B. Mental State

¶52 Alexander’s mental state when she violated her duties

to the public and the legal system affects the presumptive

sanction. In re Phillips, 226 Ariz. at 117-18 ¶ 31, 244 P.3d at

554-55. Not surprisingly, the Standards recommend more severe

sanctions for intentional or knowing misconduct than negligent

misconduct, which threatens less harm. Id. at 118 ¶ 31, 244

P.3d at 555.

¶53 The hearing panel found that Alexander acted knowingly

by maintaining the RICO lawsuit without a factual or legal

basis. Alexander disputes the panel’s finding, arguing she

acted negligently, at most, because she relied on the expertise

of supervising and senior lawyers at MCAO in concluding that the

RICO lawsuit was well founded. For the reasons previously

explained in discussing Alexander’s violation of ER 3.1, see

supra ¶¶ 12-21, we reject her argument. The panel properly

found that Alexander maintained the RICO lawsuit while knowing

it lacked a legal or factual basis.

32
 C. Potential or Actual Injury

¶54 Standards 5.22 and 6.22 each provide that suspension

is presumptively warranted if the lawyer’s knowing misconduct

injures or potentially injures a party. Standard 5.22

additionally states that suspension is warranted if the

misconduct injures or potentially injures “the integrity of the

legal process.” The panel determined that Alexander’s

maintenance of the RICO lawsuit caused serious injury to both

the RICO defendants and the legal process.

¶55 Alexander again asserts that because the RICO

defendants testified they were harmed by the filing of the

lawsuit rather than its maintenance, she did not injure them.

Alexander splits too fine a hair. No RICO defendant testified

he or she suffered injury solely from Aubuchon’s act of filing

the lawsuit. And common sense tells us that as the RICO lawsuit

lingered with attendant public scrutiny, the defendants

experienced increased levels of distress. All the RICO

defendants testified about the emotional upheaval and anxiety

caused by the lawsuit. One lawyer defendant, for example,

described the harm to his business relationships, reputation,

and family as a result of being accused of bribing a judge and

added that his law firm spent approximately $300,000 to defend

the RICO lawsuit. A judge defendant testified he was impacted

emotionally by both the RICO lawsuit and companion criminal

33
charges, became “severely depressed,” and had to “battle through

it” with the support of family and colleagues. Had Alexander

voluntarily dismissed the RICO lawsuit instead of defending it,

defendants’ injuries could have been minimized.

¶56 Alexander briefly argues the panel erred because the

evidence did not demonstrate how her misconduct caused injury or

potential injury to the integrity of the legal process. As

previously explained, see supra ¶ 43, Alexander’s misconduct

prejudiced the administration of justice by improperly

threatening civil damages against judges for their judicial

acts. Indeed, one judge defendant testified that the lawsuit

caused her to retire to avoid the possibility that her continued

role on the bench would “smear[] [her] colleagues, the

institution, where the public must have trust and confidence in

order for courts to operate appropriately.” Ample evidence

supports the panel’s finding that Alexander’s misconduct injured

the legal process.

D. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

¶57 Because Alexander engaged in knowing misconduct that

injured the RICO defendants and the legal process, the

presumptive sanction in this case is suspension. See Standards

5.22, 6.22. The sanction to be imposed, however, requires

consideration of any pertinent aggravating and mitigating

factors. See Standard 9.1.

34
¶58 Referring to aggravating factors listed in ABA

Standard 9.0, and without elaboration, the panel found the

existence of four factors: (1) “pattern of misconduct”

(9.22(c)); (2) “multiple offenses” (9.22(d)); (3) “bad faith

obstruction of the disciplinary proceeding by intentionally

failing to comply with rules or orders of the disciplinary

agency” (9.22(e)); and (4) “refusal to acknowledge wrongful

nature of conduct” (9.22(g)). It found one mitigating factor:

“absence of a prior disciplinary record” (9.32(a)). Alexander

challenges the findings of all aggravating factors. Aggravating

factors need only be supported by reasonable evidence. In re

Abrams, 227 Ariz. 248, 252 ¶ 27, 257 P.3d 167, 171 (2011).

¶59 Alexander disputes she committed multiple offenses or

obstructed the disciplinary process but offers no arguments not

previously rejected. The panel correctly found those

aggravating factors.

¶60 Alexander also asserts she acknowledged the wrongful

nature of her conduct by testifying that she might have

proceeded differently had she been aware of all pertinent

information. This lukewarm speculation is a far cry from a

sincere expression of remorse. Other testimony from Alexander

is more revealing:

Q. Now, in your deposition, I asked you if you had
any remorse for your conduct in the racketeering case.
Do you recall that question?

35
 A. Vaguely.

Q. Do you recall – and I’m going to paraphrase –
your answer was, “only that you are in this proceeding
was your only remorse.” Do you recall that answer?

A. That doesn’t sound completely, but it’s something
like that.

And while the disciplinary hearing was ongoing, Alexander posted

to her personal website and published on her Twitter account

another person’s column describing the disciplinary proceedings

as “nothing but a trumped-up, meritless witch hunt” that

unfairly targeted Alexander for her conservative views.

Reasonable evidence supports the panel’s finding that Alexander

is not remorseful.

¶61 We agree with Alexander, however, that reasonable

evidence does not support the panel’s finding that she had a

pattern of misconduct. Commission of multiple offenses does not

necessarily equate to a “pattern of misconduct.” This Court has

found patterns when a lawyer had a prior disciplinary record

concerning similar misconduct, and a lawyer engaged in

misconduct involving multiple parties in different matters that

often occurred over an extended period of time. See, e.g., id.

¶¶ 25, 28 (judge pursued sexual relationships with lawyers

appearing before him over significant period of time); In re

Zawada, 208 Ariz. 232, 238 ¶ 20 & n.3, 92 P.3d 862, 868 & n.3

(2004) (prosecutor committed same type of misconduct in two

36
cases separated by years); In re Hirschfeld, 192 Ariz. 40, 41 ¶

2, 44 ¶ 18, 960 P.2d 640, 641, 644 (1998) (lawyer had past

history of discipline and committed misconduct involving

multiple clients in multiple cases); see also In re Levine, 174

Ariz. at 171-72, 847 P.2d at 1118-19 (collecting cases). These

cases demonstrate that the “pattern of misconduct” aggravator

applies to lawyers who repeatedly engage in ethical misconduct

in different contexts. Here, except for her actions in the

disciplinary process, Alexander’s misconduct arose from her

actions in a single matter, involved the same people, and

spanned approximately ninety days. And she has no prior

disciplinary record. Under these circumstances, Alexander did

not engage in a pattern of misconduct.

E. Proportionality Review

¶62 The panel did not perform a proportionality analysis,

and neither Alexander nor bar counsel presents us with other

disciplinary cases for purposes of comparison. The unique

circumstance of a deputy county attorney pursuing judges,

elected officials, a client, and others for civil racketeering

damages in a high-profile case makes it difficult to make

comparisons to ensure Alexander’s sanction fits her misconduct.

Cf. In re Phillips, 226 Ariz. at 118-19 ¶ 37, 244 P.3d at 555-56

(finding that proportionality review “provide[d] little

guidance”). We are not aware of any comparable cases.

37
Consequently, the sanction imposed on Alexander must be tailored

to the unique circumstances of this case. See In re Levine, 174

Ariz. at 175, 847 P.2d at 1122 (“We have found no case with

misconduct of the unusual nature of this case, so we must tailor

the discipline to these unique facts, rather than base the

sanction on any comparison of how we have disciplined similar

misconduct.”).

F. Appropriate Sanction

¶63 In setting the appropriate sanction, we bear in mind

that the primary objectives of lawyer discipline are “(1) to

protect the public and the courts and (2) to deter the

[disciplined] attorney and others from engaging in the same or

similar misconduct.” In re Zawada, 208 Ariz. at 236 ¶ 12, 92

P.3d at 866. Fulfilling these objectives promotes confidence in

the integrity of the disciplinary process. Id. The sanction is

not intended to punish the disciplined lawyer, In re Alcorn, 202

Ariz. 62, 74 ¶ 41, 41 P.3d 600, 612 (2002), although it may have

that effect.

¶64 After considering the aggravating and mitigating

factors, we conclude that the presumptive sanction of suspension

is warranted. We are not convinced, however, that Alexander

should be suspended for six months and one day. The consequence

of the additional day is that Alexander must complete a more

onerous reinstatement process and demonstrate her rehabilitation

38
before reinstatement to the active practice of law, which may

significantly extend the effective length of her suspension.8

Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 64(e)(1); see also In re Phillips, 226 Ariz.

at 119-20 ¶ 40, 244 P.3d at 556-57. If Alexander is suspended

for six months or less, she can apply for reinstatement in a

less time-consuming process that does not require a

demonstration of rehabilitation. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 64(e)(2)(A).

¶65 Requiring Alexander to complete the more rigorous

application-for-reinstatement process is not necessary to

achieve the objectives of lawyer discipline.9 A suspension of

six months or less, with its attendant loss of income and

professional standing, would protect the public by deterring

Alexander and others from engaging in similar misconduct.

Alexander has no prior disciplinary record, and, although her

misconduct caused significant injury to the RICO defendants, the

public, and our system of justice, we do not discern any

evidence that her misconduct requires her to affirmatively

8
An applicant for reinstatement must provide, among other
things, financial information, describe rehabilitation efforts,
and demonstrate at a hearing that the applicant has
rehabilitated, complied with all applicable orders and rules,
and is fit and competent to practice law. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct.
65(a)(1), (b)(2). After issuance of the hearing panel’s
recommendation, this Court determines the applicant’s fitness
for reinstatement. Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 65(b)(4).
9
Notably, bar counsel proposed a three-month suspension for
Alexander in his proposed report and order submitted to the
panel.
39
demonstrate rehabilitation before reinstatement. For example,

no evidence suggests she acted dishonestly, continued a pattern

of misconduct, abandoned a client, proceeded under the influence

of illness or chemical dependency, or was motivated by malice,

greed, or other morally deficient reason. Cf. In re Zawada, 208

Ariz. at 235 ¶ 6, 238 ¶ 20, 241 ¶ 38, 92 P.3d at 865, 868, 871

(increasing suspension from six months to six months and one day

for prosecutor who intentionally deprived defendants of fair

trials in two cases); In re Moak, 205 Ariz. 351, 355-56 ¶¶ 25-

26, 359 ¶ 46, 71 P.3d 343, 347-48, 351 (2003) (altering

suspension from six months to greater than six months for lawyer

who withheld evidence in civil case and knowingly misled jury);

In re Riches, 179 Ariz. 212, 215, 877 P.2d 785, 788 (1994)

(determining three-year suspension appropriate for mentally

impaired lawyer who stole money from law firm); In re Kobashi,

177 Ariz. 584, 585-86, 870 P.2d 402, 403-04 (1994) (imposing

suspension greater than six months for lawyer who failed to file

lawsuit for injured client before expiration of statute of

limitations and then failed to communicate with or return

personal documents to client, and failed to appear in

disciplinary proceedings). If the State Bar questions whether

Alexander should be allowed to resume practice after her

suspension, it may object to her application for reinstatement,

thereby submitting the matter to the presiding disciplinary

40
judge, and potentially this Court, for review. Ariz. R. Sup.

Ct. 64(e)(2)(B).

¶66 A six-month suspension is the appropriate sanction

here. Standard 2.3 advises that a suspension term should be at

least six months. In light of the harm inflicted by Alexander’s

misconduct, we are not inclined to deviate from the Standard.

Cf. In re Alcorn, 202 Ariz. at 71 ¶¶ 32-33, 76 ¶ 51, 41 P.3d at

609, 614 (ordering six months’ suspension for lawyer who failed

to reveal a secret agreement to court that resulted in a “sham”

trial); In re Levine, 174 Ariz. at 149, 176, 847 P.2d at 1096,

1123 (imposing six months’ suspension on lawyer who filed

numerous frivolous lawsuits against former law partner and

others with no purpose but to embarrass, delay, or burden

others).

CONCLUSION

¶67 Alexander committed professional misconduct by

violating ERs 1.1, 1.7(a)(1), 3.1, and 8.4(d) and former Rule

53(d) and (f). We reject the panel’s determination that she

also violated ERs 1.7(a)(2), 3.4(c) and 4.4(a). We reduce her

suspension of six months and one day to six months, effective

thirty days from the filing date of this opinion. See Ariz. R.

Sup. Ct. 72(d). We further require Alexander to attend, during

her suspension, at least ten hours of education classes focusing

on the ethical responsibilities of Arizona lawyers. She must

41
submit proof of attendance and her notes from the classes with

any affidavit for reinstatement to the practice of law.

Alexander must attend these classes in addition to her annual

continuing legal education obligation.

_____________________________________
Ann A. Scott Timmer, Justice
CONCURRING:

_____________________________________
Scott Bales, Vice Chief Justice

_____________________________________
John Pelander, Justice

_____________________________________
Robert M. Brutinel, Justice

_____________________________________
Lawrence F. Winthrop, Judge*

*Chief Justice Rebecca White Berch has recused herself from
this case. Pursuant to Article 6, Section 3 of the Arizona
Constitution, the Honorable Lawrence F. Winthrop, Chief Judge of
the Arizona Court of Appeals, Division One, was designated to
sit in this matter.

42