SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA
En Banc
JANICE K. BREWER, Governor of ) Arizona Supreme Court
the State of Arizona, in her ) No. CV-09-0168-SA
official capacity, )
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. )
)
ROBERT BURNS, individually and )
as President, Arizona State ) O P I N I O N
Senate; KIRK ADAMS, individually )
and as Speaker, Arizona House of )
Representatives; The ARIZONA )
STATE SENATE; The ARIZONA HOUSE )
OF REPRESENTATIVES; and CHARMION )
BILLINGTON, individually and as )
Secretary of the Arizona State )
Senate, )
)
Respondents. )
__________________________________)
Special Action
JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF DENIED
________________________________________________________________
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR Phoenix
By Joseph A. Kanefield, General Counsel
Vanessa Hickman, Deputy General Counsel
Attorneys for Janice K. Brewer
CANTELME & BROWN, P.L.C. Phoenix
By David J. Cantelme
D. Aaron Brown
Paul R. Neil
Samuel Saks
Attorneys for Robert Burns, Kirk Adams, the Arizona House of
Representatives, the Arizona State Senate, and Charmion
Billington
________________________________________________________________
B A L E S, Justice
¶1 Because Arizona’s constitution directs that “[e]very
measure when finally passed shall be presented to the governor
for [her] approval or disapproval,” art. 4, pt. 2, § 12, this
Court ruled on June 23, 2009, that the Respondents
(collectively, the “Legislature”) cannot pass bills and then
withhold them to prevent the Governor from exercising her power
to approve or veto legislation. Given the unusual circumstances
of this case, however, we also declined to order the Legislature
to immediately present the Governor the budget bills at issue
here. This opinion explains our earlier order.
I.
¶2 This litigation arises from a dispute between the
Governor and the Legislature regarding the state budget for the
2010 fiscal year.
¶3 On June 4, 2009, the Arizona Senate passed, by a
simple majority vote, several appropriations bills: Senate Bills
1027, 1028, 1029, 1031, 1035, 1036, 1145, 1187, 1188, and 1258
(collectively, the “Budget Bills”). After passage, the Senate
President, Robert Burns, signed the engrossed version of the
bills in open session and ordered the bills transmitted to the
Arizona House of Representatives, which passed the bills that
day. Upon signing the bills, Kirk Adams, Speaker of the House
of Representatives, directed the Chief Clerk to return them to
2
the Senate.
¶4 Governor Janice K. Brewer publicly announced her
opposition to the Budget Bills and her intent to veto them at
least in part. The Legislature, however, declined to present
them to her. On June 15, 2009, the Governor delivered a letter
to President Burns and Speaker Adams requesting that they
present the Budget Bills to her by 5:00 p.m. that day. They
responded that the bills would be presented during the
legislative session, but it would be “premature” to transmit
them before the Legislature and Governor had reached agreement
on a budget.
¶5 The next day, the Governor filed a petition for
special action asking this Court to order the Legislature to
present the Budget Bills to her without further delay. After
expedited briefing, this Court heard oral argument on June 23,
2009.
II.
¶6 Both the Legislature and the Governor candidly
acknowledge that their disagreement over the timing of the
presentment of the Budget Bills reflects an effort by each
branch to enhance its position in ongoing budget negotiations.
The enactment of a budget often involves political disagreement,
bargaining, and compromise. Because this Court is reluctant to
enter the arena of political disputes between the executive and
3
legislative branches, we first consider whether the issue
presented is proper for judicial resolution.
A. Jurisdiction
¶7 Article 6, Section 5(1) of the Arizona Constitution
grants this Court original jurisdiction over “mandamus,
injunction and other extraordinary writs to State officers.” We
exercise this jurisdiction through the special action procedure,
but our decision to accept jurisdiction is “highly
discretionary.” Forty-Seventh Legislature v. Napolitano, 213
Ariz. 482, 485 ¶¶ 10-11, 143 P.3d 1023, 1026 (2006); Randolph v.
Groscost, 195 Ariz. 423, 425 ¶ 6, 989 P.2d 751, 753 (1999).
¶8 This case warrants the exercise of our special action
jurisdiction. The key issue is whether our constitution allows
the Legislature to pass bills, but then refuse for political
reasons to present them to the Governor for her veto or
approval. We accepted jurisdiction because the two political
branches have a good faith dispute over their respective powers
in the lawmaking process and the issue is of first impression
and statewide importance. See Forty-Seventh Legislature, 213
Ariz. at 485-86 ¶ 11, 143 P.3d at 1026-27; Randolph, 195 Ariz.
at 425 ¶ 6, 989 P.2d at 753.
¶9 The Legislature argues that even if special action
jurisdiction is appropriate, the Governor should have instead
filed this action in the superior court because there are
4
“intense fact questions.” We disagree. The relevant facts are
undisputed; the merits of this case turn on the meaning of a
constitutional provision. In light of the parties involved, the
issue, and the timing of this dispute in relation to the
enactment of a budget, special action relief was properly sought
from this Court. See League of Ariz. Cities & Towns v. Martin,
219 Ariz. 556, 558 ¶ 4, 201 P.3d 517, 519 (2009).
B. Standing and Ripeness
¶10 The Legislature also argues that the Governor lacks
standing and the dispute is not ripe for judicial resolution.
¶11 Although “we are not constitutionally constrained to
decline jurisdiction based on lack of standing,” Sears v. Hull,
192 Ariz. 65, 71 ¶ 24, 961 P.2d 1013, 1019 (1998), “[c]oncern
over standing is particularly acute” when this Court is asked,
in effect, to referee disputes between the political branches.
See Bennett v. Napolitano, 206 Ariz. 520, 525 ¶ 20, 81 P.3d 311,
316 (2003) (“Without the standing requirement, the judicial
branch would be too easily coerced into resolving political
disputes between the executive and legislative branches, an
arena in which courts are naturally reluctant to intrude.”).
¶12 To have standing, a party generally must allege a
particularized injury that would be remediable by judicial
decision. See id. at ¶¶ 18, 22. The Governor contends that she
has standing because the Legislature’s refusal to present her
5
with finally passed bills violates the constitutionally
established procedure for lawmaking and undermines her express
authority to veto or approve bills. See Ariz. Const. art. 4,
pt. 2, § 12; art. 5, § 7.
¶13 The Legislature, in contrast, argues that the
Governor’s constitutional power to veto or approve a bill is not
triggered until it is presented to her, and therefore she cannot
complain of any constitutional injury based on the Legislature’s
refusal to present the bills.
¶14 The Governor has the better argument on standing. If
she is correct that the Legislature has violated the
constitution by withholding finally passed bills from her
review, then she has sustained a direct injury to her
constitutional authority. Cf. Forty-Seventh Legislature, 213
Ariz. at 487 ¶ 15, 143 P.3d at 1028 (finding that Legislature
had standing to challenge alleged unconstitutional exercise of
line-item veto). The Legislature’s standing arguments presume
that the Legislature is correct on the merits, that is, that the
Legislature can, at its discretion, withhold finally passed
bills from the Governor and thus she has sustained no injury.
Our standing analysis, however, looks to whether the petitioner
has plausibly alleged particularized injury as a precondition to
the Court’s deciding the merits; defendants cannot defeat
standing merely by assuming they will ultimately win.
6
¶15 The Legislature similarly argues that the Governor’s
lawsuit is not ripe because when this case was submitted for
decision, the Legislature was still in session and the Governor
is not entitled to the presentment of finally passed bills
before the Legislature adjourns. The Legislature cites Campaign
for Fiscal Equity, Inc. v. Marino, which held that because the
New York Constitution implicitly requires the presentment of
bills within a “reasonable time,” the New York Legislature could
not adjourn without transmitting bills it had passed. 661
N.E.2d 1372, 1374 (N.Y. 1995). The Legislature’s argument here
again goes more to the merits than to ripeness. The Governor
argues that the constitution requires transmittal of a bill once
it has finally been passed, even if the Legislature has not yet
adjourned. If the Governor is correct in her interpretation of
the constitution, she suffered a constitutional injury.
C. Justiciability
¶16 The Legislature finally argues that this case presents
a nonjusticiable political question. Even if a case is within a
court’s subject matter jurisdiction and is timely brought by a
party with standing, a court should abstain from judicial review
of the merits if the issue is properly decided by one of the
“political branches” of government. Kromko v. Ariz. Bd. of
Regents, 216 Ariz. 190, 192-93 ¶¶ 11-12, 165 P.3d 168, 170-71
(2007).
7
¶17 The fact that a lawsuit involves a disagreement
between the political branches does not necessarily mean that it
presents a political question. See INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919,
942-43 (1983) (noting that “the presence of constitutional
issues with significant political overtones does not
automatically invoke the political question doctrine”); Baker
v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 217 (1962) (observing that doctrine
concerns “political questions” rather than “political cases”).
A controversy only presents a nonjusticiable political question
if it involves “a textually demonstrable constitutional
commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department” or
lacks “judicially discoverable and manageable standards” for its
resolution. Kromko, 216 Ariz. at 192 ¶ 11, 165 P.3d at 170
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Forty-Seventh
Legislature, 213 Ariz. at 485 ¶ 7, 143 P.3d at 1026.
¶18 The Legislature first argues that the Arizona
Constitution allows it to determine the timing of presentment of
bills to the Governor because Article 4, Part 2, Section 8
states that each house shall “determine its own rules of
procedure.” This provision, however, cannot limit or otherwise
qualify the directive in Article 4, Part 2, Section 12 that
“[e]very measure when finally passed shall be presented to the
Governor.” Section 12 does not by its terms commit to the
Legislature the decision on the timing of presentment of finally
8
passed bills.
¶19 The Legislature alternatively argues that there are no
judicially identifiable and manageable standards for determining
how promptly the Legislature must present bills to the Governor.
But this argument also presumes a particular resolution of the
merits. The Legislature contends that if it does not have
unfettered discretion to determine when to present bills to the
Governor, then the only alternative is for courts to assess
whether the Legislature has acted “reasonably” in delaying
presentment, and this inquiry is inherently subjective and
political.
¶20 We also reject this argument. Courts regularly assess
the reasonableness of actions in many contexts, ranging from
searches and seizures to the enforceability of contractual
terms. Perhaps even more importantly, resolving this case on
the merits does not necessarily imply that courts will need to
assess on a case-by-case basis whether the Legislature has
“reasonably” decided to delay presentment. The Governor’s
argument is that the constitution might instead simply require
presentment when bills are finally passed, with only such delay
as might reasonably be required for the Legislature to complete
the ministerial tasks of signing the bills and arranging for
formal transmittal.
¶21 The issue here is not whether the Legislature should
9
include particular items in a budget or enact particular
legislation. Such issues, like the Governor’s decision whether
to veto or approve a bill or the Legislature’s decision whether
to attempt an override, clearly are political questions. Forty-
Seventh Legislature, 213 Ariz. at 485 ¶ 7, 143 P.3d at 1026.
Instead, this case concerns the respective powers of the
Legislature and the Governor once the Legislature has finally
passed a bill.
¶22 Rather than concern a political question, this issue
is one of law and appropriate for judicial resolution. As we
noted in a case in which a legislature challenged a governor’s
actions in the lawmaking process: “To determine whether a branch
of state government has exceeded the powers granted by the
Arizona Constitution requires that we construe the language of
the constitution and declare what the constitution requires.
Such questions traditionally fall to the courts to resolve.”
Id. at ¶ 8.
III.
¶23 We accordingly turn to the merits. Arizona’s
constitution details the procedure for final passage of bills by
stating that every bill shall be read three times, except in
cases of emergency, that “[t]he vote on the final passage of any
bill . . . shall be taken by ayes and nays on roll call,” art.
4, pt. 2, § 12, and that “[a] majority of all members elected to
10
each house shall be necessary to pass any bill,” id. § 15. Once
these steps are completed, a bill is “finally passed” for
purposes of Section 12. See Cox v. Stults Eagle Drug Co., 42
Ariz. 1, 4-5, 21 P.2d 914, 915 (1933) (noting that “final
passage” occurs when each house has approved bill in the same
form, as “there is nothing further for either of them to do with
it to complete it”), overruled on other grounds by State ex rel.
La Prade v. Cox, 43 Ariz. 174, 30 P.2d 825 (1934).
¶24 After a bill is finally passed, both the constitution
and the legislative rules contemplate the completion of certain
ministerial tasks before it is presented to the Governor. The
presiding officer of each house must sign all passed bills in
open session. Ariz. Const. art. 4, pt. 2, § 15. The Senate has
designated its Secretary as the custodian of bills, Arizona
Senate Rule 3(B) (2009-10), and the House has provided that its
Chief Clerk shall be responsible for transmitting bills.
Arizona House of Representatives Rule 5 (2009-10). Thus, these
officers also have ministerial responsibilities in transmitting
finally passed bills to the Governor.
¶25 The Budget Bills were finally passed by the
Legislature on June 4, 2009, so the dispute among the parties
concerns solely the timing of their delivery to the Governor.
The constitution declares that “[e]very measure when finally
passed shall be presented to the governor for [her] approval or
11
disapproval.” Ariz. Const. art. 4, pt. 2, § 12. The Governor
argues that the constitution requires such bills to be delivered
to her with only such delay as may be reasonably necessary to
complete ministerial acts related to transmittal. The
Legislature first argued that it could delay presentment of
finally passed bills at its discretion or, alternatively, could
at least wait until the end of a legislative session. After
this Court announced its ruling, the Legislature filed a motion
for reconsideration arguing instead that it should be allowed to
delay presentment for some “reasonable time.”
¶26 The “Constitution should be construed so as to
ascertain and give effect to the intent and purpose of the
framers and the people who adopted it.” State ex rel. Morrison
v. Nabours, 79 Ariz. 240, 245, 286 P.2d 752, 755 (1955). We
give effect “to the purpose indicated, by a fair interpretation
of the language used, and unless the context suggests otherwise
words are to be given their natural, obvious and ordinary
meaning.” Id.
¶27 In ordinary usage, the phrase “when finally passed”
would be understood to mean upon final passage and not at
whatever later time the Legislature might deem appropriate.
Dictionary definitions of “when,” both contemporary and
historical, signal a point in time related to the occurrence of
a specific event. See, e.g., Webster’s II New College
12
Dictionary 1286 (3d ed. 2005) (defining “when” as “at which
time” or “[a]s soon as”); 2 A Standard Dictionary of the English
Language 2055 (N.Y., Funk & Wagnalls Co. 1895) (defining “when”
as “[a]t which or what time” or “[a]fter that; as soon as”).
Because nothing in the constitution indicates a different
meaning, we construe the use of “when” to require presentment
upon final passage of a bill. The use of “shall” further
underscores the mandatory nature of the Presentment Clause. See
Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 32 (“The provisions of th[e] Constitution
are mandatory, unless by express words they are declared to be
otherwise.”).1
1
At the 1910 Constitutional Convention, delegates offered
various proposals suggesting language about presentment. As the
concurrence notes, Proposition 6, Section 14 stated that bills
“when finally passed” would be filed with the secretary of
state, but this language was replaced by Substitute Proposition
6, which provided in Section 12 that such bills would be filed
with the Governor. The Records of the Arizona Constitutional
Convention of 1910, at 1047 (John S. Goff, ed. 1991)
[hereinafter “Records”]. After further amendments, Section 12
of Substitute Proposition 6 became the basis for Article 2, Part
2, Section 12. Id. at 584, 799. The concurrence concludes that
“[t]he amendment from transmission to the secretary of state to
transmission to the Governor demonstrates that the language
‘when finally passed’ simply means ‘after’ the bill’s passage.”
See ¶ 47, infra.
We interpret the history of Section 12 differently. That
the provision initially contemplated transmittal to the
secretary of state rather than the Governor suggests that the
Framers viewed post-passage transmittal as a ministerial act.
Nothing in the records of the Convention indicates that Section
12 was intended to give the legislature discretion to delay
presentment to the Governor. Finally, Section 12 must be
13
¶28 The constitution, as the Governor acknowledges, cannot
practically be interpreted to require presentment immediately
when a bill receives the required approval by each house. We
interpret the language directing that presentment “shall” occur
for bills “when finally passed” to allow such time as may
reasonably be necessary to complete ministerial acts such as the
signing of the bill by the presiding officer and other tasks to
effect the transmittal to the Governor. Cf. State ex rel.
Berger v. McCarthy, 113 Ariz. 161, 163, 548 P.2d 1158, 1160
(1976) (noting that statutory directive that action “shall” be
done contemplates performance within period which will promote
considered against the backdrop of the Framers’ approval of
Article 5, Section 7.
On the afternoon of November 30, 1910, the Convention
approved Substitute Proposition 33, which concerned the
executive branch and became the basis for Article 5. Records at
794, 1365. Section 7 of Substitute Proposition 33 provided that
“[e]very bill passed by the legislature, before it becomes a
law, shall be presented to the governor.” Id. at 1128. Later
that day, the Convention again considered Substitute Proposition
6, and Mr. Winsor successfully moved to amend Section 12 to
replace the language “sent to the governor” with the phrase
“presented to the Governor for his approval or rejection.” Id.
at 799.
The concurrence interprets Section 12 in a way that makes
it redundant to Article 5, Section 7, which itself requires
presentment after passage. Mr. Winsor, however, specifically
stated that his proposed change to Section 12 had independent
force: “This particular provision is for the disposition of the
bill after it is passed, and there is no other provision
covering this point anywhere in any proposition.” Records at
799.
14
prompt and orderly conduct of the proceedings). We are
confident that the Legislature can expeditiously transmit
finally passed bills to the Governor and that litigation will
not be necessary or appropriate regarding relatively short
delays in presentment to complete ministerial tasks and orderly
delivery.
¶29 We reject, however, the Legislature’s alternative
argument that it should be allowed to “reasonably” delay
presentment on a more open-ended basis, and that this Court
should “leave the determination of what is reasonable to the
Legislature’s discretion.” Such an amorphous standard would
vitiate the constitutional directive that presentment occur
“when” bills are finally passed.
¶30 Nor are we persuaded by the concurrence’s suggestion
that the Legislature should be allowed to delay presentment for
a “reasonable time” beyond that reasonably required for the
orderly transmittal of bills. Even under this test, the
Legislature could not delay presentment indefinitely, see ¶¶ 43,
54, infra, and the concurrence evidently concludes that the
Legislature unreasonably withheld the Budget Bills here, see ¶¶
43-44, infra. But the concurrence does not explain how courts
are to assess if a delay is reasonable. Because this standard
is not tethered to the time needed to complete orderly delivery,
it would undesirably require courts to make subjective, ad hoc
15
evaluations of the Legislature’s delay in transmitting bills.
¶31 The Legislature also argues that other state courts,
in construing presentment clauses that lack any specified time
requirement, have not interpreted their constitutions as
requiring prompt presentment of bills to the governor. See,
e.g., Cenarrusa v. Andrus, 582 P.2d 1082, 1087 (Idaho 1978).
Many state constitutions say nothing about the timing of
presentment other than indicating it must occur sometime after
passage. See, e.g., Ala. Const. art. 5, § 125 (“Every bill
which shall have passed both houses of the legislature, except
as otherwise provided in this Constitution, shall be presented
to the governor.”); Idaho Const. art. 4, § 10 (“Every bill
passed by the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be
presented to the governor . . . .”).
¶32 Arizona’s constitution, in contrast, specifies that
measures shall be presented “when finally passed.” Thus, we are
not persuaded by the out-of-state cases cited by the
Legislature. We also note that some state courts have concluded
that legislatures do not have unlimited discretion to withhold
bills, although these courts were also interpreting
constitutional language that differs from Arizona’s. See
Campaign for Fiscal Equity, 661 N.E.2d at 1373 (construing New
York’s constitution as implicitly requiring presentment within a
reasonable time after passage); State ex rel. Ohio Gen. Assembly
16
v. Brunner, 872 N.E.2d 912, 924 (Ohio 2007) (stating that Ohio
Constitution, by use of term forthwith, requires presentment
promptly).
¶33 The Legislature also contends that requiring
presentment upon final passage would be inconsistent with
legislative practices dating from early statehood. Long-
established practices, accepted by other branches of government,
may be relevant in construing constitutional provisions. See,
e.g., Stuart v. Laird, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 299, 309 (1803)
(propriety of requiring justices to sit as circuit judges
established by “practice and acquiescence . . . commencing with
the organization of the judicial system”). In this regard, the
Legislature argues that its own rules, both as adopted by the
First Legislature and currently, contemplate that the
Legislature may reconsider bills after final passage, and that
past legislatures have sometimes held bills for days or even
weeks.
¶34 Neither the current rules nor the rules of the First
Legislature specifically address the reconsideration of finally
passed bills. Instead, the current rules more generally provide
that each house may reconsider its vote on any matter if an
appropriate motion is filed no later than the next day the
legislature is in session. See Arizona Senate Rule 13; Arizona
House of Representatives Rule 24. The rules of the First
17
Legislature are not materially different in this regard. See
Arizona Senate Rule 16 (1912); Arizona House of Representatives
Rule 48 (1912). The Legislature also notes that each house can
suspend its rules, which conceivably would allow a motion for
reconsideration to be filed later than the day after the vote.
¶35 This case does not present and we do not address the
effect of a motion for reconsideration on the Legislature’s
constitutional duty of presentment to the Governor. We reject,
however, the suggestion that the Legislature’s power to
prospectively suspend or amend its internal rules somehow
establishes that, in the absence of such a motion, the
Legislature may delay indefinitely, or at least to the end of
the legislative session, the presentment of finally passed
bills.
¶36 The Legislature also notes that, over the last
eighteen years, some twenty-five bills were delayed in their
transmittal from six to forty-nine days. The basis for these
delays, however, is not clear and it does not appear that any of
them were challenged.2 The Legislature in fact appears to have
2
The Legislature also identifies two bills that were finally
passed but not transmitted to the Governor. Senate Bill 1007
was passed during the second regular session of the Thirty-Eight
Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives, 38th
Leg., 2d Reg. Sess. 1127 (1988). Although not transmitted to
the Governor as Senate Bill 1007, the text of the bill, as
amended, was subsumed within Senate Bill 1261, which was signed
into law by the Governor on July 1, 1988. See 1988 Ariz. Sess.
18
almost always presented bills to the Governor promptly upon
their final passage. The Governor notes, and the Legislature
does not dispute, that all 315 bills finally passed during the
Second Regular Session of the Forty-Eighth Legislature were
presented to the Governor within two days. Similarly, a partial
review of bills passed in the first two legislatures suggests
that each house regularly transmitted bills to the Governor upon
receipt of a message from the other house indicating final
passage. The corresponding legislature’s journal entries state
something to the effect of: “The President announced that
Senate Bill No. 1 had been passed by the Senate and the House of
Representatives and the Secretary was instructed to transmit
same to the Governor.”
¶37 The Legislature has not demonstrated any tradition of
its withholding finally passed bills – or any acceptance of that
practice by the other branches – sufficient to justify departing
from the ordinary meaning of the constitution. At most, the
Legislature has identified isolated instances when the
Laws, ch. 271, §§ 25, 26, 35, 44 (2d Reg. Sess.); S.B. 1007,
38th Leg., 2d Reg. Sess. (Ariz. 1988) (Senate engrossed
version). House Bill 2408 passed during the first regular
session of the Forty-Second Legislature. Journal of the House
of Representatives, 42d Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. 695 (1995). The
bill was held by the House after passage because the bill was
identical to Senate Bill 1199, which was signed by the Governor
on April 17, 1995. See id.; 1995 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 136, § 1
(1st Reg. Sess.); H.B. 2408, 42d Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (Ariz.
1995) (Senate engrossed version).
19
presentment of finally passed bills was delayed for unexplained
reasons and apparently without objection from the Governor.
¶38 Finally, in its motion for reconsideration, the
Legislature contends that “practical difficulties” will result
if it must promptly present finally passed bills to the
Governor. Delay in presentment, the Legislature argues, will
allow it the opportunity to “fix” legislative mistakes or
otherwise reconsider bills. We find this argument unpersuasive.
The constitution outlines a process to protect against the
precipitous enactment of legislation – the Legislature itself
determines when to enact bills, which are subject to three reads
in each house and a roll call final vote. Ariz. Const. art. 4,
pt. 2, § 12. If the Legislature concludes that it has
mistakenly enacted a bill, members can urge the Governor to veto
the bill or they can enact a corrective repeal or amendment. As
noted above, this case does not involve a motion seeking
reconsideration of a house’s approval of a bill, and we do not
address the effect of such a motion on the duty of presentment.
¶39 Because the constitution directs that bills shall be
presented to the Governor “when finally passed,” we hold that
the Legislature must present such bills to the Governor with no
more delay than is reasonably necessary to complete any
ministerial tasks and otherwise effect their orderly
transmittal. This standard was not met here.
20
IV.
¶40 Although we agree with the Governor that the
Legislature cannot delay its presentment of finally passed bills
to avoid her constitutional veto power, we declined in this case
to grant the requested relief. The Governor sought an order
compelling the Legislature to deliver the Budget Bills to her by
5:00 p.m. on June 23.
¶41 Mandamus is based on equitable principles. Sines v.
Holden, 89 Ariz. 207, 209, 360 P.2d 218, 220 (1961). Thus,
“even in a case where an absolute legal right is shown,” we
retain discretion to determine what relief, if any, should be
granted. Id. For several reasons, we declined to grant the
requested relief here.
¶42 This case involves a good-faith dispute between the
political branches of government about their respective roles in
Arizona’s lawmaking process. Had the Legislature anticipated
our decision it might have waited to finally pass the bills
until nearer the end of the session. Moreover, the Legislature
committed to this Court to deliver the Budget Bills to the
Governor by June 30, 2009. Because these bills contained
appropriations, the Governor was not faced with the prospect of
signing or vetoing each of them in toto. See Ariz. Const. art.
5, § 7. Instead, she had the power – and could have announced
her intent before the bills were presented – to use her line-
21
item veto authority to approve or reject particular parts of
each bill. In these circumstances, granting the Governor’s
requested order would have advanced the delivery of the Budget
Bills by merely a week and unnecessarily involved the Court
further in this dispute among the political branches.
V.
¶43 We conclude that the presentment of the Budget Bills
did not occur within the time mandated by the Arizona
Constitution, but under the unique circumstances presented, we
decline to grant the relief the Governor requested.
_______________________________________
W. Scott Bales, Justice
CONCURRING:
_______________________________________
Andrew D. Hurwitz, Vice Chief Justice
_______________________________________
Michael D. Ryan, Justice
_______________________________________
Ruth V. McGregor, Justice (Retired)
B E R C H, Chief Justice, concurring in the result
¶44 The Court concludes that the Arizona Constitution’s
Presentment Clause requires the immediate presentment of bills
22
to the Governor, allowing time only “to complete any ministerial
tasks and otherwise effect their orderly transmittal.” Op.
¶ 38; see art. 4, pt. 2, § 12 (presentment clause). Because I
conclude that the constitution requires only the transmittal of
bills within a reasonable time, I do not join in that portion of
the majority opinion.
¶45 The Governor argues that the phrase “when finally
passed” requires immediate transmittal; the Legislature
maintains that it may transmit bills at its leisure. Both
sides, in my opinion, overstate the case.
¶46 The majority emphasizes the Presentment Clause phrase
“when finally passed” in concluding that transmittal must occur
immediately after completion of ministerial tasks. The clause
itself does not specify the timing of presentment, but the
context in which the phrase “when finally passed” is used
suggests that it simply means “once” or “after.” See Kilpatrick
v. Superior Court, 105 Ariz. 413, 419, 466 P.2d 18, 24 (1970)
(requiring courts to construe the constitution as a whole and
read its various provisions together). Section 12 provides in
full as follows:
Every bill shall be read by sections on three
different days, unless in case of emergency, two-
thirds of either House deem it expedient to dispense
with this rule. The vote on the final passage of any
bill or joint resolution shall be taken by ayes and
nays on roll call. Every measure when finally passed
23
shall be presented to the Governor for his approval or
disapproval.
The section thus sets forth the general procedure for enacting a
bill into law: The bill must be read three times, unless the
reading is waived, and then passed by a roll call vote in each
chamber. The “finally passed” bill must then be presented to
the Governor, who may approve it or not. The section does not
say when the presentment must occur, and it is plausible to
conclude, as the majority has, that presentment must occur
immediately. But given that the Framers did not explicitly
require “prompt” or “immediate” presentation, it is more likely
that the Framers intended presentment to occur within a
reasonable time, but not necessarily immediately after final
passage.
¶47 Several pieces of historical evidence support the
conclusion that transmittal within a reasonable time is the
appropriate standard. Sources contemporaneous with the drafting
of Arizona’s Constitution show that the Framers likely
understood the word “when” to be synonymous with “if” or “on the
condition that.” See Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Beaird, 169 S.W.
1050, 1051 (Tex. Civ. App. 1914) (“‘[W]hen presented[]’ . . . is
equivalent to ‘in case it is presented,’ or ‘on condition that
it be presented.’”); see also Mendenhall v. State, 72 So. 202,
205 (Fla. 1916) (“The word ‘when’ has a conditional concept in
24
it, and as here used means ‘if.’”); Allen v. Powell, 115 N.E.
96, 99 (Ind. App. 1917) (“[When] is frequently used in the sense
of ‘provided,’ ‘in case of,’ ‘and if,’ or ‘if.’” (citation
omitted)); Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary 1644 (Noah
Porter ed., 1913) (noting meaning as “at what time; at, during,
or after the time that”). The Framers’ understanding of “when”
as encompassing “after” and “if,” and their failure to include a
term such as “forthwith,” “promptly,” or “immediately,” suggests
that presentment was to occur within a reasonable time after
final passage of a bill. No language in the constitutional
provision mandates immediate transmittal.
¶48 When a constitutional clause requires interpretation,
we often look to the records of the constitutional convention
for guidance. E.g., Cain v. Horne, 220 Ariz. 77, 82, ¶ 20, 202
P.3d 1178, 1183 (2009). Those records show that the provision
compelling transmittal of a bill “when finally passed”
originally required filing of the bill in the office of the
secretary of state, presumably after it not only had passed each
chamber of the Legislature, but also had been signed by the
Governor or vetoed and overridden by the Legislature. See The
Records of the Arizona Constitutional Convention of 1910, at
1040 (John S. Goff, ed. 1991) [hereinafter “Records”]
(Proposition 6 § 14 initially provided that “[e]very measure
when finally passed shall be filed in the office of the
25
secretary of state.”); id. at 1047 (replacing “secretary of
state” with “office of the Governor”); id. at 583 (discussing
the change from secretary of state to Governor). As so used,
the phrase “when finally passed” clearly did not mean
immediately after the roll call vote of ayes and nays in each
chamber. The amendment from transmission to the secretary of
state to transmission to the Governor demonstrates that the
language “when finally passed” simply means “after” the bill’s
passage.3 The Framers never discussed and did not intend to add
an immediate transmittal requirement. See id. at 583. The
discussion focused on who should receive the bill, not when it
3
The records contain the following discussion, in which the
framers also appear to use the terms “when” and “after”
interchangeably:
Mr. Franklin: . . . After a measure is passed by the
legislature and signed by the governor, it is filed
with the office of the secretary.
Mr. Webb: . . . [A] bill after final passage is
submitted to the governor for his approval or
disapproval . . . .
. . .
Mr. Webb: . . . After final passage [a bill] is filed
with the governor, and it is never returned and he
files it with the secretary of state.
Mr. Winsor: . . . [T]he procedure is that after a
bill is finally passed by the legislature it is filed
with the governor for his action. . . .
Mr. Franklin: . . . When the bill is passed by the
legislature, it is submitted to the governor [and if
it becomes law] it is then filed in the office of the
secretary of state . . . .
Id. (emphasis added) (using the terms “when” and “after”
interchangeably); see also id. at 794, 799 (mentioning that the
legislative presentment clause was included to indicate what
happens to the bill “after passage”).
26
should be transmitted. Nothing suggests that the provision was
included to prevent delay in presentment. Id. at 853.
¶49 The conclusion that a reasonable presentment time was
anticipated is further supported by the rules adopted by the
First Legislature, several members of which served as delegates
to the constitutional convention and therefore presumably
understood the Framers’ intent.4 Each chamber of the Legislature
adopted a rule based on Article 4, Part 2, Section 12. Compare
First Legislature of the State of Arizona, Rules of the House of
Representatives, 15 (1912) (Rule 59) (noting constitutional
basis for rule) [hereinafter First House Rules], and State of
Arizona, Rules of the First State Senate 21 (1912) (Rule 21(4))
[hereinafter First Senate Rules], with Ariz. Const. art. 4, pt.
2, § 12. Those rules allowed timely reconsideration of bills on
which members had already voted. First House Rules 13 (Rule
48); First Senate Rules 17-18 (Rule 16). These reconsideration
rules comport with the historical understanding that presentment
need not occur immediately; a chamber may take a short but
reasonable time after passing a bill to reconsider the wisdom of
that act.
4
Several convention delegates served in the legislature.
Records at 1387-98. The first Speaker of the House and the
first Senate President were each convention delegates, and each
chaired the rules committee in his respective body. Id. at
1387, 1389; State of Arizona, Rules of the First State Senate,
2, 6 (1912); Journal of the First Legislature, Arizona House of
Representatives, 17.
27
¶50 Every subsequent legislature has also permitted
reconsideration of bills. For example, the Third Legislature
entertained a motion for reconsideration on a bill that had
already passed both houses. Third Legislature of the State of
Arizona, Journal of the Senate 336, 338 (1917) (passing H.B. 4
without amendment, ordering its transmittal to the House, and
then passing a motion for reconsideration, amending the bill,
and transmitting the amended bill to the House), in State of
Arizona, Journals of the Arizona Legislature (1917). This
historical evidence suggests that the Presentment Clause does
not anticipate immediate transmittal because it would be
inconsistent to require immediate presentment, yet allow the
legislature discretion to reconsider a bill on which it had
already affirmatively voted.
¶51 The majority suggests that the absence of delay
between the time the First Legislature passed bills and their
transmittal to the Governor suggests that that body contemplated
an immediate transmittal requirement. Perhaps. On the other
hand, it may simply show that the First Legislature had no
reason to delay transmission of those bills. The Legislature
may choose to promptly present bills, even if doing so is not
constitutionally compelled. In contrast to this course of
practice, the Legislature presented evidence of twenty-five
bills on which presentment was delayed, in most cases from three
28
to four weeks. Although the majority dismisses this evidence
because the Legislature did not show why the bills were delayed,
see Op. ¶ 35, under the majority’s analysis, if immediate
presentment is constitutionally required, the motivation for the
delay should not matter. If the Legislature lacks discretion to
delay for any purpose, then any presentment that does not
immediately follow prompt completion of ministerial tasks
violates the constitution.
¶52 Because we generally respect our coordinate branches’
actions as constitutional unless a clear violation exists,
Earhart v. Frohmiller, 65 Ariz. 221, 224-25, 178 P.2d 436, 438
(1947), we should not lightly find unconstitutional the actions
of previous Legislatures and the acquiescence of previous
Governors in those actions. On balance, the evidence of past
Legislatures’ delay in presenting bills supports the current
Legislature’s position that it has some constrained discretion
to determine the timing of presentment.
¶53 Additionally, although the language of the
constitutional presentment clauses across the nation vary, no
court analyzing a provision with language similar to Arizona’s
provision has found immediate transmission required. See
Cenarrusa v. Andrus, 582 P.2d 1082, 1087 (Idaho 1978) (“There is
no provision in our Constitution governing the time within which
the legislature must present bills to the governor, and it is
29
not for this Court to impose any limitation as to time.”);
Gilbert v. Gladden, 432 A.2d 1351, 1355 (N.J. 1981) (A general
presentment requirement does not “limit[] the time within which
presentment may be accomplished.”); Campaign for Fiscal Equity,
Inc. v. Marino, 661 N.E.2d 1372, 1373 (N.Y. 1995) (“[A] bill
which has passed both houses of the Legislature [must] be
presented to the Governor for enactment into law or vetoing
within a reasonable time after its passage.”); Zimmerman v.
State, 348 N.Y.S.2d 727, 733 (Ct. Cl. 1973) (“When a bill is to
be presented is a determination to be made by the Legislature.”
(citing Opinion of the Justices, 213 A.2d 415 (N.H. 1965));
State v. Heston, 71 S.E.2d 481, 492 (W. Va. 1952) (The “section
which requires every bill passed by the Legislature to be
presented to the Governor before it becomes a law, prescribes no
time within which it must be so presented.”) The Court’s
opinion makes Arizona an outlier on this issue.
¶54 Finally, logic and practice support allowing a
reasonable time for transmittal. The Governor has only five
days to sign a bill while the legislature is in session or the
bill will become law without her signature. Ariz. Const. art.
5, § 7. Some bills are very long and complex. Governors have a
lot to do. Sometimes they are not available for short periods.
As a session nears its conclusion, many bills may be passed
within a short time. In such cases, a Governor might benefit
30
from the courtesy of advance notice and delayed transmission of
a bill. The rule the majority adopts does not allow for such
cooperation and professional courtesy. Under the rule announced
today, the legislature lacks discretion to delay presentment
beyond the time needed to complete ministerial tasks, despite a
Governor’s request for additional time or acquiescence in the
delay.5
¶55 The majority criticizes allowing presentment within a
reasonable time after final passage as a test lacking certainty.
Op. ¶ 30. Yet as the majority itself recognizes, “[c]ourts
regularly assess the reasonableness of actions in many
contexts.” Id. ¶ 20. We can assess reasonableness in this
context as well. The reasonableness of any delay is tethered to
the time of final passage by the constitutional requirement of
presentment.
¶56 As with most standards, the contours for testing what
constitutes a reasonable time would naturally develop as cases
presenting the issue arose. Because the Court does not adopt
this standard and because reasonableness must be determined in
light of the context in which the question arises, there is
little utility in engaging in the academic exercise of
5
I recognize that each chamber maintains control over when
voting occurs and thus may, as a practical matter, inject delay
into the process.
31
surmising, in the absence of context, how much time would be
presumptively reasonable.
¶57 For the reasons expressed, I conclude that the
Presentment Clause requires that bills that pass both houses be
presented to the Governor within a reasonable time, but does not
require immediate presentment.
__________________________________
Rebecca White Berch, Chief Justice
32