FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 14, 2013
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
In re: ANNA HELEN HELDT,
Debtor,
-----------------------------------------
GINGER D. GODDARD, Trustee, No. 12-6027
(D.C. No. 5:11-CV-00851-W)
Plaintiff-Appellant, (W.D. Okla.)
v.
ANNA HELEN HELDT; SUZANNE
LAUREL GILL; WILLIE GILL,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before LUCERO, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
Ginger D. Goddard, Trustee of the bankruptcy estate of Anna Helen Heldt
(Debtor), appeals from the district court’s order affirming the bankruptcy court’s
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
judgment that certain real property was not a part of the bankruptcy estate or
fraudulently transferred. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we
affirm for substantially the reasons given by the bankruptcy and district courts.
I.
Debtor filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection in April 2009. In 1992, when
Debtor was thirteen, her mother, Willie Gill (Mother), transferred title of her
residence and its land in Spencer, Oklahoma (the Liberty Property), to Debtor.
Mother had paid the full purchase price, continued to live at the Liberty Property for
over twenty years, and was still living there with Debtor’s sister, Suzanne Laurel Gill
(Sister), when Debtor filed her bankruptcy petition. Mother paid all of the taxes,
utilities and expenses related to the Liberty Property. Debtor did not live at the
Liberty Property after 2000 and never paid for any taxes, utilities or other expenses
related to it.
Debtor transferred title to the Liberty Property for no consideration to Sister in
October 2008, less than one year before her bankruptcy filing (the Liberty Transfer).
Debtor did not initially disclose the Liberty Transfer on her Statement of Financial
Affairs (SOFA), but amended her SOFA to disclose it thirteen days after the
11 U.S.C. § 341 creditors hearing. In 2010, Trustee filed adversary proceedings
against Debtor to set aside the Liberty Transfer as a fraudulent transfer. See
11 U.S.C. §§ 548(a)(1)(A), (B)(i) (allowing trustee to avoid certain transfers if made
with actual intent to hinder, defraud, or delay creditors or if the debtor “received less
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than a reasonably equivalent value”). Mother moved to intervene, but when Trustee
objected, Sister transferred title to Liberty Property to Mother for no consideration.
Mother and Sister were then added as defendants.
After a trial, the bankruptcy court issued detailed findings of fact and legal
conclusions. It found that Mother transferred the Liberty Property to Debtor in 1992
as an estate planning device, and that Debtor held only bare legal title to the Liberty
Property, with a resulting trust in favor of Mother, who held equitable title. Based on
this finding, the bankruptcy court ruled that the Liberty Property would not have been
property of Debtor’s bankruptcy estate under 28 U.S.C. § 541 even if the Liberty
Transfer had not occurred. See United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198,
204 n.8 (1983) (holding that under 11 U.S.C. § 541(d), the bankruptcy estate does not
include property in which the debtor has some minor interest such as bare legal title).
Because Debtor’s bare legal interest in the Liberty Property was essentially
worthless, the bankruptcy court ruled that she did not receive less than the reasonably
equivalent value from Sister in the Liberty Transfer.
Further, the bankruptcy court ruled that the Trustee could not exercise her
power under 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(3) to avoid Mother’s resulting trust as a hypothetical
bona fide purchaser (BFP) of the Liberty Property because Mother’s long-standing,
open and unambiguous possession of it was sufficient to constitute constructive
notice of her interest under Oklahoma law. See Watkins v. Watkins, 922 F.2d 1513,
1514 (10th Cir. 1991) (a bankruptcy trustee is considered a BFP of a debtor’s real
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estate under § 544(a)(3) and may avoid any transfer that is voidable by a BFP under
state law, interpreting Oklahoma law as applying a constructive notice standard to
determine BFP status under § 544(a)(3)); Big Four Petroleum Co. v. Quirk, 755 P.2d
632, 634 (Okla. 1988) (to obtain the status of a BFP under Oklahoma law, a
purchaser must take the property with an “absence of notice, actual or constructive,
of outstanding rights of others”).
Finally, the bankruptcy court found no evidence of actual or intentional intent
to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. It found that Debtor made the Lincoln Transfer
at the express wish of Mother and her failure to disclose it on her SOFA was
consistent with Debtor’s belief that the Liberty Property was Mother’s property, not
hers. The Trustee appealed to the district court, which affirmed.
II.
The Trustee lists fifteen issues in her Statement of Issues, but she primarily
argues on appeal that (1) she qualified as a BFP under Oklahoma law; (2) Mother’s
equitable title in the Liberty Property should be set aside under the doctrine of
unclean hands; and (3) Debtor held more than bare legal title to the Liberty Property,
and thus Liberty Property is property of the bankruptcy estate, because Mother’s
transfer to her is presumed to be a gift. We review the bankruptcy court’s legal
conclusions de novo and its discretionary decisions for abuse of discretion. See
Rodriguez v. Drive Fin. Servs., L.P. (In re Trout), 609 F.3d 1106, 1109 (10th Cir.
2010). “[W]ith respect to factual findings (which are made only by the bankruptcy
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court . . .), we review for clear error.” Mathai v. Warren (In re Warren), 512 F.3d
1241, 1248 (10th Cir. 2008).
We have carefully and independently reviewed the parties’ briefs, the record
on appeal, including the trial transcripts, and the relevant legal authority. The
bankruptcy court’s finding that the Mother’s 1992 conveyance was an estate planning
device, not a gift, is not clearly erroneous, and its ruling that the Liberty Property was
subject to a resulting trust in favor of Mother is an accurate interpretation of
Oklahoma law. See Okla. Stat. tit. 60, § 137 (“When a transfer of real property is
made to one person, and the consideration therefor is paid by or for another, a trust is
presumed to result in favor of the person by or for whom such payment is made.”).
Mother’s open and unambiguous occupancy of the Liberty Property at the time of the
bankruptcy petition was sufficient under Oklahoma law to give the Trustee
constructive notice of her interest, thereby disqualifying the Trustee’s exercise of
BFP powers under § 544(a)(3). See Burgess v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 1, 336 P.2d
1077, 1081 (Okla. 1959) (holding that Okla. Stat. tit. 25, § 13, relating to
constructive notice, imposed a duty on a purchaser to inquire as to the rights of
anyone other than the record owner in possession of real property). Finally, we have
no reason to conclude that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by not applying
the doctrine of unclean hands. See Haynes Trane Serv. Agency, Inc. v. Am. Standard,
Inc., 573 F.3d 947, 958 (10th Cir. 2009) (reviewing application of unclean hands
doctrine for abuse of discretion).
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We affirm the challenged decisions for substantially the reasons set forth by
the bankruptcy court in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and in the
district court’s order affirming the bankruptcy court.
Entered for the Court
Bobby R. Baldock
Circuit Judge
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