The researches of the counsel have found no precedent or decision in an admiralty court in this country, or in England, directly upon this point. It seems to be a novel motion in the admiralty. AVe must look at the analogous cases, in courts that proceed according to the course of the civil law, and to common law courts, especially the former, for light as to the principles upon which the decision should rest.
It is familiar practice in admiralty, for either party, after issue joined, to interrogate the other, for the purpose of obtaining evidence to be used by the interrogant. In equity, the same relief is obtained by interrogatories on the plaintiff’s part, and by a bill of discovery on the part of the defendant. But this is a motion not to obtain evidence after issue, but for documents alleged to be necessary to enable the parties to make up an issue.
It is settled, as a general rule, that a party is not entitled to the production of an instrument before issue joined, where the instrument is not referred to, or counted upon, in the plaintiff’s pleading. But it is contended that there are circumstances under which the courts exercise the power, and where justice requires its exercise. After examining the authorities referred to on each side, I have arrived at the conclusion that there is but one class of cases in which the courts ordinarily exercise this power; and that is. where the plaintiff is under an obligation to hold the instrument for the use of both parties. For instance, partnership articles or books of account, in a suit between partners, or where but one part of a bipartite agreement has been executed, and has been left with one of the parties; in short, where an instrument may be said to be left or held in trust. In such case, if it is the contract in litigation, it should be produced for inspection, whether declared on by the plaintiff in terms or not. As an authority for a more extended exercise of this power, I am referred to Princess of Wales v. Earl of Liverpool, 3 Swanst. 567, decided by Lord Eldon. This authority, though followed by the vice chancellor in one case,—Jones v. Lewis, 2 Sim. & S. 242,—has since been called in question, and held by Viqe Chancellor Leach to be authority only on its exact facts. The defendant there asked for inspection of a note of hand, making affidavit that he believed it not to be genuine, and that an inspection would aid him in determining upon the nature of his answer. In New York, the courts of common law have passed orders for inspection, in favor of parties before pleadings closed, upon the authority of Princess of Wales v. Earl of Liverpool; and have extended the principle to cases, where by alleged accident, fraud, or mistake, one party has a document, which the applicant shows to be important to enable him to make his plea; but I think they have not kept within the reason or authority of the previously adjudged cases.
It is argued that this letter, being a part of the correspondence which constitutes the written contract, is the property of both parties, and is as much a trust for both parties, as if it were a formal written contract. I should perhaps sustain the motion, if it were made to appear that the whole contract was in writing, and this letter contained a portion of it, and that the residue of the writings containing the contract could be produced. But, in this case, it does not appear that the whole contract is in writing. On the contrary, it is said to be partly in writing. The nature of the contract may be left to be proved partly by parol, and even by circumstantial evidence. In such a case. I think there is no authority for requiring the production of this paper. It would be giving the defendants an advantage. They would *1311learn the extent of the knowledge or Ignorance of the other side, as to the proofs of the contract;. and, without first answering as to their best knowledge and belief, could frame their answers to meet the disclosures on one particular point. In case of a writing forming only a part of a contract, the court must hare discretion, as to requiring the production of a paper or letter; and in the present case. I do not • think I ought to grant the motion as it now stands. It presents the case of a contract declared on generally, to be proved partly by a correspondence and partly by parol, perhaps inferentially from circumstantial evidence, and open to counter proof, and a portion only of the correspondence called for. Motion denied.