Cabral v. State

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Electronically Filed
Supreme Court
SCWC-28669
09-MAY-2012
09:48 AM

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

---o0o---

JASON LANAKILA CABRAL; the Estate of JOSEPH PU KAIKALA; LYNDA
EVADNA KAIKALA, individually, as Special Administratrix of the
Estate of Shawn Kaikala, and as Guardian Ad Litem for minors:
SHANTEL KAIUOLA CABRAL, and IOKEPA JOHN KAIKALA; JOHN E. KRAUSE,
individually and as Guardian Ad Litem for minors: KAHEKILI JOHN
KRAUSE, KEANU KAIKALA KRAUSE, and KAWENA KAIKALA KRAUSE,
Petitioners/Plaintiffs-Appellants,

and

MARK KALE CABRAL, Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF HAWAI#I,
Respondent/Defendant/Cross-Claim Plaintiff/Cross-Claim
Defendant/Appellee,

and

JONI MARIE SCOTT,
Defendant/Cross-Claim Defendant/Cross-Claim Plaintiff.

NO. SCWC-28669

CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
(ICA NO. 28669; CIV. NO. 01-1-0449)

MAY 9, 2012

RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, ACOBA, DUFFY, AND MCKENNA, JJ.
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OPINION OF THE COURT BY DUFFY, J.

Petitioners/Plaintiffs-Appellants Jason Lanakila

Cabral; Estate of Joseph Pu Kaikala; Lynda Evadna Kaikala,

Special Administratrix of the Estate of Shawn Kaikala and GAL for

Minors Shantel Kaiuola Cabral, Mark Kale Cabral1 and Iokepa John

Kaikala; John E. Krause, individually and as GAL for Minors

Kahekili John Krause, Keanu Kaikala Krause, and Kawena Kaikala

Krause (Collectively, Petitioners) filed a timely application for

writ of certiorari (Application), urging this court to review the

Intermediate Court of Appeals’ (ICA) August 11, 2011 judgment on

appeal in support of its July 28, 2011 Opinion, which dismissed

Petitioners’ appeal for lack of jurisdiction. We accepted the

Application on December 5, 2011. Oral argument was held on

March 15, 2012.

Petitioners’ Application presents the following

questions:
A. DID THE HAWAII INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS COMMIT
GRAVE ERROR WHEN IT DISMISSED AN APPEAL FOR LACK OF
JURISDICTION DESPITE PETITIONERS’ REASONABLE RELIANCE ON A
COURT ORDER EXTENDING TIME TO NOTICE APPEAL UNDER HRAP RULE
4(a)(4)(A)?

B. SHOULD THIS COURT, AS THE DISSENT PROPOSES, APPLY THE

1
On November 11, 2011, Petitioners’ counsel submitted a notice to
this court explaining that although Mark Kale Cabral is listed as a Petitioner
in the caption to the Application, she withdrew from representing him on
November 23, 2007. Thus, Mark Kale Cabral is not a Petitioner in the instant
appeal.

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DOCTRINE OF UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES TO THIS CASE, SINCE
PETITIONERS REASONABLY RELIED UPON THE COURT’S ORDER
EXTENDING TIME TO NOTICE APPEAL UNDER HRAP RULE 4(a)4(A)?

C. ALTERNATIVELY, SHOULD THIS COURT FIND THAT RELYING ON AN
INVALID ORDER EXTENDING TIME DURING THE INITIAL 30-DAY
PERIOD IS EXCUSABLE NEGLECT, AND UPHOLD THE SECOND EXTENSION
UNDER HRAP RULE 4(a)(4)(B)?

(Emphases in original.)

Based upon the specific, unique factual circumstances

of this case, we hold that the ICA erred by concluding that it

did not have jurisdiction to hear Petitioners’ appeal. As

discussed herein, Petitioners in this case relied on a trial

court’s order that: (1) was issued prior to the expiration of the

30-day jurisdictional time limit for filing a notice of appeal;

(2) extended the time to file a notice of appeal; and (3) was

later deemed invalid. Under these circumstances, we may excuse

Petitioners’ otherwise untimely notice of appeal. Accordingly,

we vacate the ICA’s dismissal of Petitioners’ appeal for lack of

jurisdiction, and remand the case for consideration on the

merits.

I. BACKGROUND

This case arises from a July 20, 2000 fatal car

accident that occurred on Highway 11 in the County of Hawai#i,

which resulted in the death of Shawn Kaikala (Decedent).

Decedent’s vehicle was struck by a vehicle driven by Joni Marie

Scott (Scott). On October 16, 2001, Petitioners filed a civil

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complaint against Scott and Respondent/Defendant-Appellee State

of Hawai#i (Respondent or State), asserting claims for negligence

and wrongful death.2 Petitioners settled their claims against

Scott prior to the commencement of trial.

A seven-day bench trial began on July 10, 2006. On

November 1, 2006, the Circuit Court of the Third Circuit (circuit

court) entered its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law,

concluding that Petitioners failed to prove by a preponderance of

the evidence that the State was negligent in the “design,

construction or maintenance” of Highway 11.3 The legal cause of

the accident and resultant death of Decedent was attributed

solely to the negligence of Scott. On April 20, 2007, the

circuit court entered judgment in favor of the State and against

Petitioners.

A. Unique Factual Circumstances

Ordinarily, and under Hawai#i Rules of Appellate

Procedure (HRAP) Rule 4(a)(1),4 Petitioners would have had until

May 21, 2007 -- 30 days from the circuit court’s April 20, 2007

2
Petitioners consist of Decedent’s boyfriend and family members,
including her minor children.

3
The Honorable Glenn S. Hara presided.

4
At the time of the circuit court’s judgment, as it does now, HRAP
Rule 4(a)(1) provided, in part, “[w]hen a civil appeal is permitted by law,
the notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after entry of the judgment
or appealable order.” HRAP Rule 4(a)(1) (2006).

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entry of judgment -- to file a timely notice of appeal.5 At the

time relevant to Petitioners’ appeal, as it does now, however,

HRAP Rule 4(a)(3) provided that “[i]f any party files a timely

motion . . . to reconsider, . . . the time for filing the notice

of appeal is extended until 30 days after entry of an order

disposing of the motion[.]” HRAP Rule 4(a)(3) (2006). In this

case, Petitioners filed a motion for reconsideration on April 30,

2007, which was subsequently denied on June 7, 2007. Thus,

Petitioners had 30 days from June 7, 2007 -- the date on which

the circuit court filed its order denying Petitioners’ motion for

reconsideration -- to file a timely notice of appeal. The 30-day

deadline was July 7, 2007, but because it was a Saturday,

Petitioners’ deadline to file a notice of appeal became the

following Monday, July 9, 2007. See HRAP Rule 26(a)(2000). HRAP

Rule 4(a)(4)(A) further provides that upon a request for an

extension of time made prior to the expiration of the 30-day time

period from the court’s disposal of a motion for reconsideration,
[t]he court or agency appealed from, upon a showing of good
cause, may extend the time for filing a notice of appeal
upon motion filed within the time prescribed by subsections
(a)(1) and (a)(3) of this rule. However, no such extension
shall exceed 30 days past such prescribed time. . . . .

5
Because 30 days from the circuit court’s April 20, 2007 judgment
was Sunday, the 30-day period “extend[ed] until the end of the next day that
[was] not a Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday[,]” which happened to be
Monday, May 21, 2007 in this case. HRAP Rule 26(a) (2000).

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HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A) (2006) (emphases added).

Three days before Petitioners’ July 9, 2007 deadline,

the parties submitted a written stipulation to extend time to

file notice of appeal (Stipulation). Although HRAP Rule

4(a)(4)(A) specifies that a request for an extension of time may

be granted upon motion, and upon a showing of good cause,

Petitioners made their request via the Stipulation signed by both

counsel for the parties, and neglected to state the underlying

basis or need for the extension of time. Despite Petitioners’

non-compliance with HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A), the circuit court

“approved and so ordered” the Stipulation which extended

Petitioners’ deadline to file a notice of appeal to July 23,

2007.

In an ex-parte motion dated July 18, 2007 (Ex-Parte

Motion), Petitioners requested another extension to file their

notice of appeal by September 19, 2007. The declaration attached

to the Ex-Parte Motion stated the need for another extension: the

parties were involved in settlement negotiations and a hearing on

a motion to withdraw from representation of one of the Plaintiffs

was pending and scheduled for hearing on September 5, 2007. The

circuit court did not rule on the Ex-Parte Motion by July 23,

2007, and Petitioners, aware of the circuit court’s

(presumptively valid) July 23, 2007 extended deadline, filed

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their notice of appeal on that day.

The Ex-Parte Motion, although dated July 18, 2007, was

not filed and granted until September 7, 2007. The Ex-Parte

Motion was granted on the basis of “good cause,” and Petitioners’

deadline to file their notice of appeal was extended by the court

to August 8, 2007.6 By the time the circuit court granted the Ex-

Parte Motion, however, Petitioners had already filed their notice

of appeal.

Significantly, the above facts reveal that Petitioners’

notice of appeal was filed based on reliance on the circuit

court’s order extending the deadline to July 23, 2007. Notably,

the record shows that Petitioners were cognizant of the deadlines

for appeal in this case: (1) Petitioners requested an extension

three days prior to the expiration of the original July 9, 2007

deadline; and (2) when the circuit court had not ruled on the Ex-

Parte Motion (seeking another extension) by July 23, 2007 -- the

date of the presumptively valid extended deadline -- Petitioners

filed what they assumed to be a timely notice of appeal on that

date. Thus, had the circuit court not “approved and so ordered”

the Stipulation extending Petitioners’ deadline to July 23, 2007,

Petitioners could have, and likely would have, filed their notice

6
The deadline in the circuit court’s order granting the Ex-Parte
Motion was scratched out and amended by hand to reflect a deadline of August
8, 2007.

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of appeal within the original June 9, 2007 deadline.

B. Appeal to the ICA

Petitioners filed their opening brief with the ICA on

March 14, 2008, challenging the circuit court’s findings of fact

and conclusions of law regarding the underlying tort claim.

Although the State did not challenge the Petitioners’ statement

regarding appellate jurisdiction, the ICA sua sponte raised the

issue of jurisdiction and requested supplemental briefings. Both

parties filed the requested supplemental briefs.

In their supplemental brief, the Petitioners argued

that the circuit court’s order extending the deadline to file a

notice of appeal to July 23, 2007 was entitled to great

deference. Petitioners argued that their notice of appeal was

filed in reliance of the extended July 23, 2007 deadline -- the

date on which they filed what was assumed to be a timely notice

of appeal. Petitioners further contended that any untimeliness

of their notice of appeal was cured by the circuit court’s

September 7, 2007 order granting the Ex-Parte Motion, which

extended the deadline to notice the appeal to August 8, 2007.

In its supplemental brief, Respondent argued that the

ICA did not have jurisdiction to hear Petitioners’ appeal.

Respondent admitted that while it stipulated to the extended July

23, 2007 deadline, the present issue was a matter of

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jurisdiction, which “can neither be agreed to nor waived by the

parties.” Respondent argued that the Stipulation to extend the

filing deadline was improperly granted because Petitioners

neglected to state any justification for the extension of time,

and thus, did not show “good cause.” Respondent also argued that

the circuit court’s September 7, 2007 order granting Plaintiffs’

Ex-Parte Motion could not have cured an untimely notice of

appeal. Respondent argued that the Ex-Parte Motion was granted

under the inapplicable standard of “good cause,” and that under

the appropriate “excusable neglect” standard, Petitioners could

not have prevailed.

In an Opinion dated July 28, 2011, the majority of the

ICA (Judges Fujise and Leonard) agreed with Respondent and

concluded that it did not have jurisdiction to hear the appeal.

See generally Cabral v. State, No. 28669 2011 WL 3250567, at *2-

*5 (Op. 2011). The ICA held that absent a finding of “good

cause,” it was improper for the circuit court to grant the

Stipulation extending Petitioners’ deadline to file a notice of

appeal to July 23, 2007. Id. at *2-*4. Thus, the ICA considered

July 9, 2007 as Petitioners’ deadline to file the notice of

appeal, and Petitioners’ subsequent notice of appeal filed on

July 23, 2007 was thus untimely.

The ICA majority further concluded that Petitioners’

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Ex-Parte Motion was improperly granted because: (1) the circuit

court erroneously applied the standard of “good cause” rather

than “excusable neglect[;]” and (2) under the proper standard,

excusable neglect could not be found where the Ex-Parte Motion

was based on “the continued efforts at settlement and a pending

motion to withdraw.” Id. at *4. Petitioners’ appeal was

dismissed for lack of appellate jurisdiction. Id. at *5.

In his dissent, Chief Judge Nakamura agreed that the

circuit court erroneously approved the Stipulation without a

finding of good cause. Id. (Nakamura, J., dissenting). The

dissent, however, citing case law from the United States Supreme

Court, stated that
in the limited circumstances presented here -- where (1) an
appellant seeks and obtains a court order extending the
filing deadline before the expiration of the [filing]
deadline; (2) the appellant files the notice of appeal in
compliance with the court’s order; and (3) there is no
showing that the extension prejudiced the appellee -- I
would recognize an equitable exception to the strict
enforcement of time limits for filing a notice of appeal.

Id. (emphasis in original). The dissent emphasized that it was

reasonable for Petitioners to rely on the circuit court’s order

issued prior to the original deadline, which extended

Petitioners’ time to file a notice of appeal to July 23, 2007:

The appellate court “require[s] and expect[s] parties to comply

with court orders. [The appellate court] should permit them to

rely on court orders in determining whether the time for filing a

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notice of appeal has expired.” Id. at *6. The dissent noted

that had the circuit court denied the Stipulation, Petitioners

could have, and presumably would have, filed a notice of appeal

before the expiration of the original July 9, 2007 deadline. Id.

at *7.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A Trial Court’s Interpretation of The Rules Governing the
Extension of Time

Although a trial court’s decision to grant an extension

of time to file a notice of a appeal is reviewed under an abuse

of discretion standard, its interpretation of the rules governing

such extensions is reviewed de novo. Hall v. Hall, 95 Hawai#i

318, 318-19, 22 P.3d 965, 965-66 (2001).

III. DISCUSSION

Petitioners contend that their appeal was timely filed

and that the case should be decided on its merits because: (1)

the circuit court’s July 6, 2007 order extending the deadline to

file a notice of appeal to July 23, 2007 was valid; and (2)

Petitioners’ notice of appeal was filed on that date.

Petitioners alternatively contend that any defect regarding the

July 23, 2007 deadline entitles them to equitable relief under

the “unique circumstances” doctrine. We hold that, although the

order extending the deadline was not valid, the circumstances of

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this case warrant application of the equitable “unique

circumstances” doctrine as an exception to the strict enforcement

of the procedural requirements for extending the time to file a

notice of appeal.

A. The Circuit Court Erred In Approving The Stipulation And
Extending The Deadline To File A Notice Of Appeal.

As discussed earlier herein, HRAP Rule 4 governs the

procedure for appeals taken in civil cases.7 At the time the

circuit court’s judgment was entered, HRAP Rule 4(a)(1) provided,

in part, “[w]hen a civil appeal is permitted by law, the notice

of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after entry of the

judgment or appealable order.” HRAP Rule 4(a)(1) (2006).

Pursuant to HRAP Rule 4(a)(3), however, the filing of a notice of

appeal may be extended until 30 days after the disposal of a

timely motion for reconsideration. HRAP Rule 4(a)(3) (2006). If

a request for an extension of time is made prior to the

expiration of the 30-day prescribed time period,
[t]he court or agency appealed from, upon a showing of good
cause, may extend the time for filing a notice of appeal
upon motion filed within the time prescribed by subsections
(a)(1) and (a)(3) of this rule. However, no such extension
shall exceed 30 days past such prescribed time. . . .

HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A) (2006) (emphases added).

7
The version of the HRAP Rules effective as of July 1, 2006 is
applicable to the instant case.

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Here, the circuit court’s April 20, 2007 judgment in

favor of Respondent and dismissing all other claims, constituted

an appealable final judgment. See Jenkins v. Cades Schutte

Fleming & Wright, 76 Hawai#i 115, 119-20, 869 P.2d 1334, 1338-39

(1994). Pursuant to Hawai#i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule

59(e)8, Petitioners filed a timely motion for reconsideration on

April 30, 2007, which was subsequently denied on June 7, 2007.

Thus, Petitioners’ deadline to file a notice of appeal became

July 7, 2007 -- 30 days from the denial of the motion for

reconsideration. HRAP Rule 4(a)(3) (2006). Because July 7, 2007

was a Saturday, however, the deadline to notice the appeal

expired on Monday, July 9, 2007.9 See HRAP Rule 26(a).

As noted earlier herein, three days prior to the

expiration of the July 9, 2007 deadline, the parties submitted

the Stipulation to obtain an extension of time. On the same day,

the circuit court “approved and so ordered” the Stipulation,

which purported to extend the filing deadline to July 23, 2007.

Petitioners filed their notice of appeal on July 23, 2007. Thus,

8
At the time of the circuit court’s judgment, as it does now, HRCP
Rule 59(e) stated: “Any motion to alter or amend judgment shall be filed no
later than 10 days after entry of the judgment.” HRCP Rule 59(e) (2000).

9
It appears that the ICA majority neglected to consider HRAP Rule
26(a) because it deemed Saturday, July 7, 2007 as Petitioners’ deadline to
file a notice of appeal. See Cabral 2011 WL 3250567, at *2.

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it is clear that Petitioners’ notice of appeal was timely filed

if the circuit court properly “approved and so ordered” the

extended July 23, 2007 deadline.

Although Petitioners argue that no rule or case law in

this jurisdiction expressly prohibits parties from using a

stipulation to request an extension of time, HRAP Rule 4 states

the requirements for obtaining such an extension. We agree with

the ICA that HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A) clearly states that the court

may extend the time for filing a notice of appeal upon motion,

and upon a finding of good cause.

Here, Petitioners filed a stipulation, rather than a

motion as required by HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A), when they sought an

extension of time to file their notice of appeal. In its

entirety, the Stipulation read as follows:
Plaintiffs, above-named, by and through their attorney, JOY
A. SAN BUENAVENTURA; and the State of Hawaii, by and through
its attorney, Deputy Attorney General ROBIN KISHI hereby
stipulate to the extension of time to file a notice of
appeal of two weeks.

There was no mention of any grounds for the extension, much less

one demonstrating “good cause,” and the court order extending the

time for filing the notice of appeal did not include a finding of

good cause. Accordingly, the circuit court erred when it ordered

the extended July 23, 2007 deadline.

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B. Petitioners’ Appeal Should Be Decided On The Merits.

Under the specific, unique factual circumstances of

this case, Petitioners urge us to adopt the “unique

circumstances” doctrine to excuse their untimely notice of

appeal. Petitioners contend that they should not be penalized

for their reliance on the circuit court’s order extending the

deadline to file a notice of appeal to July 23, 2007:
The July 6, 2007 order was granted 3 days before the appeal
expired;[] and thus, had the stipulated order been denied,
Petitioners would have had an opportunity to file a notice
of appeal within the time period granted by this order.

We agree.

1. We apply the equitable “unique circumstances” doctrine
to the specific, unique factual circumstances of the
present case

The United States Supreme Court previously recognized

the “unique circumstances” doctrine as an equitable exception to

a time limit for filing a notice of appeal under federal law.

See Harris Truck Lines, Inc. v. Cherry Meat Packers, Inc., 371

U.S. 215 (1962); see also Thompson v. Immigration &

Naturalization Serv., 375 U.S. 384 (1964). In Harris, the

appellant requested an extension of time prior to the expiration

of an original 30-day deadline to file a notice of appeal.

Harris, 371 U.S. at 216. The need for an extended deadline was

due to “trial counsel’s inability to contact the general counsel

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in order to ask whether to appeal[.]” Id. The trial court

granted the two week extension, and appellant thereafter filed

its notice of appeal after the expiration of the original

deadline, but within the extended deadline. Id. The Court of

Appeals dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. It held

that appellant’s notice of appeal was untimely because it had not

shown “excusable neglect,” which was required by the applicable

rule to extend the time for appeal. Id. The Supreme Court

reversed the Court of Appeals and held as follows:
In view of the obvious great hardship to a party who relies
upon the trial court’s finding of ‘excusable neglect’ prior
to the expiration of the 30-day period and then suffers a
reversal of the finding, it should be given great deference
by the reviewing court. Whatever the proper result as an
initial matter on the facts here, the record contains a
showing of unique circumstances sufficient that the Court of
Appeals ought not to have disturbed the motion judge’s
ruling.

Id. at 217. The dismissal was reversed and the case was remanded

with instructions that it be heard on its merits. Id.

Similarly, in Thompson, the appellant served his post-

trial motions, including a motion for a new trial, two days late.

375 U.S. at 384-85. These motions were ultimately denied, but

the trial court declared the motions timely. Id. at 385.

Appellant, relying on the assurance that his motions were made

“in ample time,” filed his notice of appeal within the prescribed

time from the denial of his post-trial motions, but not before

the expiration of time from the original entry of judgment. Id.

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The Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal because it was not

filed within the time limits as required under the applicable

rules. Id.

The Supreme Court vacated the Court of Appeals’

judgment and remanded the case to be heard on the merits:
The instant cause fits squarely within the letter and spirit
of Harris. Here, as there, petitioner did an act, which, if
properly done, postponed the deadline for the filing of his
appeal. Here, as there, the District Court concluded that
the act had been properly done. Here, as there, the
petitioner relied on the statement of the District Court and
filed the appeal within the assumedly new deadline but
beyond the old deadline. And here, as there, the Court of
Appeals concluded that the District Court had erred and
dismissed the appeal.

Id. at 387.

In a recent five to four majority opinion by Justice

Thomas, the United States Supreme Court overruled the use of the

“unique circumstances” doctrine to excuse untimely notices of

appeal in civil cases. See Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 206-

07 (2007). In Bowles, the petitioner’s application for federal

habeas corpus relief was denied, and he failed to file a notice

of appeal within 30 days after the entry of judgment. Id. at

207. The petitioner moved to reopen the filing period under

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure (FRAP) Rule 4(a)(6) (1998)

and 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c) (1991), which allows a trial court to

grant a 14-day extension when certain conditions are met. Id.

The district court granted the motion, but gave the petitioner 17

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days to file a notice of appeal, rather than the maximum 14 days

as prescribed under FRAP Rule 4(a)(6) and 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c).

Id. Petitioner filed his notice of appeal within the 17 days

allowed by the district court, but after the 14-day period had

expired. Id. Respondent thereafter moved to dismiss the appeal

as untimely. Petitioner argued that his untimeliness should be

excused based on his justifiable reliance on the trial court’s

order. The Court of Appeals held that petitioner’s notice of

appeal was untimely and that it lacked jurisdiction to hear the

case. Id. at 207-08.

In affirming the Court of Appeals’ decision, the

majority of the Supreme Court clarified the difference between

time limit rules that are “jurisdictional” and those that are

“claim-processing.” Id. at 210-12. The Supreme Court emphasized

that only Congress may determine a lower federal court’s subject-

matter jurisdiction. Id. at 211. It cited United States v.

Curry, 47 U.S. 106, 113 (1848), for the proposition that when

appeals are not “prosecuted in the manner directed, within the

time limited by the acts of Congress, it must be dismissed for

want of jurisdiction.” Bowles, 551 U.S. at 210. As such, the

Court stated that the rules regarding time constraints that are

derived from statutes specifically limiting a court’s

jurisdiction are considered “jurisdictional.” Id. at 210-13.

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“Claim-processing” rules related to time restrictions, on the

other hand, are “court-promulgated” and adopted by the Court for

the orderly transaction of business. Id. at 211. Such rules are

not derived from statutory time constraints specifically limiting

jurisdiction, and can be relaxed at the Court’s discretion. Id.

at 211-13.

The time constraints in FRAP Rule 4(a)(6) were declared

“jurisdictional” because they are set forth by statute in 28

U.S.C. § 2107(c), which limits the amount of time federal

district courts can extend the notice of appeal period. See id.

at 213. At the time of the petitioner’s appeal, FRAP Rule

4(a)(6) read:
(6) Reopening the Time to File an Appeal. The district court
may reopen the time to file an appeal for a period of 14
days after the date when its order to reopen is entered, but
only if all the following conditions are satisfied:

(A) the motion is filed within 180 days after
the judgment or order is entered or within 7
days after the moving party receives notice of
the entry, whichever is earlier;

(B) the court finds that the moving party was
entitled to notice of the entry of the judgment
or order sought to be appealed but did not
receive the notice from the district court or
any party within 21 days after entry; and

(C) the court finds that no party would be
prejudiced.

FRAP Rule 4(a)(6) (1998). Similarly, at the relevant time

period, 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c) read:
(c) the district court may, upon motion filed not later than
30 days after the expiration of the time otherwise set for

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bringing appeal, extend the time for appeal upon a showing of excusable
neglect or good cause. In addition, if the district court finds--

(1) that a party entitled to notice of the entry
of a judgment or order did not receive such
notice from the clerk or any party within 21
days of its entry, and

(2) that no party would be prejudiced

the district court may, upon motion filed within 180 days
after entry of judgment or order or within 7 days after
receipt of such notice, whichever is earlier, reopen the
time for appeal for a period of 14 days from the date of
entry of the order reopening the time for appeal.

28 U.S.C. § 2107(c) (1991). Critical to the Supreme Court’s

analysis was the fact that the time constraints set forth in FRAP

rule 4(a)(6) emanated from 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c). Ultimately, the

Supreme Court ruled that the time limits in FRAP Rule 4(a)(6) are

“jurisdictional” because it “carries § 2107 into practice.”

Bowles, 551 U.S. at 208. The Supreme Court majority also

reiterated that it has “long and repeatedly held that the time

limits for filing a notice of appeal are jurisdictional in

nature.” Id. at 206-07. Even under “unique circumstances,” the

majority held, it is without authority to create equitable

exceptions to jurisdictional requirements. Id. The use of the

“unique circumstances” doctrine was rendered “illegitimate.” Id.

In dissent, Justice Souter, joined by Justices Stevens,

Ginsburg, and Breyer, denounced the unfair result of precluding

the appeal when petitioner’s appeal was filed within the time

allowed by the district judge: “It is intolerable for the

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judicial system to treat people this way, and there is not even a

technical justification for this bait and switch.” Id. at 215

(Souter, J., dissenting). The dissent distinguished the

majority’s holding from the Court’s “steady stream” of recent

unanimous decisions that have retreated from the characterization

of certain filing deadlines as “jurisdictional.” Id. at 219-20;

see also Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 510 (2006) (stating

that “time prescriptions, however emphatic, are not properly

typed ‘jurisdictional[.]’”); see also Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S.

443, 445 (2004) (noting that the use of a “jurisdictional” label

for “claim processing” rules is inappropriate, and that courts

should use the former term to describe the classes of cases

(subject-matter jurisdiction) and the persons (personal

jurisdiction) falling within the court’s adjudicative capacity);

see also Eberhart v. United States, 546 U.S. 12 (2005)

(discussing the basic error of confusing mandatory time limits

with jurisdictional limitations). Under that trend, the dissent

argued, the time limit at issue should not be viewed as

jurisdictional, and the case was entitled to remand for

consideration on the merits. Bowles, 551 U.S. at 218-19, 223.

The dissent would have recognized the “unique circumstances”

doctrine “as it certainly seems reasonable to rely on an order

from a federal judge.” Id. at 220, 223.

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Like Harris and Thompson, this case involves the

reliance on a trial court’s order that: (1) was issued prior to

the expiration of an original deadline; (2) extended the time to

file a notice of appeal; and (3) was later deemed invalid.

Accordingly, we apply the equitable “unique circumstances”

doctrine in the circumstances presented here.

We have not previously encountered a situation similar

to the facts of the present case. Enos v. Pac. Transfer &

Warehouse, Inc., 80 Hawai#i 345, 910 P.2d 116 (1996), although

cited in the ICA’s Opinion for the proposition that Petitioners

were not entitled to an extension of time, is distinguishable.

There, the appellant filed a motion for an extension of time

after the original deadline had expired. Id. at 348, 910 P.2d at

118-19. Consequently, unlike the facts in this case, the

appellant could not have relied upon the trial court’s extension

order in failing to meet the original deadline to appeal.

Rather, the facts of this case are identical to Harris and

Thompson, in that Petitioners’ request for an extension of time

was filed prior to the expiration of the original deadline. Had

the circuit court denied the Stipulation seeking to obtain the

extended July 23, 2007 deadline, Petitioners could have, and

presumably would have, filed their notice of appeal within the

original July 9, 2007 deadline. See Cabral, 2011 WL 3250567, at

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*7 (Nakamura, J., dissenting). In addition, there is no

indication that the State was prejudiced, especially in light of

the fact that they stipulated to the extended deadline. To

punish Petitioners for their reliance on the circuit court’s

order, which, unbeknownst to them would later be deemed invalid,

is unjust: “We require and permit parties to comply with court

orders. We should permit them to rely on court orders in

determining whether the time for filing a notice of appeal has

expired.” Id. at *6.

2. Our application of the “unique circumstances” doctrine
can be reconciled with the view that a timely notice of
appeal is a jurisdictional requirement

As previously discussed, the relevant time constraint

in Bowles was statutorily, rather than judicially, created. This

was critical to the Supreme Court’s majority determination that

the time limit to file a notice of appeal was “jurisdictional.”

The dismissal of petitioner’s appeal was affirmed because the

Court had no authority to create equitable exceptions to

jurisdictional limitations set forth in the statute. Bowles, 551

U.S. at 214. Had the rule setting forth the time limit been

adopted “for the orderly transaction of its business[,]” it would

have been considered a “claim-processing” rule, capable of being

relaxed in the Court’s discretion.

In Bowles, FRAP Rule 4(a)(6) was deemed purely

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“jurisdictional” because it carried the requirements of 28 U.S.C.

§ 2107(c) into practice. Id. Similarly, although the time

constraints in HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A) are set forth by court rule

rather than a statute, the authority to set such constraints is

derived from HRS § 641-1(c), which states that “[a]n appeal shall

be taken in the manner and within the time provided by the rules

of court.” HRS § 641-1(c) (1993). Moreover, HRAP Rule 26(b)

provides, in relevant part, that “no court or judge or justice is

authorized to change the jurisdictional requirements contained in

[HRAP] Rule 4.” HRAP Rule 26(b) (2000). Thus, while we do not

dispute that the time constraints in HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A) are

jurisdictional,10 we consider its requirement that a request for

an extension of time be made by motion and for good cause, an

aspect of “claim-processing.”

At least one other jurisdiction has similarly

reconciled the “unique circumstances” doctrine with the view that

a timely notice of appeal is a jurisdictional requirement. In In

re C.A.B.L. et. al., 221 P.3d 433 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009), the

Colorado appellate court applied the “unique circumstances”

doctrine to excuse an untimely notice of appeal. Id. at 440.

10
Indeed, we have long regarded an untimely notice of appeal as “a
jurisdictional defect that can neither be waived by the parties nor
disregarded by the court in the exercise of judicial discretion.” Bacon v.
Karlin, 68 Haw. 648, 650, 727 P.2d 1127, 1129 (1986) (quoting Naki v. Hawaiian
Elec. Co., 50 Haw. 85, 86, 431 P.2d 943, 944 (1967)) (brackets omitted).

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There, a minor child’s grandmother filed a petition for kinship

adoption, and the child’s mother (Mother) was divested of her

parental rights. Id. at 436. Under the applicable state laws,

Mother’s appeal should have been made directly to the Colorado

court of appeals. Id. at 437. Nevertheless, the magistrate who

initially terminated Mother’s parental rights twice erroneously

advised her to seek review in the district court. Id. at 440.

Relying on the magistrate’s advice, Mother filed her petition for

review with the district court, which ultimately determined that

it did not have jurisdiction to hear her appeal. Id.

The Colorado court of appeals, although recognizing

that “[t]he timely filing of a notice of appeal is a

jurisdictional prerequisite to appellate review[,]” noted that in

“limited circumstances[,]” it is authorized to “grant relief from

the operation of mandatory language in applicable rules of

procedure when the failure to comply resulted from the party’s

reliance on an erroneous district court ruling.” Id. at 439

(emphasis added). The court invoked the “unique circumstances”

doctrine and excused Mother’s untimely notice of appeal, despite

its acknowledgment that the continuing validity of the doctrine

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has been called into question.11 Id. at n.1.

Petitioners in this case were similarly following the

circuit court’s order granting them an extended deadline to file

their notice of appeal. We acknowledge that Petitioners were not

in compliance with HRAP Rule 4(a)(4)(A) when they filed the

Stipulation, rather than a motion, and neglected to show “good

cause” for an extended deadline to file their notice of appeal.

Nevertheless, we reiterate the distinction between the time

limits for requesting an extension of time under HRAP Rule 4,

versus its procedure, the latter of which is not derived from

statutory time constraints specifically limiting jurisdiction,

and can be relaxed at the Court’s discretion. See Bowles, 551

U.S. at 211-13.

Petitioners relied, to their detriment, on the order

granting an extended July 23, 2007 deadline, and reasonably

believed that the original July 9, 2007 deadline was no longer

effective. In light of the circuit court’s order, it is not

surprising that Petitioners filed their notice of appeal after

the expiration of the original deadline, but within the

presumptively valid extended deadline. The State, having

stipulated to the extended July 23, 2007 deadline, and not

11
The appellate court noted that the “unique circumstances” doctrine
was created by the Colorado Supreme Court in 1981, In re C.A.B.L., 221 P.3d at
439, and that it has not since been abandoned. Id. at n.1.

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challenging appellate jurisdiction until the issue was raised by

the ICA, has not been prejudiced. Under the specific, unique

factual circumstances of this case, we hold that application of

the equitable doctrine of “unique circumstances” is in the

interests of justice and appropriate. Having so decided, we need

not reach the issue of whether the Ex-Parte Motion was properly

granted.

IV. CONCLUSION

We vacate the ICA’s dismissal, and remand the case for

consideration on the merits.

Joy A. San Buenaventura /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
and Peter Van Name Esser
for petitioners/plaintiffs- /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
appellants
/s/ Simeon R. Acoba, Jr.
Donna H. Kalama,
Deputy Attorney General, /s/ James E. Duffy, Jr.
for respondent/defendant/
cross-claim plaintiff/ /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
cross-claim defendant/
appellee

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