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Electronically Filed
Supreme Court
SCWC-30438
12-APR-2012
08:40 AM
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I
---o0o---
NO. SCWC-10-0000072
(ICA No. CAAP-10-0000072, 1DTA-10-01055)
STATE OF HAWAI#I, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
KEVIN K. NESMITH, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant.
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NO. SCWC-30438
(ICA No. 30438, 1DTA-09-04944)
STATE OF HAWAI#I, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
CHRIS F. YAMAMOTO, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant.
CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
April 12, 2012
RECKTENWALD, C.J.,NAKAYAMA, DUFFY, AND MCKENNA, JJ.;
WITH ACOBA, J., CONCURRING AND DISSENTING
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OPINION OF THE COURT BY MCKENNA, J.
In these cases consolidated for disposition, we (1) hold
that pursuant to State v. Wheeler, 121 Hawai#i 383, 219 P.3d 1170
(2009), a charge of operating a vehicle under the influence of an
intoxicant (“OVUII”) under Hawai#i Revised Statutes (“HRS”) §
291E-61(a)(1)(2007)1 must allege the requisite mens rea2 in order
to fully define the offense in unmistakable terms readily
comprehensible to persons of common understanding; (2) on the
other hand, reaffirm that an OVUII charge under HRS § 291E-
61(a)(3)(2007)3 is an absolute liability offense for which mens
rea need not be alleged or proven. We also (3) hold that the ICA
erred by relying on general intent cases to hold that mens rea
may be inferred from the allegations in an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1)
OVUII charge because under State v. Kalama, 94 Hawai#i 60, 65, 8
1
HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) states, as it did at the time of the alleged offenses:
A person commits the offense of operating a vehicle under
the influence of an intoxicant if the person operates or
assumes actual physical control of a vehicle . . . [w]hile
under the influence of alcohol in an amount sufficient to
impair the person’s normal mental faculties or ability to
care for the person and guard against casualty[.]
2
“Mens rea” is defined as follows: “As an element of criminal
responsibility: a guilty mind; a guilty or wrongful purpose; a criminal
intent. Guilty knowledge and wilfulness.” Black’s Law Dictionary 985 (6th
ed. 1990).
3
HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) states, as it did at the time of the alleged offenses,
“A person commits the offense of operating a vehicle under the influence of an
intoxicant if the person operates or assumes actual physical control of a
vehicle . . . [w]ith .08 or more grams of alcohol per two hundred ten liters
of breath[.]”
2
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P.3d 1224, 1229 (2000), the distinction between general and
specific intent has been abandoned; and (4) that in Nesmith, the
ICA erred by extending HRS § 806-28 (1993)4 to the district
courts, as the plain language of HRS § 806-2 (1993) limits the
application of the criminal procedure provisions of Chapter 806
to the circuit courts. See State v. Nesmith, 125 Hawai#i 232,
237 n.9, 257 P.3d 245, 250 n.9 (App. 2011).
I. Background
Kevin K. Nesmith (“Nesmith”) and Chris F. Yamamoto
(“Yamamoto”) were each charged by Complaint with OVUII, in
violation of HRS §§ 291E-61(a)(1) and/or (a)(3).5 Nesmith’s
charge read:
4
HRS § 806-28 states, as it did at the time of the alleged offenses:
The indictment need not allege that the offense was
committed or the act done “feloniously”, “unlawfully”,
“wilfully”, “knowingly”, “maliciously”, “with force and
arms”, or otherwise except where such characterization is
used in the statutory definition of the offense. Where the
characterization is so used the indictment may employ the
words of the statute or other words substantially of the
same import. In alleging the transaction the indictment may
use the nounal, adjectival, verbal, or adverbial form of the
statutory name of the offense.
5
Conviction for the single offense of OVUII under HRS § 291E-61 can be based
on either (or both) of HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) and/or (a)(3). See State v.
Grindles, 70 Haw. 528, 530-31, 777 P.2d 1187, 1189-90 (1989) (stating HRS §
291-4 [the predecessor statute to HRS § 291E-61] “sets forth one offense with
alternative methods of proof”: proof of driving while under the influence or
proof of blood alcohol content exceeding 0.10); see also State v. Caleb, 79
Hawai#i 336, 339, 902 P.2d 971, 974 (1995)(“Either method may be applied in
the alternative to warrant a conviction.”); State v. Mezurashi, 77 Hawai#i 94,
98, 881 P.2d 1240, 1244 (1994) (“HRS § 291-4(a) [the predecessor statute to
HRS § 291E-61(a)] provides two separate ways to prove a single offense of DUI,
both of which may rely on an intoxilyzer test result as evidence.”).
3
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On or about the 7th day of January, 2010, in the City and
County of Honolulu, State of Hawaii, KEVIN K. NESMITH did
operate or assume actual physical control of a vehicle upon
a public way, street, road, or highway while under the
influence of alcohol in an amount sufficient to impair his
normal mental faculties or ability to care for himself and
guard against casualty; and/or did operate or assume actual
physical control of a vehicle upon a public way, street,
road, or highway with .08 or more grams of alcohol per two
hundred ten liters of breath, thereby committing the offense
of Operating a Vehicle Under the Influence of an Intoxicant,
in violation of Section 291E-61(a)(1) and/or (a)(3) of the
Hawaii Revised Statutes. KEVIN K. NESMITH is subject to
sentencing as a first offender in accordance with Section
291E-61(b)(1) of the Hawaii Revised Statutes.
Yamamoto’s charge read:
On or about the 28th day of October, 2009, in the City and
County of Honolulu, State of Hawaii, CHRIS F. YAMAMOTO did
operate or assume actual physical control of a vehicle upon
a public way, street, road, or highway while under the
influence of alcohol in an amount sufficient to impair his
normal mental faculties or ability to care for himself and
guard against casualty; and/or did operate or assume actual
physical control of a vehicle upon a public way, street,
road, or highway with .08 or more grams of alcohol per two
hundred ten liters of breath, thereby committing the offense
of Operating a Vehicle Under the Influence of an Intoxicant,
in violation of Section 291E-61(a)(1) and/or (a)(3) of the
Hawaii Revised Statutes. CHRIS F. YAMAMOTO is subject to
sentencing as a first offender in accordance with Section
291E-61(b)(1) of the Hawaii Revised Statutes, and/or CHRIS
F. YAMAMOTO is subject to sentencing in accordance with
Section 291E-61(b)(2) of the Hawaii Revised Statutes, where
CHRIS F. YAMAMOTO committed the instant offense as a highly
intoxicated driver, as a first offense. ‘Highly intoxicated
driver’ means a person whose measurable amount of alcohol is
0.15 or more grams of alcohol per one hundred milliliters or
cubic centimeters of the person’s blood, or 0.15 or more
grams of alcohol per two hundred ten liters of the person’s
breath.
In each case, defense counsel moved to dismiss the Complaint
based on the argument that the State failed to allege an
essential fact, namely the “mens rea” requirements of HRS §§
291E-61(a)(1) and (a)(3). The trial court denied the motions to
dismiss, and the parties proceeded to stipulated fact trials.
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The trial court found Nesmith and Yamamoto guilty as charged.
Specifically, Nesmith was adjudged guilty of violating “HRS [§]
291E-61(a)(1),(3),(b)(1),” and Yamamoto was adjudged guilty of
violating HRS § 291E-61(a)(1)(3)(b)(1)(2).” Both timely
appealed.
Before the ICA, Nesmith and Yamamoto each challenged (1) the
trial court’s denial of their motions to dismiss and (2) their
convictions, on the basis that the Complaints were legally
deficient for having failed to allege mens rea. The ICA affirmed
the judgments of the trial court in a published opinion in the
Nesmith case and a summary disposition order in the Yamamoto
case, holding that mens rea need not be alleged in a Complaint
charging HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) and/or (a)(3). See Nesmith, 125
Hawai#i 232, 257 P.3d 245; and State v. Yamamoto, No. 30438 (App.
June 6, 2011) (SDO).
First, in both Nesmith and Yamamoto, the ICA held that mens
rea is not an element of the offense of OVUII under HRS § 291E-
61(a)(3), which is an absolute liability offense. Nesmith, 125
Hawai#i at 236, 257 P.3d at 249; Yamamoto, SDO at 6. Second, in
Yamamoto, the ICA held that mens rea can be inferred from the
allegations in the charge of OVUII under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1),
which the ICA characterized as a general intent crime. Yamamoto,
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SDO at 9. In Nesmith, the ICA did not expressly characterize HRS
§ 291E-61(a)(1) as a general intent crime; rather, it relied on
general intent cases to hold that mens rea can be inferred from
the allegations in the charge of OVUII under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1).
Nesmith, 125 Hawai#i at 237-39, 257 P.3d at 250-52. Finally, in
Nesmith, the ICA expressly extended HRS § 806-28 to the district
courts. Nesmith, 125 Hawai#i at 237, n.9, 257 P.3d at 250, n.9.
The Yamamoto panel, on the other hand, expressly observed that
HRS § 806-28 does not apply to the district courts. Yamamoto,
SDO at 8. Both Nesmith and Yamamoto timely filed applications
for writ of certiorari, which we granted and hereby consolidate
for disposition.
On certiorari, both applications contain the following first
five questions presented:
1. Was the OVUII charge herein legally sufficient[?]
2. Did the OVUII charge herein “fully define” the offense
in “unmistakable terms readily comprehensible to
persons of common understanding[?]” See State v.
Wheeler[,] 121 Hawai#i 383, 219 P.3d 1170 (2009)[.]
3. What are the “essential facts” that must be included
in an OVUII charge?
4. What mens rea, if any, is the State required to prove
in an OVUII case?
5. What mens rea, if any, is the State required to plead
in an OVUII complaint?
Each’s sixth question presented can be summarized as follows:
Did the ICA gravely err in concluding (1) that OVUII based on
blood alcohol content and charged under HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) is an
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absolute liability offense; and (2) that the mental state for
OVUII under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) can be inferred without
specification in the charge?
Although we agree that HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) is an absolute
liability offense for which mens rea need not be alleged or
proven, we hold that the ICA erred in its holdings regarding HRS
§ 291E-61(a)(1) in three ways. First, we hold that the HRS §
291E-61(a)(1) charges as written (omitting mens rea) failed to
fully define the HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) offense in unmistakable
terms readily comprehensible to persons of common understanding.
Second, this holding rejects the ICA’s characterization of HRS §
291E-61(a)(1) as a general intent offense for which mens rea may
be inferred from the allegations in the charge. Under Kalama, 94
Hawai#i 60, 8 P.3d 1224, the distinction between general and
specific intent has been abandoned. Third, we hold that the
Nesmith majority erred by extending HRS § 806-28 to the district
courts, as the plain language of HRS § 806-2 limits the
application of the criminal procedure provisions of Chapter 806
to the circuit courts.
II. Discussion
A criminal charge serves multiple purposes. To initiate the
criminal process, a charge must sufficiently state an offense to
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establish the court’s jurisdiction over a case. State v.
Cummings, 101 Hawai#i 139, 142, 63 P.3d 1109, 1112 (2003). The
sufficiency of a charge also implicates an accused’s rights under
the Hawai#i Constitution, article I, sections 5, 10 and 14.
First, under article I, section 5, “No person shall be deprived
of life, liberty or property without due process of law[.]”
Second, under article I, section 14, an accused is entitled to
adequate notice of the charges against him or her: “In all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to
be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation[.]” Third,
under article I, section 10, an indictment must be sufficiently
specific to protect a person from being charged twice for the
same offense: “[N]or shall any person be subject for the same
offense to be twice put in jeopardy[.]”
As to the content and form of the charge, the State is
required to charge OVUII offenses in writing. See Hawai#i Rules
of Penal Procedure (“HRPP”) Rule 7(a)(2009). “The charge shall
be a plain, concise and definite statement of the essential facts
constituting the offense charged.” HRPP Rule 7(d)(2009). “[A]
charge defective in this regard amounts to a failure to state an
offense, and a conviction based upon it cannot be sustained, for
that would constitute a denial of due process.” State v. Mita,
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124 Hawai#i 385, 390, 245 P.3d 458, 463 (2010)(citations
omitted).
In general, “[w]here the statute sets forth with reasonable
clarity all essential elements of the crime intended to be
punished, and fully defines the offense in unmistakable
terms readily comprehensible to persons of common
understanding, a charge drawn in the language of the statute
is sufficient.”
Wheeler, 121 Hawai#i at 393, 219 P.3d at 1180 (citations
omitted).
In some cases, however, a charge tracking the language of
the statute defining the offense nevertheless violates an
accused’s due process rights.
This is so because although “some statutes in our criminal
laws so clearly and specifically define[] the offense that
nothing more is required in [a charge] than the adoption of
language of the statute, other statutes fail to sufficiently
describe the crime and [a charge] couched merely in the
language of such a statute would violate due process.”
State v. Israel, 78 Hawai#i 66, 73, 890 P.2d 303, 310
(1995)(quoting Territory v. Yoshimura, 35 Haw. 324, 328 (1940)).
Nesmith and Yamamoto allege that their OVUII charges were
deficient for failing to allege mens rea. We agree as to the HRS
§ 291E-61(a)(1) charge, but disagree as to the HRS § 291E-
61(a)(3) charge. First, an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) charge omitting
mens rea does not fully define the offense in unmistakable terms
readily comprehensible to persons of common understanding. As
such, Nesmith’s and Yamamoto’s HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) charges
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violated their right to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation. Second, the omission of mens rea in an HRS §
291E-61(a)(3) charge comports with the legislature’s intent to
make that type of OVUII offense a strict liability offense. As
such, those charges were sufficient.
A. An “intentional, knowing, or reckless” mens rea must
be included in a Complaint alleging violation of HRS §
291E-61(a)(1).
HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) states:
Operating a vehicle under the influence of an
intoxicant. (a) A person commits the offense of operating
a vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant if the person
operates or assumes actual physical control of a vehicle:
(1) While under the influence of alcohol in an amount
sufficient to impair the person's normal mental faculties or
ability to care for the person and guard against casualty[.]
In order to convict a person of any criminal offense, the burden
is on the prosecution to prove the following, beyond a reasonable
doubt:
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt. (1) Except as otherwise
provided in section 701-115, no person may be convicted of
an offense unless the following are proved beyond a
reasonable doubt:
(a) Each element of the offense;
(b) The state of mind required to establish each element of
the offense;
(c) Facts establishing jurisdiction;
(d) Facts establishing venue; and
(e) Facts establishing that the offense was committed
within the time period specified in section 701-108.
(2) In the absence of the proof required by subsection (1),
the innocence of the defendant is presumed.
HRS § 701-114 (1993). The “elements of an offense” are further
defined by statute as “such (1) conduct, (2) attendant
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circumstances, and (3) results of conduct, as: (a) Are specified
by the definition of the offense, and (b) Negative a defense
(other than a defense based on the statute of limitations, lack
of venue, or lack of jurisdiction).” HRS § 702-205 (1993).
There is no state of mind specified within HRS § 291E-
61(a)(1) itself. As such, HRS § 702-204 applies. It states, in
relevant part, “When the state of mind required to establish an
element of an offense is not specified by the law, that element
is established if, with respect thereto, a person acts
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.” Further, “a state of
mind with which the defendant acts applies to all elements of the
offense, unless otherwise specified in the statute defining the
offense.” State v. Vliet, 95 Hawai#i 94, 99, 19 P.3d 42, 47
(2001)(citations omitted); see also HRS § 702-206 (1993). Thus,
in order to convict a person of violating HRS § 291E-61(a)(1),
the State must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, (1) conduct, (2)
attendant circumstances, and the (3) results of conduct, and an
intentional, knowing, or reckless state of mind as to each of
these three elements (and prove the rest of the items listed in
HRS § 701-114).
Nesmith and Yamamoto’s overarching argument is that if mens
rea need be proven beyond a reasonable doubt to convict a person
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of an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) offense, then mens rea is an essential
fact under HRPP Rule 7(d) that must be alleged in the charge, in
unmistakable and readily comprehensible terms to persons of
common understanding, in order to provide the defendant fair
notice. In other words, the argument is that the “essential
facts” requirement is broader than the “essential elements”
required to be charged. No direct authority is cited for this
proposition. In any event, we do not decide this case on the
basis that HRPP Rule 7(d) requires the allegation of mens rea as
an essential fact. Rather, under Wheeler, 121 Hawai#i 383, 219
P.3d 1170, we decide this case on the more fundamental question
of whether the HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) charges provided fair notice
to Nesmith and Yamamoto of the nature and cause of the
accusation.
In Wheeler, a defendant was charged with OVUII in violation
of HRS § 291E-61(a)(1). 121 Hawai#i at 385, 219 P.3d at 1172.
Defense counsel argued that the charge was insufficient because
it did not allege an essential element: that the defendant had
operated a vehicle on “a public way, street, road, or highway.”
121 Hawai#i at 386, 219 P.3d at 1173. This court agreed. 121
Hawai#i at 391, 219 P.3d at 1178.
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At that time, as it does now, in order to commit the offense
of OVUII under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1), a person must have operated
or assumed actual physical control of a vehicle under the
influence of alcohol in an amount sufficient to impair the
person’s normal mental faculties or ability to care for the
person and guard against casualty. Id. Although HRS § 291E-
61(a)(1) itself did not define “operate,” HRS § 291E-1 did, as
follows: “to drive or assume actual physical control of a
vehicle upon a public way, street, road, or highway[.]” Id.
(emphasis omitted).
This court held, “Although the oral charge here tracked the
language of HRS § 291E-61, the failure of the charge to allege
that Wheeler was driving his vehicle upon a public way, street,
road, or highway at the time of the offense rendered the charge
deficient.” 121 Hawai#i at 393, 219 P.3d at 1180. This was
because the term “‘operate’ has been statutorily defined in HRS §
291E-61 in a manner that does not comport with its commonly
understood definition.” 121 Hawai#i at 394, 219 P.3d at 1181.
Compared to the dictionary meaning of “operate,” the definition
of “operate” in HRS § 291E-1 contained a “geographical limit”
that is “neither ‘unmistakable’ nor ‘readily comprehensible to
persons of common understanding.’” Id. Such a deficient charge
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would not provide fair notice. 121 Hawai#i at 395, 219 P.3d at
1182. Thus, this court affirmed the ICA’s judgment, which
vacated and remanded the case to the district court with
instructions to dismiss the charge without prejudice. 121
Hawai#i at 386, 219 P.3d at 1173.
Similarly, in this case, at oral argument, the State argued
that any person on the street would know a charge of “operating a
vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant” to mean drunk
driving. However, that common understanding is not reflected in
the statutory framework creating the offense of OVUII under HRS §
291E-61(a)(1), under which it is a crime only if one
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly (not negligently)
“operates or assumes actual physical control of a vehicle . . .
[w]hile under the influence of alcohol in an amount sufficient to
impair the person’s normal mental faculties or ability to care
for the person and guard against casualty.” As in Wheeler, the
OVUII offense in this case is statutorily defined as narrower
than what is commonly understood to constitute “drunk driving.”
In that sense, a charge alleging a violation of HRS § 291E-
61(a)(1) that omits the statutorily incorporated culpable states
of mind from HRS § 702-204 is not readily comprehensible to
persons of common understanding. As such, a charge omitting the
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allegation of mens rea is deficient for failing to provide fair
notice to the accused.
We are cognizant that our case law, statutes, and court
rules have complicated the issue of just what must be included in
a charge. On one hand, the State argues that the charge need
only contain the “essential elements” of an offense, and the
“elements of an offense” are defined under HRS § 702-205 as “such
(1) conduct, (2) attendant circumstances, and (3) results of
conduct, as: (a) Are specified by the definition of the offense,
and (b) Negative a defense (other than a defense based on the
statute of limitations, lack of venue, or lack of jurisdiction).”
Missing from the recitation of “elements of an offense” is mens
rea, which the State acknowledges applies to each element of the
offense, pursuant to HRS § 702-206, and must be proven in order
to convict a person of violating HRS § 291E-61(a)(1). On the
other hand, Petitioners argue that the charge must contain “a
plain, concise and definite statement of the essential facts
constituting the offense charged,” pursuant to HRPP Rule 7(d),
which must include mens rea, because the State must prove that
fact beyond a reasonable doubt to convict a person of the offense
of HRS § 291E-61(a)(1).
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Complicating the issue further is our case precedent holding
that the omission of mens rea in a charge rendered the charge
deficient. We note that even after the adoption of the Hawai#i
Penal Code and HRS § 702-205, we struck down charges for failing
to include mens rea, characterizing mens rea as an “element” of
the offense. See State v. Jendrusch, 58 Haw. 279, 282, 567 P.2d
1242, 1244 (1977)(“The failure of the complaint to set forth this
essential element [of intent] as defined by the statute or to
describe it with sufficient specificity so as to establish penal
liability rendered it fatally defective.”); State v. Faulkner, 61
Haw. 177, 178, 599 P.2d 285, 286 (1979)(“Intent is an essential
element of the crime of criminal attempt. . . No allegation of
intent was made.”); State v. Yonaha, 68 Haw. 586, 586, 723 P.2d
185, 185-86 (1986)(“[The charge] omitted the element of intent
which is expressly included in the statute.”). These cases are
in tension with the statutory definition of “elements of an
offense” in HRS § 702-205, which does not include mens rea.
Given our statutory framework, it seems clear that mens rea
is not an “element of an offense” under HRS § 702-205. See also
State v. Klinge, 92 Hawai#i 577, 584, n.3, 994 P.2d 509, 516, n.3
(2000)(“[U]nder [the statute defining the offense], state of mind
is not an ‘element’ of the criminal offense.”) That conclusion
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does not end our inquiry, however. In resolving the issue of
whether mens rea must nonetheless be alleged in an HRS § 291E-
61(a)(1) charge, we note that we have previously held that
failure to allege more than just “essential elements” can be
fatal to a charge. See, e.g., Territory v. Goto, 27 Haw. 65, 102
(1923)(Peters, J., concurring)(“Failure of an indictment to state
facts sufficient to constitute an offense against the law is
jurisdictional. . . .”)(emphasis added); see also State v.
Vanstory, 91 Hawai#i 33, 44, 979 P.2d 1059, 1070 (1999)(“It is
well settled that ‘the material parts which constitute the
offense charged must be stated in the indictment, and they must
be proved in evidence[,]’ by the State beyond a reasonable
doubt.”) (emphasis added; citations omitted)(superseded by
statute on other grounds).
State v. Elliott provides one illustration of how omission
of facts in a charge can render a charge deficient. 77 Hawai#i
309, 884 P.2d 372 (1994). In that case, this court examined the
following charge alleging resisting arrest:
On or about the 28th day of June, 1991 in Kona, County and
State of [Hawaii], Marian Lois Elliot attempted to prevent a
Peace Officer acting under color of his official authority
from effecting an arrest by using or threatening to use
physical force against the peace officer or another thereby
committing the offense of resisting arrest in violation of
Section 710-1026(1)(a) [Hawaii] Revised Statutes as amended.
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77 Hawai#i at 310, 884 P.2d at 373 (emphasis omitted). The
charge stemmed from an incident in which Elliot allegedly
attempted to bite one police officer and successfully bit
another. See id. At the time of the offense, the resisting
arrest statute read:
Resisting arrest. (1) A person commits the offense of
resisting arrest if he intentionally prevents a peace
officer acting under color of his official authority from
effecting an arrest by: (a) Using or threatening to use
physical force against the peace officer or another[.]”
77 Hawai#i at 310 n.2, 884 P.2d at 371 n.2 (emphasis omitted).
In Elliott, the petitioner challenged the sufficiency of
this oral charge for the first time on appeal, so this court
liberally reviewed the oral charge in favor of its validity
pursuant to State v. Motta, 66 Haw. 89, 657 P.2d 1019 (1983). 77
Hawai#i at 311, 884 P.2d at 374. Even under a liberal review, we
held that the charge could not be reasonably construed to state
the offense of resisting arrest. 77 Hawai#i at 313, 884 P.2d at
376. First, the oral charge was deficient because it was unclear
which “peace officer” it referenced. 77 Hawai#i at 312, 884 P.2d
at 375. Second, the charge was also unclear as to whether the
phrase “using or threatening to use physical force” related to
the petitioner’s alleged act of trying to bite one officer or her
alleged act of successfully biting the other officer. Id.
Third, this court held, “the requisite state of mind was omitted
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from the charge and we perceive no way in which we could
reasonably construe it to charge resisting arrest or any included
offense.” 77 Hawai#i at 313, 884 P.2d at 376.
Like Elliott, in this case, the “intentional, knowing, or
reckless” state of mind requirements, though not an “element of
an offense” under HRS § 702-205, needed to be charged in an HRS §
291E-61(a)(1) Complaint to alert the defendants of precisely what
they needed to defend against to avoid a conviction. A charge
omitting the mens rea requirements would not alert the
Petitioners that negligently operating a vehicle under the
influence of an intoxicant in an amount sufficient to impair the
person’s normal mental faculties or ability to care for the
person and guard against casualty, for instance, is not an
offense recognized under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1). In short, mens rea
must be alleged in an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) charge.
Lastly, we take note of two other errors in the ICA’s HRS §
291E-61(a)(1) holding. In affirming Nesmith’s and Yamamoto’s
convictions, the ICA characterized HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) as a
general intent offense (or relied on general intent cases) for
which intent may be inferred from the allegations in the charge;
and (2) the Nesmith majority extended HRS § 806-28 to the
district courts. Yamamoto, SDO at 9; Nesmith, 125 Hawai#i at
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237, n.9, 257 P.3d at 250, n.9. Each of these holdings was
erroneous.
1. The General Intent Holding
The Yamamoto panel held, “[I]n a charge of OVUII under HRS §
291E-61(a)(1), a general intent crime, the state of mind can be
inferred without specification in the charge.” Yamamoto, SDO at
9 (footnoting citations to State v. Kane, 3 Haw. App. 450, 457,
652 P.2d 642, 647-48 (1982); State v. Bull, 61 Haw. 62, 66, 597
P.2d 10, 13 (1979); Territory v. Tacuban, 40 Haw. 208, 212
(1953); and State v. McDowell, 66 Haw. 650, 651, 672 P.2d 554,
555 (1983)).
The distinction between “general intent” and “specific
intent” crimes, however, no longer applies. This court noted in
2000 that, upon the adoption of the Hawai#i Penal Code in 1973,
the only relevant states of mind are intentional, knowing,
reckless, and negligent states of mind.
[A]rguments concerning specific and general intent are no
longer relevant. Hawai#i has adopted the [Model Penal
Code’s] state of mind requirements, which have abandoned the
common law concepts of “specific intent” and “general
intent,” in favor of four defined culpable states of mind. .
. . In that regard, this court, in applying the [Hawai#i
Penal Code], has indicated that a state of mind with which
the defendant acts applies to all elements of the offense,
unless otherwise specified in the statute defining the
offense.
Kalama, 94 Hawai#i at 65, 8 P.3d at 1229 (citations omitted).
See also State v. Pesentheiner, 95 Hawai#i 290, 300, n.10, 22
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P.3d 86, 96, n.10 (Haw. App. 2001) (“By clearly articulating the
mens rea elements utilized by the penal code, HRS § 702-206
extirpates from any analysis of guilt or innocence reference to
general or specific intent.”).
The Nesmith majority, unlike the Yamamoto panel, did not
explicitly use the term “general intent” when it held that an
intentional, knowing, or reckless state of mind can be inferred
from the conduct alleged in an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) charge. 125
Hawai#i at 238, 257 P.3d at 251. However, in reaching this
holding, the Nesmith majority favorably cited Kane, McDowell,
Tacuban, and State v. Torres, 66 Haw. 281, 660 P.2d 522 (1983).
125 Hawai#i at 237-38, 257 P.3d at 250-51.
Kane and McDowell are cases in which our appellate courts
have specifically held that intent can be inferred from the
allegations in the charge for general intent crimes. Kane held,
“With a general intent crime, the statement of the act itself
implies the requisite intent.” 3 Haw. App. at 457-58, 652 P.2d
at 647 (citing Tacuban). McDowell held that possession of a
sawed-off rifle is a general intent crime; further, under HRS §
806-28, a particularized allegation of general intent in the
indictment is not required. 66 Haw. at 651, 672 P.2d at 555
(citing Kane).
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We note, however, that Torres and Tacuban are not explicitly
general intent cases. Torres held, without addressing whether
incest was a general intent crime, “Incest as charged here is an
offense where intent can be inferred because ‘sexual intercourse’
under the circumstances alleged could only be a willful act.” 66
Haw. at 289, 660 P.2d at 527. Similarly, Tacuban held, without
any discussion on general intent, “An essential ingredient of an
offense [in this case, gambling] may be alleged inferentially as
well as directly and when so alleged is sufficient[.]” 40 Haw.
at 212 (citation omitted).
In light of the clear abrogation of the general/specific
intent distinction in Kalama, it was erroneous for the Yamamoto
panel to hold that HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) is a general intent
offense for which mens rea can be inferred from the allegations
in the charge. To the extent the Nesmith majority may have
relied on the distinction between general and specific intent in
reaching its holding, it also erred.
2. The Extension of HRS § 806-28 to the District
Courts
In further support of its holding that intent can be
inferred from the allegations in an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) charge,
the Nesmith majority noted that HRS § 806-286 does not require an
6
See n.4, supra.
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indictment to allege a mental state, if none is specified in the
statute defining the offense. 125 Hawai#i at 237, 257 P.3d at
250. It then footnoted its extension of HRS § 806-28 to district
court proceedings (like OVUII) as follows: “Although HRS § 806-
28 refers to an ‘indictment,’ which is used to charge a felony
offense, we see no logical reason why its provisions would not
also apply to a complaint used to charge a petty misdemeanor
offense.” 125 Hawai#i at 237, n.9, 257 P.3d at 250, n.9. The
Yamamoto panel arrived at a contrary conclusion, to hold, “[T]he
provisions of HRS § 806-28 are not applicable to district court
proceedings[.]” Yamamoto, SDO at 8. Although neither Petitioner
has briefed the HRS § 806-28 issue, and although the State
concluded at oral argument that HRS § 806-28 does not apply to
district court proceedings, we address it in light of the
inconsistency it has created in the ICA’s own decisions.
HRS § 806-2 expressly provides, “Notwithstanding any
provision of this chapter [Chapter 806: Criminal Procedure:
Circuit Courts] that the same applies to courts of record, such
provision shall not, without more, apply to district courts.”
“[T]he starting point for interpreting a statute is the language
of the statute itself.” State v. Moniz, 69 Haw. 370, 374, 742
P.2d 373, 376 (1987)(citation omitted). Here, the plain language
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of HRS § 806-2 counsels against the extension of circuit court
criminal procedure to the district courts “without more.” The
Nesmith majority did not provide a reason to apply HRS § 806-28
to the district courts beyond its observation that there was “no
logical reason” not to.
An extension of circuit court criminal procedure to the
district courts is a result contrary to the intent of the
legislative body that drafted the statute. Legislative history
behind HRS § 806-2’s identically worded predecessor (HRS § 711-2)
reveals that criminal procedure for circuit courts was generally
not intended to apply to the district courts, when district
courts became courts of record in 1972:
Chapter 711, “criminal procedure; circuit courts”, contains
several provisions tying the application thereof to courts
of record. Upon the taking effect of Act 188, Laws 1970,
district courts will be courts of record as provided in
section 604-17. Section 31B presents a proposed new section
711-2 providing that the mere use of the term courts of
record does not itself make a provision contained in chapter
711 applicable to district courts. The title has been
amended to include chapter 711.
H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 333, in 1971 House Journal, at 845.
Consequently, the Nesmith majority erred in extending HRS § 806-
28 to the district courts. We now turn to the issue of whether
mens rea must be alleged in an HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) charge.
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B. An HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) offense is an absolute
liability offense, for which mens rea need not be
alleged in the charge (or proven).
As a preliminary matter, we note that the mens rea
requirements found in the Hawai#i Penal Code are not
automatically applicable to offenses defined by statutes outside
the penal code, like HRS § 291E-61. See HRS § 701-102(3)(1993)
(“The provisions of [the Hawai#i Penal Code] are applicable to
offenses defined by other statutes, unless the [Hawai#i Penal]
Code otherwise provides.”) The Hawai#i Penal Code “otherwise
provides” in HRS § 702-212(2)(1993), which sets forth an
exception to the Code’s mens rea requirement where “a legislative
purpose to impose absolute liability for such offense or with
respect to any element thereof plainly appears.” As further
discussed below, it is well established that a legislative
purpose to make HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) an absolute liability offense
plainly appears. Mens rea need not be alleged or proven to
convict a person under HRS § 291E-61(a)(3).7
Petitioners’ argument that mens rea must be alleged in a
complaint charging OVUII under HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) is
unpersuasive. It is well established that the legislature
7
There is no similar legislative purpose to impose absolute liability for an
HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) offense that plainly appears; therefore, the mens rea
requirements in HRS § 702-204 apply to an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) offense, as
discussed supra.
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plainly intended to make this type of OVUII, based on blood
alcohol content, a “per se” or “absolute liability” offense, for
which no mens rea element need be proven or even alleged. “Since
1983, DUI [Driving under the Influence] has been a per se offense
under Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 291-4(a)(2) (1985) [the
predecessor statute to HRS § 291E-61(a)(3)] requiring the mere
proof of 0.10 percent or more by weight of alcohol in the
driver’s blood.” State v. Christie, 7 Haw. App. 368, 370, 764
P.2d 1245, 1246 (1988). See also Mezurashi, 77 Hawai#i at 96,
881 P.2d at 1242; State v. Young, 8 Haw. App. 145, 153-54, 795
P.2d 285, 291 (1990); State v. Wetzel, 7 Haw. App. 532, 539 n.8,
782 P.2d 891, 895 n.8 (1989).
The “per se” addition to Hawai#i’s drunk driving laws was
prompted after Congress enacted the Alcohol Traffic Safety-
National Driver Register Act (the “Act”), which amended 23 U.S.C.
§ 408 to make available incentive grants to states that “adopt
and implement effective programs to reduce traffic safety
problems resulting from persons driving while under the influence
of alcohol.” Alcohol Traffic Safety- National Driver Register
Act of 1982, Pub. L. No. 97-364, § 101, 96 Stat. 1738, 1738
(1982). The Act provided that a state would be “eligible for a
basic grant if such State provides. . . . (C) that any person
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with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10 percent or greater
when driving a motor vehicle shall be deemed to be driving while
intoxicated[.]” Id. at 1739 (emphasis added).
In 1983, the Hawai#i State Legislature signaled its clear
intent to qualify for these federal funds in amending chapter
291. See S. Conf. Com. Rep. No. 999, in 1983 Senate Journal, at
1478 (“[The Joint Senate Committees on Transportation and the
Judiciary] are aware that certain federal funds are available to
the State, provided that the State’s drunk driving laws conform
to federal standards. Your Committees find that this measure
would enhance qualification for such federal funds.”); see also
H. Stand. Com. Rep. 591, in 1983 House Journal, at 1105
(“Furthermore, your Committee has received testimony from the
Department of Transportation that the state must comply with
certain federal requirements to qualify for federal grants.
These requirements and funding were enacted by Congress in an
effort to provide an incentive for states to reduce alcohol[-
]related traffic accidents.”). The House recorded its
understanding of the amendment to HRS § 291 in language tracking
the federal Act’s goals: “The defendant shall be deemed under
the influence of intoxicating liquor if he has ten-hundredths per
cent or more by weight of alcohol in his blood.” H. Stand. Com.
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Rep. No. 591, in 1983 House Journal, at 1105 (emphasis added).
The legislature then amended chapter 291 to provide: “A person
commits the offense of driving under the influence of
intoxicating liquor if: . . . (2) The person operates or assumes
actual physical control of the operation of any vehicle with 0.10
per cent or more by weight of alcohol in the person’s blood.”
1983 Haw. Sess. Laws Act 117, § 1 at 208.
Subsequent case law supports this interpretation. See
Wetzel, 7 Haw. App. 532, 782 P.2d 891; Mezurashi, 77 Haw. 94, 881
P.2d 1240; Christie, 7 Haw. App. 368, 764 P.2d 1245.
Significantly, in reaffirming that driving under the influence of
alcohol, as measured by blood alcohol content, was a per se
offense, this court discussed the legislative history of Act 117
as follows:
In 1983, the Legislature proposed to “establish more
effective sanctions for driving under the influence of
intoxicating liquor.” Sen. Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 999, in 1983
Senate Journal, at 1477. Specifically, the Legislature
intended that a defendant in any criminal prosecution for
the offense of driving under the influence of intoxicating
liquor, “shall be deemed under the influence of intoxicating
liquor if he has ten-hundredths per cent or more by weight
of alcohol in his blood.” Hse. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 591, in
1983 House Journal, at 1105. Consequently, a vehicle
operator whose blood alcohol level exceeds 0.10 per cent is
in violation of the DUI statute.
We have long held that DUI is a per se offense under HRS §
291-4(a)(2). State v. Mezurashi, 77 Haw. 94, 96, 881 P.2d
1240, 1242 (1994); State v. Christie, 7 Haw. App. 368, 370,
764 P.2d 1245, 1246, aff'd, 70 Haw. 158, 766 P.2d 1198
(1988), reconsideration denied, 70 Haw. 661, 796 P.2d 1004,
cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1067 (1989).
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Caleb, 79 Hawai#i at 339, 902 P.2d at 974 (emphasis added).
In the context of jury instructions, the ICA once again
reaffirmed that the legislative history indicated that driving
under the influence based on blood alcohol content was a per se
offense, with reference to the absolute liability framework set
forth in HRS § 702-212:
Defendant contends that regarding the elements of the
HRS § 291-4(a)(2) offense, the trial court incorrectly
refused to instruct the jury that a “finding of a mens rea
as to the element of operating a vehicle [was required].” We
disagree.
HRS § 702-204 (1985) provides that when a statute is
silent as to the state of mind required to establish an
element of an offense, the element is established by proving
that “a person acts intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly.” However, HRS § 702-212(2) (1985) states that
the state of mind requirements do not apply to:
A crime defined by statute other than [the Hawai#i Penal]
Code, insofar as a legislative purpose to impose absolute
liability for such offense or with respect to any element
thereof plainly appears.
By enacting HRS § 291-4(a)(2), “the legislature
permitted proof of DUI by merely showing that a defendant
drove a vehicle with a BAC of 0.10 percent or more.” State
v. Wetzel, 7 Haw. App. [532, 539], 782 P.2d 891, 895 (1989)
(footnote omitted). Thus, the legislative purpose of HRS §
291-4(a)(2) was "to impose absolute liability for such
offense or with respect to any element thereof," as provided
in HRS § 702-212(2). Accordingly, we stated in State v.
Christie, 7 Haw. App. [368, 370], 764 P.2d 1245, 1246,
aff’d, 70 Haw. 158, 766 P.2d 1198 (1988), cert denied, [490
U.S. 1067], 109 S. Ct. 2068, 104 L. Ed. 2d 633 (1989),
that DUI has been “a per se offense” under HRS § 291-4(a)(2)
since 1983.
The trial court did not err in refusing to instruct
the jury that a finding of mens rea was required under HRS §
291-4(a)(2).
Young, 8 Haw. App. at 153-54, 795 P.2d at 290-91.
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There are no substantial differences between HRS § 291-4 and
HRS § 291E-61 that would limit the current application of this
line of case law. Further, the statutory offense of DUI/OVUII,
from Territorial days to the present, has not changed much. When
the Territory of Hawai#i first established a DUI law in 1949, the
act read:
Sec. 11721. Driving under the influence of intoxicating
liquor. Whoever operates or assumes actual physical control
of the operation of any vehicle while under the influence of
intoxicating liquor shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for not
more than one year, or both.
Sec. 11722. Evidence of intoxication. In any criminal
prosecution for a violation of section 11721, the amount of
alcohol in the defendant’s blood within three hours after
the time of the alleged violation as shown by chemical
analysis of the defendant’s blood, urine, breath or other
bodily substance shall be competent evidence that the
defendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquor at
the time of the alleged violation and shall give rise [to
the presumption of intoxication at the time of the alleged
violation if the defendant’s blood alcohol content was 0.15
per cent or more, by weight of alcohol.]
Laws of the Territory of Hawaii Passed by the Twenty-Fifth
Legislature, Regular Session 1949, Act 283, § 1 at 602.
As explained supra, in 1983, Hawai#i’s DUI law was amended
to state:
A person commits the offense of driving under the influence
of intoxicating liquor if: . . . (2) The person operates or
assumes actual physical control of the operation of any
vehicle with 0.10 per cent or more, by weight of alcohol in
the person’s blood.
1983 Haw. Sess. Laws Act 117, § 1 at 208. Immediately before HRS
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§ 291-4 was recodified as HRS § 291E-61 (in 2000), it read as
follows:
§ 291-4 Driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
(a) A person commits the offense of driving under the
influence of intoxicating liquor if:
. . . .
(2) The person operates or assumes actual physical control
of the operation of any vehicle with .08 or more grams of
alcohol per one hundred milliliters or cubic centimeters of
blood or .08 or more grams of alcohol per two hundred ten
liters of breath.
Except for the consolidation of language concerning driving under
the influence of drugs, the current HRS § 291E-61(a) is nearly
identical to its predecessor:
§291E-61 Operating a vehicle under the influence of an
intoxicant. (a) A person commits the offense of operating a
vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant if the person
operates or assumes actual physical control of a vehicle:
. . . .
(3) With .08 or more grams of alcohol per two hundred ten
liters of breath; or
(4) With .08 or more grams of alcohol per one hundred
milliliters or cubic centimeters of blood.
As such, the line of cases holding HRS § 291-4(a)(2) to be an
absolute liability offense continues to apply with the same force
to the instant appeals. The legislature is presumed to be aware
of judicial constructions of HRS § 291-4(a)(2), and it has had
abundant opportunities to amend the statute if it intended for
HRS § 291-4(a)(2) and its successor, HRS § 291E-61(a)(3), not to
constitute absolute liability offenses. See Territory v. Makaaa,
43 Haw. 237, 240 (1959). In light of the legislature’s inaction,
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we conclude that HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) remains an absolute
liability offense.8
8
We take a moment to respond to some of assertions raised in the
Concurrence/Dissent. First, the Concurrence/Dissent states, “HRS § 291E-
61(a)(1) is not merely a regulatory statute and conviction thereunder can
result ‘in the possibility of imprisonment and condemnation[,]’ to reiterate,
construing it as a strict liability offense under these circumstances is
‘indefensible.’” Concurrence/Dissent, Section VII. The Commentary does
state, “Subsection (2) provides for an extremely limited situation. The Code
takes the general position that absolute or strict liability in the penal law
is indefensible in principle if conviction results in the possibility of
imprisonment and condemnation.” The Commentary continues, however, as
follows:
Therefore, within the immediate context of the Penal Code,
criminal liability must be based on culpability. However, it
is recognized that the scope of the Penal Code is finite. In
other codes or Titles penal statutes exist which prima facie
impose absolute criminal liability. Subsection (2) allows
for the imposition of such criminal liability in the case of
crimes defined by statutes other than the Penal Code -- when
and only when -- “a legislative purpose to impose absolute
liability for such offense or with respect to any element
thereof plainly appears.”
Commentary to HRS § 702-212 (emphasis added; footnotes omitted). HRS § 291E-
61(a)(3) is an offense found outside of the penal code. We believe that a
legislative purpose to impose absolute liability for HRS § 291E-61(a)(3)
plainly appears, when the legislature amended that statute to “deem” operating
a vehicle with a certain blood alcohol content to constitute driving while
under the influence.
Second, the Concurrence/Dissent posits that, in light of the existence
of the defense of pathological intoxication found in HRS § 702-230, “it would
appear inconsistent to treat HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) as a strict liability
offense.” Concurrence/Dissent at Section VI.D. It appears that other
jurisdictions are split on this issue. State v. Gurule, 149 N.M. 599, 604,
252 P.3d 823, 828 (App. 2011)(noting jurisdictional split). Compare, e.g.,
State v. Hammond, 118 N.J. 306, 307, 314, 571 A.2d 942, 946 (1990)(holding
that the involuntary intoxication defense is not available as to the strict
liability offense of driving under the influence); State v. West, 416 A.2d 5,
7, 9 (Me. 1980)(same); People v. Teschner, 76 Ill. App. 3d 124, 126, 394
N.E.2d 893, 895 (1979)(same); with Carter v. State, 710 So.2d 110, 113 (Fla.
App. 1998)(“The fact that involuntary intoxication is available as a defense,
however, is not inconsistent with the fact that a .10 [blood alcohol] reading
means that there is impairment” based on strict liability). As such, it
remains an open question whether HRS § 702-230 is a defense available to a
defendant charged with violating HRS § 291E-61(a)(3). We do not decide the
issue here.
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There is no mens rea requirement in HRS § 291E-61(a)(3). Proof
of mens rea is not necessary to support a conviction under that
statute. An allegation of mens rea is not necessary in the
charge. The ICA did not gravely err in so concluding.
III. Conclusion
We hold that the ICA correctly concluded that HRS § 291E-
61(a)(3) is an absolute liability offense for which no mens rea
need be alleged or proven, but that the ICA erred by (1) holding
that mens rea need not be alleged in an HRS § 291E-61(a)(1)
charge, as without such an allegation, the Complaint fails to
fully define the offense in unmistakable terms readily
comprehensible to persons of common understanding; (2)
characterizing HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) as a general intent offense
(or relying on general intent cases) to hold that mens rea may be
inferred from the allegations in the charge; and (3) by extending
HRS § 806-28 to the district courts.
Consequently, we affirm the ICA’s judgments, which affirmed
the district court’s judgments of conviction and sentence under
HRS § 291E-61. The district court adjudged Nesmith and Yamamoto
guilty of violating both HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) and (a)(3).
Subsections (a)(1) and (a)(3) can each serve as the basis for a
conviction under HRS § 291E-61. See Grindles, 70 Haw. 528, 530-
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31, 777 P.2d 1187, 1189-90; Caleb, 79 Hawai#i 336, 339, 902 P.2d
971, 974; Mezurashi, 77 Hawai#i 94, 98, 881 P.2d 1240, 1244.
Insofar as the (a)(3) charge was sufficient, and insofar as
neither Nesmith nor Yamamoto challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence as to that basis, each’s conviction still stands.
Timothy I. MacMaster for /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
Petitioners/Defendants-
Appellants. /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Keith M. Kaneshiro, /s/ James E. Duffy, Jr.
Delanie Prescott-Tate,
Stephen K. Tsushima, and /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
Sonja P. McCullen for
Respondent/Plaintiff-
Appellee.
34
State v. Yamamoto.
Combined Opinion