P. v. Ahumada CA2/2

Filed 5/28/13 P. v. Ahumada CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE, B240577

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. PA070015)
v.

MARCOS AHUMADA,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Cynthia L. Ulfig, Judge. Affirmed.

Angela Berry-Jacoby for Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr., and
Stephanie A. Miyoshi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

___________________________________________________
 A jury convicted defendant and appellant Marcos Ahumada of criminal threats
(Pen. Code, § 422) (count 1); assault with a firearm (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (b))
(count 2); carjacking (Pen. Code, § 215, subd. (a)) (count 3); evading a peace officer
(Veh. Code, § 2800.2, subd. (a)) (count 4); and vandalism (Pen. Code, § 594, subd. (a))
(count 5). In counts 1 and 2, the jury found that appellant personally used a firearm
within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.5. In count 3, the jury found that
appellant personally used a firearm within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.53,
subdivision (b). In count 4, the jury found that appellant drove with a willful and wanton
disregard for the safety of persons and property. Appellant admitted various prior
conviction allegations. The trial court sentenced appellant to state prison for a total of 44
years eight months.
Appellant appeals on the grounds that: (1) the jury was improperly given a
general intent instruction relating to the evading a peace officer charge; (2) the jury was
improperly given a general intent instruction relating to the criminal threats and
carjacking charges; (3) the trial court should have given a unanimity instruction with
respect to the assault with a firearm charge; (4) the trial court improperly allowed
evidence of appellant’s gang membership, including testimony by a gang expert; and (5)
there was insufficient evidence to support the guilty verdicts on counts 1, 2, and 3.
We affirm.
FACTS
Prosecution Evidence
On February 14, 2011, at about 6:45 in the evening, Rosa Zetino stood talking to
her neighbor, Benny Rodriguez, in the courtyard of the apartment complex where they
lived at 8220 Langdon Avenue in Van Nuys. Appellant entered the courtyard from the
rear, walked up to Zetino, pulled a gun, and pointed it at her face. He said to Zetino
either “I’m going to blast you and your family,” or “I’m going to come back and blast
you and your kids.” Appellant then exited the complex, got into the passenger side of a
white truck, and left the area.

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 Zetino and some neighbors called the police. Zetino was shocked and afraid
because of appellant’s threat. Immediately after the incident, another resident of the
apartment complex approached her and told her that appellant was a gang member who
went by the name of “Bouncer.” Zetino had seen appellant before when he came by to
retrieve his mail, since he used to live in the apartment she now occupied, though it had
been approximately 10 years prior. At the time of trial in January 2012, Zetino was still
afraid as a result of the threats made in February 2011.
At around 6:51 p.m. on February 14, 2011, the same night as the incident
involving Zetino, Loxi Greenfield entered a parking lot of a Baptist school in North Hills,
driving her 2006 GMC Yukon. As soon as she parked and opened the door of her
vehicle, appellant appeared and pointed a gun at her face. He said, “Bitch, get out of the
fucking car. I’m going to fucking kill you.” Greenfield nervously fumbled some papers
in her hand and appellant repeated his command. Greenfield then put down her papers,
got out of her vehicle, and walked a short distance away. Appellant entered the vehicle
but was unable to find the key. He walked back toward Greenfield, and pointing the gun
at her, said “Bitch, where are the fucking keys?” and “I’m going to fucking kill you.”
Greenfield told him that the keys were in the console. Appellant got back in the vehicle,
drove over the curb, and left. Greenfield left her purse, containing approximately $180 in
cash, in the vehicle. The police were called on Greenfield’s behalf.
Los Angeles Police Officer Jorge Esquivel and his partner, Officer Green, were in
an unmarked police car about 7:30 that evening when they received information that a
carjacking occurred, and that the vehicle was located at a gas station at the corner of
Sepulveda and Roscoe Boulevards. Officer Esquivel drove to the gas station, parked the
police car near a gas pump, and walked to a pay phone. He saw the GMC Yukon parked
near a cinder block wall about 20 feet from the gas pumps. He then noticed appellant
standing across the street near some garbage cans, looking around. Eventually, appellant
darted across the street and walked into the gas station, where he had a brief conversation
with the clerk. Appellant asked the clerk if there were any police around, and the clerk
responded that he did not see any.

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 Appellant then got into the GMC Yukon and drove out of the gas station parking
lot. Officer Esquivel returned to his vehicle and began to follow appellant, while
broadcasting details of the pursuit to awaiting officers.
Officer Peter Doomanis joined the pursuit in a marked patrol car. As appellant
drove by his car, appellant looked directly at him. Officer Doomanis turned on his lights
and sirens, and appellant immediately accelerated to 60 to 80 miles per hour while
driving through a dense residential area. Appellant passed cars on the wrong side of the
street and blew through a stop sign and a stop light, barely missing pedestrians, including
a man in a wheelchair. Officer Doomanis had to slow down at an intersection and lost
sight of appellant.
Officer Dennis Padgett apprehended appellant after he crashed the Yukon and
took off on foot. Appellant was handcuffed and placed alone into the backseat of the
police car. About five minutes later, Officer Padgett heard a popping sound coming from
the car and observed that the top of the part of the window had been detached from the
rear passenger doorframe. He saw appellant lying on the rear seat with his feet up in the
air.
Rodriguez and Zetino were transported to the place where appellant was detained,
and both identified him as the person who had pointed the gun at Zetino. Greenfield was
also brought to view appellant, and she identified him as her assailant, saying, “Yeah,
that’s definitely him.” Appellant was searched, and $181 was found in his pockets. No
weapon was recovered.
Defense Evidence
Appellant, who previously had been convicted of grand theft and residential
burglary, testified on his own behalf. He testified that on February 14, 2011, he went to
the apartment complex at 8220 Langdon Avenue in Van Nuys, where he had a
conversation with a woman named Bridget. He had “an incident” with Bridget, and he
saw a person who had tried to kill him a month before, so he jogged away from the
apartment building. Appellant saw some people he knew driving down the street, and he
got a ride home from them.

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 Appellant arrived home at approximately 6:50 p.m. He went upstairs to his
apartment and then downstairs to the laundry room to do laundry. When his laundry was
done he went back to his apartment where he drank “a couple beers.”
At around 8:20 p.m., an acquaintance named Nathaniel Marquise Petrill, also
known as Deuce-Deuce, and a man who goes by the name “Smokey” came by appellant’s
apartment. Deuce-Deuce told appellant that he had argued with his girlfriend and she had
called the police, so he left her car, which he was driving, at a gas station. Deuce-Deuce
asked appellant if he could pick up the car. Appellant agreed, and Deuce-Deuce drove
appellant to a spot across the street from the gas station, gave him the keys, and left
appellant to pick up the car and drive it back to his apartment. Appellant walked over to
the gas station and retrieved the car, after first asking the gas station clerk whether a
woman had called the police. When appellant realized he was being pursued by police,
he “panicked” because he did not have a license, and because Officer Padgett, a member
of the Crash Unit Gang Task Force, had threatened appellant a month before that the next
time they caught him they were going to set him up.
Appellant admitted that he broke the police car window after he was arrested.
Appellant also admitted that in a phone call after his arrest he told his Mother: “It’s just
that I know I’m going to do time. So in my mind, my mindset is not, ‘Oh, I am going to
get out.’ Oh, no, no. I know I’m heading over there. So I’m not even worried.”
Appellant made the statement to his mother because she was sick and he did not want to
worry her.
Appellant testified that the first time he had ever seen Zetino was at the
preliminary hearing and that he had never met Rodriquez. He also testified that he did
not take the vehicle from Greenfield.
Prosecution Rebuttal Evidence
Officer Padgett testified that he had never seen appellant before the night of
February 14, 2011. He had never worked with the Crash Unit which, in any event, had
been disbanded years ago. Officer Padgett was not involved in the vehicular pursuit of

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appellant, and the first time he came into contact with appellant was when he saw him
running down the street.
DISCUSSION
I. Instructions Relating to Evading a Peace Officer
Appellant contends that the trial court committed reversible error by instructing
the jury with CALCRIM No. 250, a general intent instruction, on the fourth count for
felony evading. The trial court stated that for the jury to find appellant guilty of evading,
“that person must not only commit the prohibited act or fail to do the required act, but
must do so with a wrongful intent. A person acts with wrongful intent when he or she
intentionally does a prohibited act or fails to do a required act; however, it is not required
that her or she intend to break the law. The act required is explained in the instruction for
that crime or allegation.”
A person violates Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a), if he “flees or
attempts to elude a pursuing peace officer in violation of Section 2800.1 and the pursued
vehicle is driven in a willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property
. . . .” Vehicle Code section 2800.1 is violated by a “person who, while operating a motor
vehicle and with the intent to evade, willfully flees or otherwise attempts to elude a
pursuing peace officer’s motor vehicle . . . .”
Appellant asserts that felony evading is a specific intent crime. Based on the
statutory language, he is correct. “When the definition of a crime consists of only the
description of a particular act, without reference to intent to do a further act or achieve a
future consequence, we ask whether the defendant intended to do the proscribed act. This
intention is deemed to be a general criminal intent. When the definition refers to
defendant’s intent to do some further act or achieve some additional consequence, the
crime is deemed to be one of specific intent.” (People v. Hood (1969) 1 Cal.3d 444, 456-
457; People v. Atkins (2001) 25 Cal.4th 76, 82.) The language “with the intent,” which
appears by reference to Vehicle Code section 2800.1 in Vehicle Code section 2800.2,
“typically denot[es]” a specific intent crime. (People v. Hering (1999) 20 Cal.4th 440,
446.)

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 Thus, the trial court erred by instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 250, which
defines general intent, instead of CALCRIM No. 251, which defines specific intent.
Nevertheless, we do not find that this erroneous instruction requires reversal. Such an
error is not structural, requiring automatic reversal, but rather is subject to the harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt standard expressed in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S.
18. In People v. Gutierrez (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1083, 1153-1154, the California Supreme
Court found that a general intent instruction given for the crime of threatening an
executive officer was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because there “was evidence
that defendant harbored the requisite specific intent.” Similarly, in People v. Wilson
(2008) 44 Cal.4th 758, 803-804, harmless error was found even though written jury
instructions for a killing with torture special circumstance allegation omitted the element
that the defendant intended to torture the victim. (See also People v. Lee (1987) 43
Cal.3d 666, 669 [appropriate standard is “‘harmless beyond a reasonable doubt’” test
when jury receives contradictory, and partially inaccurate, specific intent instructions];
People v. Zerillo (1950) 36 Cal.2d 222, 231-232 [jurors were not misled by failure to give
specific intent instruction].)
In this case, the relevant circumstances and evidence clearly establish that the
jury’s verdict of guilty on the felony evading charge was not attributable to the
problematic jury instruction. First, the jury was also instructed with CALCRIM No.
2181, which required them to find that appellant “willfully fled from or tried to elude the
officer, intending to evade the officer.” Thus, contrary to appellant’s assertion, the jury
would not have believed that appellant’s act of driving was the only evidence required to
find intent. Second, appellant himself testified that he “panicked” when he saw the police
and drove away quickly because Officer Padgett had threatened to set him up. He also
admitted to saying to a detective, “I was afraid to go to jail, so I fled when the police got
behind me.” This evidence plainly shows that appellant drove with the intent of evading

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the police.1 Third, during closing argument, appellant’s counsel conceded guilt of this
crime, saying, “As to the counts 4 and 5, we’ve already basically told you not to bother
with those as far as the defendant is concerned.”
Therefore, even though the trial court erred by instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 250 on the intent to evade a peace officer charge, the error was certainly
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
II. Instructions Relating to Criminal Threats and Carjacking
Appellant argues that there were similar instructional errors with respect to the
first count of criminal threats and third count of carjacking. As with the felony evading
charge, the jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 250 for both the criminal threats and
carjacking charges. For both of these charges, however, the jury was also instructed with
CALCRIM No. 251, as follows: “For you to find a person guilty of the crimes in this
case of carjacking, criminal threats, and vandalism, that person must not only
intentionally commit the prohibited act but intentionally or unintentionally fail to do a
required act, but must do so with the specific intent and/or mental state. The act and
specific intent or mental state are explained in the instruction for that allegation.”
Criminal threats and carjacking are both specific intent crimes. (See Pen. Code,
§§ 422, subd. (a), 215, subd. (a).) Therefore, it was error for the trial court to instruct the
jury with CALCRIM No. 250. (See People v. Lee, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 672.)
Nevertheless, we find that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 1300 on the criminal threats charge,
including the requirement that “the defendant intended that his statement be understood
as a threat and intended that it be communicated to Rosa Zetino.” For the carjacking
charge, the jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 1650, which included the elements
that “when the defendant used force or fear to take the vehicle, he intended to deprive the
other person of possession of the property either temporarily or permanently,” and “the

1 Appellant’s vague assertions that he was voluntarily intoxicated and may have not
been able to form the requisite specific intent are belied by this and similar evidence.

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defendant’s intent to take the vehicle must have been formed before or during the time he
used the force or threat or fear. If the defendant did not form this required intent until
after using the force or fear, then he did not commit a carjacking.” Thus, given these
clear instructions, the jury could not have been confused about the intent required to find
appellant guilty of criminal threats or carjacking.
Moreover, the evidence overwhelmingly established that appellant had the
requisite intent for both of these crimes. The evidence that appellant pointed a gun at
Zetino’s head and stated “I’m going to blast you and your family,” or “I’m going to come
back and blast you and your kids,” showed that appellant intended the statement to be
understood by Zetino as a threat. The evidence that he pointed a gun at Greenfield’s
head, said “Bitch, where are the fucking keys?” and “I’m going to fucking kill you,” and
then drove away in Greenfield’s vehicle showed that he intended to deprive Greenfield of
the vehicle, and that this intention was formed before or while he used fear to take the
vehicle. Appellant has not argued, either below or on appeal, that the element of intent
was not proven. The trial court’s error in instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 250
for these charges was clearly harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
III. Assault with a Firearm
Appellant next argues that the trial court erred by failing to give a unanimity
instruction with respect to the second count for assault with a firearm. He contends that
although the prosecution intended that the charge pertain to appellant’s assault against
Zetino, the charge could have just as easily pertained to the acts committed against
Greenfield, and that the jury was never properly instructed as to what events constituted
the crime.
“In a criminal case, a jury verdict must be unanimous. [Citations.] . . . .
Additionally, the jury must agree unanimously the defendant is guilty of a specific crime.
[Citation.] Therefore, cases have long held that when the evidence suggests more than
one discrete crime, either the prosecution must elect among the crimes or the court must
require the jury to agree on the same criminal act. [Citations.] [¶] This requirement of
unanimity as to the criminal act ‘is intended to eliminate the danger that the defendant

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will be convicted even though there is no single offense which all the jurors agree the
defendant committed.’” (People v. Russo (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1124, 1132.) In cases
presenting a risk that the jury could amalgamate evidence of multiple offenses to
conclude that there is sufficient evidence to convict on one count, a unanimity instruction
may be required. (Ibid.) Appellant contends that such an instruction was required here.
A unanimity instruction is not required when the prosecutor elects which act
amounts to the charged crime. (People v. Hawkins (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 1428, 1455
[“Because the prosecutor’s opening argument elected what conduct by defendant
amounted to the crime charged, we conclude that no unanimity instruction was
required”]; People v. Diaz (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 1375, 1383.) In People v. Jantz (2006)
137 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1292, and People v. Mayer (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 403, 418-419,
the court analyzed the statements made in the prosecutor’s opening and closing
arguments to determine that the prosecution made an election for jury unanimity
purposes, thereby obviating the need for a unanimity instruction.
An election was likewise made in this case. Prior to jury selection, the jury was
told that the crime of assault with a semiautomatic weapon (later changed to assault with
a firearm) was committed against Zetino. The prosecutor also made clear that the charge
pertained to the act against Zetino. In his opening argument, he stated that “there’s an
assault and a criminal threat that just takes place here at Miss Zetino’s house” and “I’ve
no doubt that you will convict the defendant for the crimes that he’s charged with for
assaulting an unarmed woman for no reason, for threatening to blast her, to come back
and blast her and her family, for carjacking another completely unarmed woman and in
completely unprovoked situation [sic], and for leading police on an extremely dangerous
high-speed pursuit through residential streets.” Furthermore, in closing argument, the
prosecutor stated that the assault with a firearm charge “has to do with Rosa Zetino when
he pointed his handgun at her head and—and threatened to come back and blast—or
threatened to blast her and her family. This is—this is the count that this refers to.”
Thus, because the prosecutor made a clear election, no unanimity instruction was
required.

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IV. Gang Expert Testimony
Prior to trial, the defense filed a motion to exclude any reference to appellant’s
gang affiliation or gang moniker, on the ground that such information was unduly
prejudicial and irrelevant. After hearing opposition, the trial court denied the motion,
finding that the information would be relevant both to identification and to the “sustained
fear” element of the criminal threats charge.
Later, at trial, the prosecutor elected to call a gang expert solely to elicit a
statement that appellant is a member of the Toonerville gang, because, according to the
prosecutor, such information would be relevant to prove “sustained fear.” The trial court
allowed the gang expert to testify. The testimony by the expert, Officer Christopher
Phillips, was brief. He stated that he had been assigned to “work” the Toonerville street
gang for about four to five months, and he identified appellant as a member of the
Toonerville gang.
Appellant argues that he was denied the right to a fair trial and to due process
when the trial court admitted evidence that he was a gang member, and that it was abuse
of the court’s discretion to allow the expert to testify. Our Supreme Court has recognized
that evidence a defendant is a member of a gang can have a “‘highly inflammatory
impact’” on the jury, and that such evidence should be carefully scrutinized by the court
before it is admitted. (People v. Champion (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 879, 922.) Nevertheless,
“evidence of gang membership is often relevant to, and admissible regarding, the charged
offense.” (People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1049.)
We find that the evidence of appellant’s gang membership here was relevant to the
“sustained fear” element of the criminal threat charge. Penal Code section 422,
subdivision (a) states, in relevant part: “Any person who willfully threatens to commit a
crime which will result in death or great bodily injury to another person, with the specific
intent that the statement . . . is to be taken as a threat, . . . which, on its face and under the
circumstances in which it is made, is so unequivocal, unconditional, immediate, and
specific as to convey to the person threatened, a gravity of purpose and an immediate
prospect of execution of the threat, and thereby causes that person reasonably to be in

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sustained fear for his or her own safety or for his or her immediate family’s safety, shall
be punished by imprisonment . . . .” Sustained fear is fear that extends beyond a
“momentary, fleeting, or transitory” period of time. (People v. Allen (1995) 33
Cal.App.4th 1149, 1156.)
Evidence of appellant’s gang membership was relevant to prove sustained fear in
part because of the open-ended nature of appellant’s threat. Penal Code section 422
“does not require an immediate ability to carry out the threat.” (People v. Lopez (1999)
74 Cal.App.4th 675, 679.) Whether appellant said “I’m going to blast you and your
family” or “I’m going to come back and blast you and your kids,” the implication was
that at some point, either presently or later, Zetino and her family would be harmed.
Thus, Zetino’s fear was not just momentary. Instead, it was a sustained fear—she
testified that she was still in fear at trial, nearly a year after the incident.
Further, Zetino’s testimony that soon after the incident she was told appellant was
a gang member did not make the gang expert’s testimony unnecessary. Zetino could only
testify that she had heard appellant was a member of a gang; she had no independent
knowledge of that fact. An expert was required to testify that appellant actually was a
gang member. The fact that appellant was a gang member made Zetino’s sustained fear
more reasonable and more likely to be true, and the evidence thereby provided further
support to the criminal threat charge. Thus, we find that the probative value of the
evidence of gang membership was not outweighed by its potential prejudicial effect, and
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing such evidence.
V. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant asserts that the identification evidence was insufficient to support the
guilty verdicts on the first count of criminal threats, the second count of assault with a
firearm, and the third count of carjacking.
“The standard of appellate review for determining the sufficiency of the evidence
is settled. ‘“On appeal we review the whole record in the light most favorable to the
judgment to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence that is
reasonable, credible, and of solid value—from which a reasonable trier of fact could find

12
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”’” (People v. Wilson, supra, 44 Cal.4th
758, 806.) We do not reevaluate witness credibility or resolve evidentiary conflicts, as
these are matters exclusively for the jury to decide. (People v. Mejia (2012) 211
Cal.App.4th 586, 602.) “‘“If the circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s
findings, the opinion of the reviewing court that the circumstances might also reasonably
be reconciled with a contrary finding does not warrant a reversal of the judgment.”’”
(People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 793.)
Appellant bases his argument that the identification evidence was insufficient on
discrepancies between Zetino’s and Greenfield’s description of him. Zetino described the
suspect who threatened her as wearing a blue and white plaid short-sleeved shirt, light
blue jeans, and a plain navy blue baseball cap, and said he held a shiny silver pistol. She
described him as a male Hispanic, bald with brown eyes, approximately five feet 11
inches, and 190 pounds. Greenfield, on the other hand, said the suspect was wearing a
black baseball cap, a plaid bluish-gray shirt, and solid-colored pants that she believed
were khaki-colored. She said the suspect held a dark-colored gun. She described him as
approximately six feet three inches. Evidence showed that on the night of the incidents,
appellant was six feet one inch tall.
None of these minor discrepancies leads to the conclusion that there was
insufficient evidence to support the verdicts. Both crimes were committed outside, and
both were committed after 6:30 p.m. on a February night. It could only be expected that
witnesses would have somewhat varying accounts of a suspect’s description given such
conditions, particularly after they both had guns pointed at their heads. Moreover,
Zetino, Greenfield and Rodriguez all identified appellant as the perpetrator, both in court,
at trial, and during a field showup on the night of the crimes. “Purported weaknesses in
identification testimony of a single eyewitness are to be evaluated by the jury.” (People
v. Elwood (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 1365, 1372.) Nothing in the record compels us to
reevaluate the jury’s determinations.
We also find meritless appellant’s argument that there was insufficient evidence to
convict him on the assault with a firearm charge because there was no evidence the

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firearm he used was loaded. An assault with a firearm “requires the present ability to
inflict a violent injury.” (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.) But “California
courts have often held that a defendant’s statements and behavior while making an armed
threat against a victim may warrant a jury’s finding the weapon was loaded.” (Id. at p.
12.) Zetino testified that appellant pointed a gun at her head and said, “I’m going to blast
you and your family.” This statement could reasonably have been interpreted by the jury
as an admission by appellant of his present ability to inflict violent injury on Zetino. (See
ibid.; People v. Mearse (1949) 93 Cal.App.2d 834, 837.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

BOREN, P.J.
We concur:

ASHMANN-GERST, J.

CHAVEZ, J.

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