(after stating the facts as above). The question to be determined in this case is whether a payment made on account by an insolvent debtor, in the ordinary course of business, within four months prior to his adjudication in bankruptcy, where it does not appear that the creditor receiving the payment had reasonable cause to believe that it was intended as a preference, constitutes a preference, under the bankruptcy act, that will prevent the allowance of the creditor’s claims for the balance of the account. Section 60 of that act provides (30 Stat. 562):
“(a) A person shall be deemed to have given a preference if, being insolvent, he has procured or suffered a judgment to be entered against himself in favor of any person, or made a transfer of any of his property, and the effect of the enforcement of such judgment or transfer will be to enable any one of his creditors.to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other of such creditors of the same class.”
It has been questioned whether a payment of money in the ordinary course of business can be considered a transfer of property. In section 1 of the same act, however, the word “transfer” is defined as including “the sale and every other and different mode df disposing of or parting with property, or the possession of property, absolutely or conditionally, as a payment, pledge, mortgage, gift, or security.” As the word “property” is legally understood to include every class of acquisitions which a man can own or have an interest in, it must certainly cover money; and the payment of money, therefore, by an insolvent to an unsecured creditor within the statutory period must be considered a transfer of his property, constituting a preference, under section 60a of the act of bankruptcy, the enforcement of which transfer would allow one creditor to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other creditors of the same class. How is such preference to be dealt with? Subdivision “b” of section 60 of the same act provides:
*297“If a bankrupt shall have given a preference within four months before the filing of a petition,- or after the filing of the petition and before the adjudication, and the person receiving it or to be benefited thereby, or his agent acting therein, shall have had reasonable cause to believe that it was intended thereby 1o give a preference, it shall be voidable by the trustee, and he may recover the property or its value from such person.”
It is not contended that the appellees herein believed or had any knowledge that the payment from the bankrupt was intended to give to them a preference, or that it would, in effect, be a preferential transfer. The trustee could not, therefore, recover upon the ground stated in subdivision “b.” But the bankruptcy act provides, in section 57g, that “the claims of creditors who have received preferences shall not be allowed unless such creditors shall surrender their preferences.” The appellees have not surrendered their preference, yet seek to have their claim allowed for the balance due them from the bankrupt, upon the contention that they received the payment from the bankrupt in good faith, without knowledge of its insolvency, continued to sell goods to the bankrupt ñrm in the usual course of business, and that the acceptance of said payment on account should not be held as a preference which would prevent the allowance of their claim. In the former bankruptcy act, of 1867, the belief of the creditor as to the intention of the debtor in giving a preference was considered, when the surrender of such preference was required. In section 23 it was provided:
“Any person wlio * * * shall have accepted any preference, having reasonable cause to believe that the same was made or given by the debtor contrary to any provision of this act, shall not prove the debt or claim ⅞ * * until he shall have first surrendered to the assignee all property, money, benefit, or advantage received by him under such preference.”
But in the act of 1898 congress omitted from section 57g any reference to cause for belief on the part of the creditor, and stated in concise and unmistakable terms that “the claims of creditors who have received preferences shall not be allowed unless such creditors shall surrender their preferences.” It is evident that the purpose or intent of the parties in giving or receiving a preference was not intended to be considered in this section, but tbe effect of the preference in the benefit or advantage which it would give to one creditor over another. No penalty is imposed on the creditor by the section, but merely an option on the part of a creditor who has received a preference to keep what he has received, and take no dividends from the bankrupt’s estate, or to surrender his preference and share equally with the other creditors in the distribution of the estate. The fundamental principle of the act is a real and effectual equality in the distribution of the bankrupt estate. Lowell, Bankr. p. 43. In tbe disposition of property among creditors, equality is equity. Bank v. Sherman, 101 U. S. 403, 406, 25 L. Ed. 866. To accomplish the purpose of the statute, the court exercises its equitable jurisdiction in dealing with preferences. The right to prefer creditors is an infirmity still remaining in the body of tbe common law. It is contrary to the letter and spirit of the maxim that equality is equity. Paper Co. v. Robbins, 151 Ill. 632, 38 N. E. 153; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) 186. In this view of the scope and purpose of the act, it certainly cannot be considered inequitable to require one who has received an undue portion of the estate, *298no matter if innocently, to surrender that advantage before participating in further distributions of the estate with those who have not received such preference. Coll. Bankr. p. 286.
It is 'urged very earnestly on behalf of the appellees, and by counsel who have appeared as amici curiae, that this interpretation of the act will be disastrous to credit; that it will unsettle business, and render mercantile transactions so uncertain and insecure that the country at large will suffer by it. It is further contended that congress did not intend by this act to interfere with or disturb the ordinary course of business of the country; and, in support of a construction of the statute that will avoid such supposed consequences, numerous authorities are cited, which may be summed up in the rule that "statutes will be construed in the most beneficial way which their language will permit, to prevent absurdity, hardship, or injustice.” Suth. St. Const. § 324. The first observation pertinent to the consideration of this rule is that the province of construction lies wholly within the domain of ambiguity. Hamilton v. Rathbone, 175 U. S. 414, 421, 20 Sup. Ct. 155, Adv. S. U. S. 155, 44 L. Ed.-. It must therefore appear that the statute is ambiguous, and thus open to construction. “The considerations of evil and hardship may properly exert an influence in giving a construction to a statute when its language is ambiguous or uncertain and doubtful, but not when it is plain and explicit. The same may be said of the consideration of convenience, and, in fact, of any consequences. If the intention is expressed so plainly as to exclude all controversy, and is one not controlled or affected by any provision of the constitution, it is the law, and courts have no concern with the effects and consequences. Their simple duty is to execute it.” Suth. St. Const. § 324. That the bankrupt act is .ambiguous and uncertain in many of its provisions cannot be denied. But we are of the opinion that the particular provisions under consideration are reasonably clear and certain. Section 57g provides that the claims of creditors who have received “preferences” shall not be allowed unless such creditors shall surrender their “preferences.” There is no ambiguity in this provision, and no uncertainty as to its purpose. When a creditor presents a bona fide claim against the bankrupt estate, the question to be determined is, has the creditor received a “preference” in his dealings with the bankrupt? If he has, the claim cannot be allowed. If he has not, it must be allowed. Then the question arises, what is the meaning of the word “preference”? If we turn "to section 60a, we find the word “preference” defined, and it is there declared to mean “a transfer” by the bankrupt “of any of his property,” where the effect of the -enforcement of such a “transfer” will be to enable any one of his creditors to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other of such creditors of the same class. This definition fits very closely into section 57g, and points out still more distinctly the preferred claims that are disalloAved. But, to understand accurately the character of the transaction that will amount to a preference, we must look for the meaning of the words “transfer of property.” This meaning is found in paragraph 25 of section 1 of the act,, where a “payment” is explicitly made one of the methods of transferring property! With respect to the question under consideration, *299the statute itself has furnished us with this information: (1) Thai a payment of money is a transfer of property; (2) a transfer of property by an insolvent debtor, whereby his creditor obtains a greater percentage of his debt than any other creditor of his class, is a preference; (3) a claim of a creditor who has received a preference shall not be allowed, unless such creditor shall surrender his preference. The word ‘‘preference,” as used in paragraph 2 of section 3a, and in section (50b, has no other meaning than that declared in sed ion (!0a. it is irue that in those other sections a preference qualified by certain other conditions produces other consequences, but the’consequences clearly follow from 'the other conditions, and not from any different meaning attached to the word “preference.”
It is to he further observed that the construction which the appellees give to section 57g is the same as was given to section 23 of the act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stat. 517, 528). But in that section it was provided that the creditor should not prove his claim if he had accepted a preference, “having reasonable, cause to believe that the same was made or given by the debtor” contrary to the provisions of that act, until he had surrendered the preference. This construction would require that the creditor’s claim should he allowed under the present act, unless it should be established that the creditor had reasonable cause to believe that the preference was made or given by the debtor contrary to the provisions of the act. To give the act this construction, we must do that which congress has failed to do, namely, interpolate the qualifying provision of the former act. This we cannot do. As was said by the supreme court in Bank v. Sherman, supra:
"Wo cannot interpolate what is claimed. Such a fund ion is beyond the sphere of ora* poner and duty. It is our business to execute the law as we. find it, and not to make or modify it.”
But, assuming that this reference to different provisions of the present act, and the comparison made with the corresponding provisions of the former act to ascertain the meaning of the statute, demonstrate that it is open to construction, what follows? As we have read the act, is its meaning absurd? No such claim is made, and could not be sustained if urged. Does this meaning or interpretation of the act work hardship or injustice? It is claimed that it does, and that, by interfering with the ordinary transactions incident to trade upon credit, the administration of the law as thus interpreted will destroy the business of the country. This is by no means clear. The creditor is not compelled to surrender a payment made to him on account, in the ordinary course of business, unless he has reason to believe that his debtor is insolvent and that the payment is a preference. If the creditor is innocent in the transaction, he has his option to retain the payment and waive Ms claim to the balance of the account, or he may surrender the payment and present his claim for the whole account. He will do that which will be to his best interest, and his loss, in any event, will be one of degree. It is a well-known fact that the credit system of trade has its limitations and restrictions adjusied as far as possible to the contingencies of loss by insolvency, and that the possibility of insol vency and its attending losses is a continual factor in the ordinary *300business of tbe country, wbicb tbe bankrupt act is expected to adjust and equalize among all creditors by an equitable and just distribution and settlement of tbe insolvent estate. It would seem, therefore, that, instead of destroying business, tbe interpretation we give to tbe act will be' to tbe advantage of legitimate credit, -in placing all creditors as nearly as possible on an equal footing. This view of tbe statute bas been taken in tbe following cases, in wbicb tbe question now under consideration bas been fully and ably considered: In re Knost (D. C.) 1 Nat. Bankr. N. 403; In re Conhaim, 2 Nat. Bankr. N. 148, 97 Fed. 923; In re Wise (D. C.) 2 Nat. Bankr. N. 151. In tbe case of Electric Co. v. Worden, 3 Am. Bankr. R. 634, 39 C. C. A. 582, 99 Fed. 400, tbe circuit court of appeals for tbe Seventh circuit reaches tbe same conclusion. Tbe Ft. Wayne Electric Company, being indebted to tbe Columbus Electric Company, gave three notes covering tbe indebtedness, maturing upon various dates. After tbe maturity of tbe first note the creditor received from’ tbe debtor a partial payment thereon, in the regular course of business, and without reasonable cause to believe that the debtor was insolvent, and without an intent to obtain an unlawful preference. Shortly afterwards involuntary proceedings were instituted against the debtor by other creditors, and it was adjudged bankrupt. Tbe Columbus Electric Company filed its claim for tbe balance due upon tbe notes. The district court ordered that, if tbe said creditor should surrender to tbe trustee tbe sum received from tbe debtor as a partial payment, then tbe full amount of its claim would be allowed as an unsecured claim, but, upon tbe refusal of tbe creditor to repay said amount, its claim should be disallowed and expunged from tbe list of claims upon tbe trustee. Tbe case was appealed to tbe United States circuit court of appeals. In expressing tbe opinion of tbe court, after discussing tbe sections of tbe act herein construed, Judge Jenkins said:.
“The bankrupt here intended to prefer tbe appellant, in tbe sense that, while insolvent, it sought to give an advantage over other creditors. It was received, to be sure, innocently, and without knowledge of that intent, but the payment none the less worked a preference. It gave to the appellant an undue advantage over other creditors, and, while the act will not 'permit a recovery by the trustee of the payment because it was received innocently, it none the less remains that the meaning of the act is that, if the appellant seek further payment out of the estate of the bankrupt, he shall share equally with other creditors with respect, to his claim. That can only be accomplished by a surrender of the preference received as a condition of further payment out of the bankrupt estate. This construction, as we think, works out the highest equity between creditors. It may be difficult to reconcile the various phrases used in the act, but the construction which we place* upon the section gives to the language therein employed its natural meaning.”
Tbis opinion expresses onr views upon tbis subject. Tbe judgment of tbe district court is reversed, and tbe cause remanded to said court, with directions to disallow tbe entire claim of Marshall Field & Co., and expunge it from tbe list of claims against tbe bankrupt estate.