NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JUN 04 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
JENNA HALL, No. 11-16550
Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. 3:09-cv-01629-JL
v.
MEMORANDUM *
CITY OF FREMONT and JEREMY
MISKELLA,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
James Larson, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 13, 2013
San Francisco, California
Before: McKEOWN, CALLAHAN, and IKUTA, Circuit Judges.
Jenna Hall appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Officer
Jeremy Miskella and the City of Fremont. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
The district court erred in holding that the “undisputed facts” established that
Officer Miskella had probable cause to detain Hall pursuant to section 5150 of the
California Welfare & Institutions Code. According to Hall, after Officer Miskella
had spoken to her ailing husband and verified that there was, in fact, no suicide risk
in the house, he knelt down next to Hall, who was working at her computer, held
out his business card, and “whispered in a very soft voice, ‘If you ever need help,
don’t hesitate to call me, I’ll be there.’” As she explained in her deposition
testimony, Hall interpreted this gesture as a come-on, and whispered in turn “I’d
rather kill myself than call you,” by which she meant “Butt off.” Taking Hall’s
version of the facts as true, this statement, in the overall context of her encounter
with Officer Miskella, would not “lead a person of ordinary care and prudence to
believe, or to entertain a strong suspicion, that the person detained is mentally
disordered and a danger to . . . herself.” People v. Triplett, 144 Cal. App. 3d 283,
287–88 (Ct. App. 1983). At the very least, there is a genuine issue of material fact
as to whether Officer Miskella had probable cause to detain her.
The district court did not err in holding that Officer Miskella is entitled to
qualified immunity as to Hall’s claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Supreme
Court has “repeatedly told courts . . . not to define clearly established law at a high
level of generality.” Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2084 (2011). We are
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aware of no case that would preclude a reasonable officer from believing there was
probable cause to detain a person who alluded to committing suicide. Cf. Stoot v.
City of Everett, 582 F.3d 910, 922 (9th Cir. 2009) (granting qualified immunity
where plaintiffs did not cite “a single case squarely holding that an officer cannot
rely” on a particular victim’s statements in making an arrest); F.E. Trotter v.
Watkins, 869 F.2d 1312, 1316 (9th Cir. 1989) (finding that a violation could not be
clearly established where no case had held so previously); see also Bias v.
Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 1220 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that a reasonable officer
could have believed there was probable cause to detain a person under section
5150 after she alluded to committing suicide, despite her protest that the officer
should have known the allusion was merely hyperbole). While the dissent
discounts Hall’s statement as “flip” and sarcastic, McKeown, J., dis. op. at 1, 3, the
Supreme Court has warned us to “be cautious about second-guessing a police
officer’s assessment, made on the scene, of the danger presented by a particular
situation.” Ryburn v. Huff, 132 S. Ct. 987, 991–92 (2012). Nor was Officer
Miskella’s decision to grab Hall by the arm and send her to the hospital for an
examination based on her statement “so patently violative of [her] constitutional
right that [a] reasonable official[] would know without guidance from the courts
that the action was unconstitutional.” Boyd v. Benton Cnty., 374 F.3d 773, 781
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(9th Cir. 2004). “The qualified immunity standard ‘gives ample room for mistaken
judgments’ by protecting ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly
violate the law.’” Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229 (1991) (quoting Malley v.
Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 343 (1986)).
The district court erred in granting Officer Miskella immunity from Hall’s
state law claims. Section 5278 of the California Welfare & Institutions Code
provides immunity only where a detention under section 5150 is supported by
probable cause. See Jacobs v. Grossmont Hosp., 108 Cal. App. 4th 69, 76 (Ct.
App. 2003). Similarly, the plain text of section 856(a) of the California
Government Code applies only to detentions, or decisions made in the process of
detention, which are made “in accordance with any applicable enactment,”
meaning, in this case, in accordance with section 5150 of the California Welfare &
Institutions Code. Because Officer Miskella did not have probable cause to detain
Hall under section 5150, the detention was not “in accordance with” that section,
and thus neither section 5278 or section 856(a) provides immunity for Officer
Miskella. To the extent Officer Miskella could have immunity under section
856(b) for “carrying out with due care” a determination that is not entitled to
immunity under section 856(a), there are genuine issues of material fact as to
whether he acted with due care in pulling Hall out of her house and transporting
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her to the hospital, and therefore it would be improper to dismiss any claims
against Officer Miskella on section 856(b) grounds. Finally, section 820.2 of the
California Government Code does not provide immunities to officers for their
decisions to detain or arrest a suspect, and so does not help Officer Miskella. See
Liberal v. Estrada, 632 F.3d 1064, 1084–85 (9th Cir. 2011). Because the district
court erred in concluding that these state statutes provided immunity to Officer
Miskella, it also erred in concluding that the City of Fremont was immune under
section 815.2 of the California Government Code. See Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley
Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 921–22 (9th Cir. 2001).
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of qualified immunity to
Officer Miskella as to Hall’s federal claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We remand
Hall’s state law claims for assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, and false arrest and imprisonment to the district court for further
consideration in light of this disposition. The parties shall bear their own costs on
appeal.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART.
5
FILED
Hall v. City of Fremont, 11-16550 JUN 04 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
I concur in the holding that Officer Miskella is entitled to qualified
immunity, but I respectfully dissent from the holding that Hall may be able to
pursue her state causes of action. The memorandum disposition reasons that
although Officer Miskella lacked probable cause to detain Hall, the law was not
clear that the detention violated her constitutional rights. The majority then returns
the state claims to the district court for further proceedings. I would find that
Officer Miskella did have probable cause for the detention, and, accordingly, I
would affirm dismissal of Hall’s state causes of action.
“Probable cause exists under [California Welfare & Institutions Code §]
5150 if facts are known to the officer ‘that would lead a person of ordinary care
and prudence to believe, or to entertain a strong suspicion, that the person detained
is mentally disordered and is a danger to himself or herself.’” Bias v. Moynihan,
508 F.3d 1212, 1220 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting People v. Triplett, 144 Cal. App. 3d
283, 288 (1983)). “To justify the detention, the officer must point to ‘specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant his or her belief or suspicion.’” Id. (quoting Triplett, 144 Cal.
App. 3d at 288). “[P]robable cause is a fluid concept – turning on the assessment
1
of probabilities in particular factual contexts – not readily, or even usefully,
reduced to a neat set of legal rules.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232 (1983).
Moreover, “[a] peace officer . . . is not required to make a medical diagnosis
of mental disorder.” Triplett, 144 Cal. App. 3d at 288. “It is sufficient if the
officer, as a lay person, can articulate behavioral symptoms of mental disorder,
either temporary or prolonged.” Id. “An all-encompassing lay definition of mental
disorder is difficult if not impossible to formulate.” Id. “But, generally, mental
disorder might be exhibited if a person’s thought processes as evidenced by words
or actions or emotional affect, are bizarre or inappropriate under the
circumstances.” Id.
The majority’s focus on Hall’s words overlooks the context in which her
statement was made. A review of the totality of the circumstances supports a
finding of probable cause.
First, officers were dispatched to Hall’s residence in response to an
emergency 911 call in which a home health care provider reported an immediate
suicide threat. The officers did not unilaterally initiate an investigation or leap to a
suicide diagnosis of their own accord. To the contrary, from the start their entire
investigation was colored by the belief that an occupant of the residence was
contemplating suicide. It was thus reasonable for officers to be sensitive to
2
statements indicating that any of the residence’s occupants might be inclined
toward self-harm.
Second, when officers arrived on the scene, they found Hall home alone
with her essentially housebound, physically and mentally ailing husband. Hall
explained her husband’s health issues to the officers, and they were able to observe
his condition first-hand when they questioned him. Hall’s explanation of her
husband’s health history, coupled with officers’ own observations, put them on
notice that Hall was dealing with a considerable amount of both daily and long-
term stress.
Third, the officer’s conclusion was corroborated by the fact that Hall herself
appeared irritated and anxious. Without any outwardly apparent justification, she
was non-cooperative and resisted officers’ efforts to check on her husband’s safety
until a sergeant eventually arrived on the scene. Hall characterizes her irritation as
arising out of officers’ efforts to “force” their way into the house, but the record is
clear that they did no such thing.
Then, in response to Officer Miskella’s alleged subsequent attempt to offer
his future assistance, Hall reacted bizarrely by stating slowly and deliberately that
she would rather kill herself than call him. Nothing about Hall’s statement made it
appear she was joking, nor did Hall indicate she was being sarcastic. Similarly,
3
nothing in Officer Miskella’s conduct would have indicated to a reasonable person
that he, as a peace officer responding to a suicide call, was coming on to a woman
in such an obviously stressful and depressing situation. Hall’s subjective belief to
the contrary is irrelevant. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989)
(reasonableness inquiry is objective.).1
In sum, while Hall’s statement under different circumstances may not have
been cause for alarm, under the circumstances here, it was reasonable for Officer
Miskella to be concerned. Given the totality of the circumstances, Officer Miskella
had probable cause to detain Hall and each of her claims should fail as a result.
See, e.g., Maag v. Wessler, 960 F.2d 773, 775-76 (9th Cir. 1991) (detention on the
basis of mental illness proper for Fourth Amendment purposes if supported by
probable cause); Jacobs v. Grossmont Hosp., 108 Cal. App. 4th 69, 76 (2003)
(immunity attaches as to state law claims under California Welfare & Institutions
Code § 5278 if detention supported by probable cause); Arpin v. Santa Clara
1
The testimony of a fellow officer that the statement “I’d rather kill myself
than call you” was “more of a -- I’d rather die than fly Jet Blue again or something
like that” is likewise irrelevant. First, the testifying officer remembered almost
nothing regarding the events leading up to Hall’s detention. Rather, his testimony
was given in response to an incomplete hypothetical based only on Hall’s
statement and not including any of the surrounding circumstances. Moreover, his
subjective belief of whether or not there was probable cause to detain Hall is just as
irrelevant as Hall’s or Officer’s Miskella’s own beliefs.
4
Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 920-21 (9th Cir. 2001) (entity is immune
along with the officer under California Government Code § 815.2(b)).
Officer Miskella was thrust into a no-win situation. He could either have
detained Hall for evaluation and risked being sued for violating her Fourth
Amendment rights, or he could have refused to detain Plaintiff, taken the chance
that she might harm herself, and risked being sued for failing to prevent her injury.
This is the type of predicament from which the doctrine of qualified immunity is
intended to protect peace officers. See Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229 (1991)
(“This accommodation for reasonable error exists because ‘officials should not err
always on the side of caution’ because they fear being sued.”) (quoting Davis v.
Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 196 (1984)). The fact that members of this Court
themselves reached different conclusions as to whether probable cause existed
under the circumstances confronting Officer Miskella indicates, at the very least,
that the law with respect to mental health detentions under statutes such as
California’s Welfare & Institutions Code § 5150 was not clearly established.
5
FILED
Hall v. City of Fremont, 11-16550 JUN 04 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
McKEOWN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
I dissent with respect to the holding that Officer Miskella is entitled to
qualified immunity. As the majority agrees, taking Jenna Hall’s version of the
facts to be true, as we must, Officer Miskella lacked probable cause to detain Hall
under § 5150 of the California Welfare & Institutions Code.
Probable cause is no mystery to police officers and no reasonable officer
would have believed or even merely suspected that Hall was a danger to herself.
Officers called to the home quickly learned that her gravely sick husband—the
reason for the call—was not at risk. There was never any suggestion that Hall
needed assistance or was at risk. Case closed. But not so fast—when the officers
got ready to leave, Officer Miskella knelt down beside Hall, who was seated
peacefully at her computer, and whispered “If you ever need help, don’t hesitate to
call me, I’ll be there.” Hall thought he was coming on to her and she retorted
sarcastically, “I’d rather kill myself than call you.” As another officer stated in his
deposition, this does not sound like “I want to kill myself,” but instead was
equivalent to saying “I’d rather die than fly Jet Blue again . . . .” Even under the
wildest speculation, Hall’s statement, taken in context, would not support probable
cause. Nonetheless, Officer Miskella detained Hall and transported her for
-1-
psychiatric evaluation.
Recognizing that the officer’s conduct violated a constitutional right, under
the test laid out in Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001), we next consider
whether the right was “clearly established.” “The relevant, dispositive inquiry in
determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a
reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.”
Id. at 202. While the Supreme Court has counseled against “defin[ing] clearly
established law at a high level of generality,” Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd, 131 S.Ct. 2074,
2084 (2011), “[t]his is not to say that an official action is protected by qualified
immunity unless the very action in question has previously been held unlawful.”
Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). Rather, the touchstone of
“clearly established law” is whether “[t]he contours of the right [are] sufficiently
clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that
right.” Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 199 (2004) (internal citation omitted).
The probable cause test for a § 5150 detention is the same as that for a
warrantless arrest. People v. Triplett, 144 Cal. App. 3d 283, 287 (Ct. App. 1983).
The principle of probable cause is well-defined and meets the standard for “clearly
established law” under the factual scenario alleged by Hall. “Probable cause is an
objective standard.” United States v. Struckman, 603 F.3d 731, 740 (9th Cir. 2010)
-2-
(internal citation omitted). In the context of a § 5150 detention, probable cause
exists if “at the moment the arrest was made . . . the facts and circumstances within
[the officer’s] knowledge and of which [he] had reasonably trustworthy
information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing” that the person
detained was a danger to herself or others as a result of mental disorder. Saucier,
533 U.S. at 207 (quotation marks and internal citation omitted). While “conclusive
evidence” is not necessary, “mere suspicion, common rumor, or even strong reason
to suspect are not enough.” Torres v. City of Los Angeles, 548 F.3d 1197, 1206–07
(9th Cir. 2008) (quotations marks and internal citation omitted). To support
probable cause under § 5150, an officer may articulate “behavioral symptoms of
mental disorder,” such as “words or actions or emotional affect” that are “bizarre
or inappropriate for the circumstances.” Triplett, 144 Ca. App. 3d at 288 (finding
that an officer’s detention of a woman with a slashed wrist, unsteady movement,
and the appearance of intoxication was lawful).
Missing in the probable cause equation here is an articulation of facts and
circumstances, known at the time of arrest, that would lead a prudent person to
believe that Hall was a danger to herself or others as a result of a mental disorder.
Hall’s statement that she would “rather kill [her]self than call [Officer Miskella]”
was a flip reply and common sense counsels that she simply had no intention of
-3-
ever calling Officer Miskella. Hall’s single passing comment was hardly of the
nature detailed in Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 1220 (9th Cir. 2007), where
we concluded that the detention of a woman who had written “If I lose this case, I
shall kill myself” in a letter to the judge presiding over her civil case, told the
officer following up on the letter that “she would do what she wanted to herself
when her case was over,” reported being “very depressed,” and believed a terrorist
might kill her, was supported by probable cause. Here, given that three police
officers had just paid an unexpected and unwelcome visit to her home and insisted
on checking on her ill husband, Hall’s words were neither inappropriate for the
circumstances, nor suggestive of mental illness. The contours of the probable
cause standard are sufficiently clear to give a reasonable officer fair notice that
detaining Hall in the situation Officer Miskella confronted was unlawful.
Requiring a more specific and factually more similar precedent, as the majority
does, “destroy[s] the balance that our cases strike between the interests in
vindication of citizens’ constitutional rights and in public officials’ effective
performance of their duties.” Anderson, 483 U.S. at 639 (quotation marks and
internal citation omitted).
I respectfully dissent from dismissal of the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim. The
material factual dispute merits a trial on this claim.
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