(after stating the facts as above). [1] In view of the conclusion reached by the court upon the motion to remand the cause to the state court, it is deemed unnecessary to go into the merits of the controversy. The appellee bases his right to remove the suit on the ground that it is one arising under a law of the United States, and to that phase of the case our attention will be confined.
The principles of law regulating the removal of a suit, as one arising under a law of the United States, are thoroughly established and well recognized, but it frequently becomes difficult to make a proper application of these principles to the facts of a particular case. Under Act Aug. 13, 1888, c. 866, 25 Stat. 433 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 508), the right to remove a suit as one arising under a law of the United States is limited, by the express words of the statute, to a defendant or defendants, while under Act March 3, 1875, c. 137, 18 Stat. 470, it was competent for either party to remove. Under the latter act, it was deemed sufficient, for the purpose of removal, if the record disclosed the existence of the federal question. The act of 1888, however, effects a radical change in that respect. The courts no longer search the record to ascertain whether the case "be removable, but confine themselves to an examination of. the bill, declaration, petition, or complaint of the plaintiff. If the initial pleading of the plaintiff fail to disclose a cause of action arising under a law of the United States, the defendant will not be permitted to supply the omission by allegations in his petition for removal showing that it is one so arising.
*585In support of the foregoing views, reference is made to the following authorities, some of which will be more particularly referred to hereafter; Tennessee v. Bank, 152 U. S. 454, 14 Sup. Ct. 654, 38 L. Ed. 511; Ex Parte Wisner, 203 U. S. 449, 27 Sup. Ct. 150, 51 L. Ed. 264; Chappell v. Waterworth, 155 U. S. 102, 15 Sup. Ct. 34, 39 L. Ed. 85; Minnesota v. Northern Securities Company, 194 U. S. 48, 24 Sup. Ct. 598, 48 L. Ed. 870; Railroad Company v. Davidson, 157 U. S. 201, 15 Sup. Ct. 563, 39 L. Ed. 672; Railway v. Skotowe, 162 U. S. 490, 16 Sup. Ct. 869, 40 L. Ed. 1048; Railroad Company v. Mottley, 211 U. S. 149, 29 Sup. Ct. 42, 53 L. Ed. 126; In re Winn, 213 U. S. 458, 29 Sup. Ct. 515, 53 L. Ed. 873; In re Dunn, 212 U. S. 374, 29 Sup. Ct. 299, 53 L. Ed. 558; Shoshone Mining Company v. Rutter, 177 U. S. 505, 20 Sup. Ct. 726, 44 L. Ed. 864; Gold Washing & Water Company v. Keyes, 96 U. S. 199, 24 L. Ed. 656.
[2] At the outset the objection is made by the appellants that the proceeding in the state court was not a suit, and hence that it was not removable. Since, under the statute, suits only may be removed, it becomes necessary to determine the exact status of the proceeding, which we are considering. It consisted of a petition filed by the appellants in the state court, termed under the laws of Rouisiana “executory process,” praying for the seizure and sale of the steam, yacht Radha in satisfaction of a mortgage indebtedness due by Charles C. Buck. In the case of Fleitas v. Richardson, 147 U. S. 538, 13 Sup. Ct. 429, 37 L. Ed. 272, Mr. Justice Gray minutely described the proceeding by executory process, and distinctly held that it was a suit within the jurisdiction of the United States courts when other requisites of the statutes were present. Thus at page 544 of 147 U. S., at page 432 of 13 Sup. Ct. (37 L. Ed. 272), it was said:
“In Louisiana, however, the act before the notary, as well as the order for seizure and sale, includes no lands hut those described in the mortgage; and. although the creditor may obtain that order without previous notice to the debtor, the sale cannot take place until the debtor has had notice and opportunity to interpose objections. This proceeding, therefore, is a civil suit inter partes, which, where the parties are citizens of different states, is within the jurisdiction conferred by Congress on the Circuit Court of the United States. Act Sept. 24, 1789. c. 20, par. 11, 1 Stat. 79; Rev. Stat. par. 739; Act March 3, 1873, c. 137, par. 1, 18 Stat. 470; Act March 3, 1887, c. 373, par. 1, 24 Stat. 552; Act Aug. 13, 1888. c. 866, 25 Stat. 434 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 508]; Toland v. Sprague, 12 Pet. 300 [9 L. Ed. 1093]; Levy v. Fitzpatrick. 15 Pet. 167 [10 L. Ed. 699]; Chaffee v. Hayward, 20 How. 208, 215 [15 L. Ed. 851]; Marin v. Lalley, 17 Wall. 14 [21 L. Ed. 596]. And the proceeding, though in a summary form, is in the nature of a bill in equity for the foreclosure of a mortgage, and clearly belongs on the equity side of that court. Brewster v. Wakefield, 22 How. 118, 128 [16 L. Ed. 301]; Walker v. Dreville, 12 Wall. 440 [20 L. Ed. 429]; Marin v. Lalley, 17 Wall. 14 [21 L. Ed. 596|; Idaho & Oregon Co. v. Bradbury, 132 U. S. 509, 515 [10 Sup. Ct. 177, 33 L. Ed. 433].”
In reference to a similar proceeding Judge Pardee sustained the removal of Rockhart v. Morey (C. C.) 31 Fed. 497.
[3] The proceeding then is a suit. But the decisive question remains : Does the petition for executory process disclose on its face that the suit arises under a law of the United States ? That it must *586be so disclosed by a statement of facts in legal and logical form, such as is required in good pleading, has been, as we have intimated, repeatedly decided. Speaking for the court in Gold Washing & Water Co. v. Keyes, 96 U. S. 203, 204 (24 L. Ed. 656), Mr. Chief Justice Waite said:
“The statutes referred to contain many provisions; but the particular provision relied upon is nowhere indicated. • A cause cannot be removed from a state court simply because, in the progress of the litigation, it may become necessary to give a construction to the Constitution or laws of the United States. The decision of the case must depend upon that construction. The suit must, in part at least, arise out of a controversy between the parties in regard to .the operation and effect of the Constitution or laws upon the facts involved. That this was the intention of Congress is apparent from section 5 of the act of 1875, which requires the Circuit Court to dismiss the cause or remand it to the state court, if it shall appear, ‘at any time after such suit has been brought or removed thereto, that such suit does not really or substantially involve a dispute or controversy properly within the jurisdiction of said Circuit Court.’ Before, therefore, a Circuit Court can be required to retain a cause under this jurisdiction, it must in some form appear upon the record, by a statement of facts, ‘in legal and logical form,’ such as is required in good pleading (1 Chit. Pl. 213), that the suit is one which ‘really and substantially involves a dispute or controversy’ as to a right which depends upon the construction or effect of the Constitution or some law or treaty of the United States.”
In Chappel v. Waterworth, 155 U. S. 107, 108, 15 Sup. Ct. 35, 36, 39 L. Ed. 85, the following language was used:
“The question presented by the pleadings considered in the opinion below, and argued at the bar, cannot be decided upon this record, because the case was removed into.the Circuit Court of the United States without authority of law. The question of removal is governed by the decision of this court at the last term in Tennessee v. Bank of Commerce, 152 U. S. 454 [14 Sup. Ct. 654, 38 L. Ed. 511], by which, upon full consideration, it was adjudged that under the acts of March 3, 1887, c. 373 (24 Stat. 552), and August 13, 1888, c. 866 (25 Stat. 433), a case (not depending on the citizenship of the parties, nor otherwise specially provided for) cannot be removed from a state court into the Circuit Court of the United States, as one arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, unless that appears by the plaintiff's statement of his own claim; and that, if it does not so appear, the want cannot be supplied by any statement in the petition for removal or in the subsequent pleadings.”
Referring to the Blackburn Case it was said by the Court in Shoshone Mining Company v. Rutter, 177 U. S. 505, 20 Sup. Ct. 726, 44 L. Ed. 864:
“In Blackburn v. Portland Gold Mining Company, 175 U. S. 571 [20 Sup. Ct. 222, 44 L. Ed. 276], decided January 8, 1900, we held that a suit brought in support of an adverse claim under sections 2325 and 2320 of the Revised Statutes1 was not a suit arising under the laws of the United States in such sense as to confer jurisdiction on a federal court, regardless of the citizenship of the parties.”
And at page 507 of 177 U. S., at page 726 of 20 Sup. Ct. (44 L. Ed. 864), it was further said:
“We pointed out in the former opinion that it was well settled that a suit to enforce a right which takes its origin in the laws of the United States is not necessarily one arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States within the meaning of the jurisdictional c'auses, for, if it did, every action to establish title to real estate (at least in the newer states)» *587would be such a one, as all titles in those states come from the United States or by virtue of its laws."
In Blackburn v. Portland Gold Alining Company, 175 U. S. 585, 20 Sup. Ct. 227 (44 L. Ed. 276), the court in commenting on the case of Colorado Central Consolidated Alining Co. v. Turck, 150 U. S. 138, 14 Sup. Ct. 35. 37 L. Ed. 1030, employed the following language :
‘•While it is true that the conclusion reached was mainly put upon the ground (hat; the record did not disclose affirmatively that any distinctive federal question was involved, yet, as the record did disclose a controversy between claimants arising under a federal mining statute, it is a necessary implication of the decision that that fact alone did not render the case one of which the Circuit Court could take jurisdiction irrespective of citizenship. but that other and apt allegations were required showing that the controversy was determinable by one of two conflicting constructions of the federal statute, and not one of mere fact in which the validity of the statute was not drawn into question.”
Bee, also, Mountain View Alining & Milling Co. v. McFadden, 180 U. S. 533, 21 Sup. Ct. 488, 45 L. Ed. 656, affirming the Blackburn and Shoshone Cases referred to above.
In view of the foregoing authorities, can it he said that the petition of the appellants discloses a removable case? Upon the argument counsel for the appellee were requested to indicate specifically the allegations of the petition upon which they relied to remand the cause. In response to the inquiry the following portion of the petition was pointed out:
‘•Your petitioner further represents that the said marshal, totally disregarding the law of the state of Louisiana regarding the same under execution of property which is susceptible of being mortgaged, has sold on the btli day of August, 1U0ÍÍ. to one Nathan S. Stern, the said screw steamer Uadha for the sum of ¡H.l,N2ñ. without reading the notice of the special mortgages thereon, although said mortgages were properly recorded in the office of the collector of the port of New Orleans, where the said vessel is enrolled, according to the laws of the United States, and of which mortgage and recordation notice was acknowledge (acknowledged) prior to said sale by the marshal.”
We fail to discover in these allegations any reference to a federal question, and surely there is an utter absence of apt allegations showing that there is a “controversy determinable by one of two conflicting constructions of a federal statute.” Indeed, the allegations of the petition scarcely rise to the dignity of showing that there is any controversy whatever in the suit, must less one involving the construction of a law of the United Stales. Buck is not: complainant, and there is no controversy with the marshal, who is without interest in the proceeding, nor is there one alleged with the appellee. The only allegation in the entire petition, having reference to the appellee, either direct or remote, is embodied in the following words: That the marshal “has sold on the 9th day of August, 1909, to one Nathan S. Stern, the said screw steamer Eadha for the sum of $1,825.” If the marshal is charged with any delinquency in the performance of his duty, it is that he disregarded, not the laws of the United States, but those of Eouisiana. The merest reference is made *588to a federal statute in the allegation that the mortgage executed by Buck to the appellants was enrolled according to the laws of the United States, and that fact appears by reference to the mortgage which is annexed as an exhibit to the petition. Certainly it cannot be said that such allegations disclose a case arising under a law of the United States. The petition for executory process, the suit of the appellants, was based upon a contract between the appellants and Buck, and the only claim asserted was the right to enforce a summary sale of the mortgaged boat under the laws of the state of Louisiana.
Counsel for the appellee, however, seem to place special reliance upon Bock v. Perkins, 139 U. S. 628, 11 Sup. Ct. 677, 35 L. Ed. 314, in support of their contention that the present case is one arising under a federal statute. Bock v. Perkins arose prior to the removal act of 1888 ([C. C.] 28 Fed. 123), and it was a suit brought directly against Perkins, who was a United States marshal, for damage's growing out of an alleged trespass in seizing goods under a writ of attachment. Perkins removed the suit to the Circuit Court, and the Supreme Court held that the former properly retained jurisdiction. Discussing the question of jurisdiction the court observed:
“The court below properly retained the case for trial. Every marshal of the United States, as well as his deputy, must take an oath or affirmation that he will faithfully execute all lawful precepts directed to him, and in all things well and truly perform the duties of his office. The marshal must also give bond, with sureties, for the faithful performance of the duties of his office by himself and deputies. The marshals and their deputies have, in the respective states, the’ same powers in executing the laws of the United States as sheriffs and their deputies have in executing the laws of such states. Rev. Stat. pars. 782, 783, 788 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901. pp. 606-608]. A case, therefore, depending upon the inquiry whether a marshal or his deputy has rightfully executed a lawful precept directed to the former from a court of* the United States, is one arising under the laws of the United States; for, as this court has said: ‘Cases arising under the laws of the United States are such as grow out of the legislation of Congress, whether they constitute the right or privilege, or claim or protection, or defense of the party, in whole or in part, by whom they are asserted.’ Tennessee v. Davis, 100 U. S. 257, 264 [25 L. Ed. 048]; Railroad Co. v. Mississippi, 102 U. S. 135, 141 [26 L. Ed. 96]. If the goods in question, when seized, were the property of Dane, the marshal and his deputies were in the discharge of duties imposed upon them by the laws of the United States; and for any failure in that regard he would be liable to suit by’ any one thereby injured. Rev. Stat. par. 784. This case was therefore one arising under the laws of the United States, and removable from the state court. Feibelman v. Packard, 109 U. S. 421, 423 [3 Sup. Ct. 289, 27 L. Ed. 9841; Bachrack v. Norton, 132 U. S. 377 [10 Sup. Ct. 106, 33 L. Ed. 377]; Reagan v. Aiken, 138 U. S. 109 [11 Sup. Ct. 283, 34 L. Ed. 892]; Houser v. Clayton, 3 Woods, 273 [Fed. Cas. No. 6,739]; Ellis v. Norton [C. C.] 16 Fed. 4.”
In this case we have seen that the marshal is not a party, and there is an absence of apt allegations in the petition of the appellant disclosing a controversy, the determination of which depends upon the construction of a federal statute. Bock v. Perkins only reaffirms the principle announced in numerous cases, and it is by no means determinative of the present controversy.
Whether the petition filed by* the appellee for the removal of the cause contains appropriate allegations disclosing that the suit arises *589under the laws of the United States we need not inquire. We assume, however, that it does, but for the purpose of the present case that petition is as if it did not exist.
The appellee contends that the question of the removal of the cause was settled by fhe Supreme Court in the matter of Ex parte Coyle, 217 U. S. 590, 30 Sup. Ct. 693, 54 L. Ed. 895, and that this court is precluded from its consideration. By reference to the case, it will be seen that the purpose of the appellants was.to secure a writ of mandamus requiring the trial court to remand the suit to the state court. Leave to file the petition was denied by the court without an opinion. The real reasons actuating the court may be ascertained by examining the case of Ex parte Harding, 219 U. S. 363, 31 Sup. Ct. 324, 55 L. Ed. 252, subsequently decided.
It may be added that should there arise in the future progress of the case federal questions, which are not now apparent, the state court is competent, and it is its duty to decide them. If errors supervene, the remedy by writ of error is open to the party aggrieved. Arkansas v. Kansas & Texas Coal Co., 183 U. S. 190, 191, 22 Sup. Ct. 47, 46 L. Ed. 144.
There is one other question in the case well worthy of serious consideration. Was the appellee a defendant in the state court or was he an intervening plaintiff? The record contains no order of the state court permitting him to intervene as defendant, nor indeed did he pray to intervene in that capacity, but simply as a party for the purpose of removing the suit. It is doubtful whether the removal statutes provide for such a case. But being clearly satisfied, for the reasons stated, that the suit should not have been removed, we express no opinion upon the question suggested.
The judgment should he reversed and the cause remanded to the trial court, with instructions to remand it to the state court at the cost of the appellee, Stern. And it is so ordered.
U. S. Comp. St. 1901, pp. 1429, 1420.