[1] This is an appeal from the judgment of the District Court dismissing a bill in equity, alleging an infringement of letters patent issued on February 21, 1911, No. 985,119, said to be for an “improvement in steel skeleton concrete construe*42tion.” The patent contains a number of claims, but one claim, as follows, illustrates all of them for the purpose of this opinion:
“3. In flat slab and column construction of concrete, tbe combination of column reinforcement composed of connected angle bars extending vertically therethrough, a wide spreading cantilever head extending into the slab beyond the column formed of crossed rods, supplemental vertical slab and column-reinforcing rods ending in outwardly bent portions at the column top; and slab reinforcement formed of rods extending in different directions crosswise of the column heads.”
■ There seems to be some doubt about the meaning of the word “construction” in this claim, because it is queried whether or not it applies to an art or a process. There is no doubt that it applies only to what was in fact constructed and what is said to be “manufacture.” Also there is no doubt that the invention-covers only parts of the solid mass of the building.
The complaint made against the respondent below is that he had used, and now is using, the structure wherein the invention in question is embodied, as a tenant underlease, and that the structure was completed by the owners and builders prior to August 1, 1909, when the respondent went into occupation; and, not only this, but that the builders of the structure incorporated into it the patented improvements before the issue of the patent, amjl that the respondent has never practiced the art covered by the patent, but has merely occupied the completed structure as tenant under lease, and that such- mere occupation, beginning as it did subsequent to the issue of the patent, was not invading the patentee’s rights. Of course, the fact that the patent was not issued until after the tenant took possession bars any possibility of a claim against him for anything transpiring before he took possession, so that the only question is whether under the circumstances mere occupation as a tenant after the issue óf the patent renders the respondent liable as an infringer. The learned judge of the District Court, however, expressed the following opinion:
“If tbe patentee bad unequivocally claimed a new kind of building as bis invention, I should be obliged to bold tbe subject-matter of tbe patent not a ‘manufacture’ and not witbin tbe classes of things patentable by law; following, among tbe recent decisions dealing with the question here involved, American, etc., Co. v. Arnaelsteen, 182 Fed. 324, 105 C. C. A. 40, in which' the Court of Appeals for tbe Ninth Circuit so held with regard to a patent for an ‘apartment bouse with disappearing bed,’ rather than anything to tbe contrary in Riter-Conly Co. v. Aiken, 203 Fed. 699, 121 C. C. A. 655, or International Mausoleum Co. v. Sievert, 213 Fed. 225, 129 C. C. A. 569. In tbe first of tbe two last-mentioned eases, tbe Court of Appeals in the Third Circuit upheld a patent for a ‘roof structure’; in the second, tbe Court of Appeals for tbe Sixth Circuit upheld a patent for a ‘burial crypt,’ and from neither decision does it seem necessarily to follow that a ten-story building may be patented as a ‘manufacture.’ ”
The opinion continued as follows:
“It seems to me entirely clear that invention of what is thus pointed out cannot make the patentee tbe inventor of a new kind of building, entitled to claim tbe whole structure wherein it has been employed as covered by tbe patent, and entitled to treat every occupant as an infringing user of bis invention. ■ No one, in my opinion, can be regarded as having infringed such a patent who has had nothing to do with tbe employment of tbe patented method in putting up the building.”
*43Of course, the patentee in this case, as against the respondent, must establish an “exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or discovery,” or one of them, within the jurisdiction for the time named in the patent statute. It seems to be the impression of the learned judge in the District Court in this case that a construction like that involved here belongs to the domain of architecture, rather than that of “manufacture.” “Manufacture,” however, is a very broad word, which it is not safe to attempt to limit in a general wav. International Mausoleum Co. v. Sievert, 213 Fed. 225, 129 C. C. A. 569, decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, on March 3, 1914, extended the word “manufacture” to the conslruction of a mausoleum, having all the features of ail architectural building, with hallway or lobby, crypt, and a room in the hallway for accommodation in case of stormy weather. At pages 228 and 229 of 213 Fed., at page 569 of 129 C. C. A., the opinion, which was by a. strong court, examined the prior decisions, and limited or qualified them, going even so far as to cover in its observations Jacobs v. Baker, 7 Wall. 295, 19 L. Ed. 200, and Fond du Lac County v. May, 137 U. S. 395, 11 Sup. Ct. 98, 34 L. Ed. 714. This must be accepted' as broadening out the prior decisions on this topic, especially demonstrating that no rigid rule can be accepted.
in the present case it must be conceded that the portions of the building in question exhibit marked improvements, which, in the case of mere additions to a building having prior existence, would be clearly oí a patentable character.
[2] The invention was said to relate “to- buildings or structures erected of reinforced concrete, and its object to provide an arrangement of reinforcement for column and slab or floor construction.” It then proceeds with further details showing that the patentee had in mind the construction of a building with the patented features as a part thereof; but what was erected in the present case was an entire building. There is no allegation that the respondent made any special or independent use of any part of the building, or is the owner of any part thereof. For example, it is not stated that he in any way repaired any part of the building, or added thereto, or took therefrom, or that the doors or windows, or any movable part of the building, had any 'patented feature, or that the tenant made use of any such movable parts, or in any way manipulated any portion of the structure. There was not any use by him of the patented features of the structure in any popular sense of the word. He would ordinarily be said to have occupied the premises, or to have rented them; but never in any ordinary sense would he'be said to have used them. This is not, therefore, like the well-known case of a person occupying a house or grounds, who manipulated a patented driven well on the premises, or who in any way manipulated, moved, or otherwise actuated any separate portion thereof. In stating our result of this case, we have all these features in mind, and do not wish to confuse it with any case in which, in the ordinary sense, a person charged with infringement can be said to have constructed, or owned, or manipulated any part of any feature embraced or covered by any patented invention. The respondent merely occupied the building, and, so far as the proofs show, *44in no way concerned himself, and in no way interfered, with any of the columns, slabs, or floor constructions, or other details thereof.
Under the circumstances, we find no specific, illustrative authority aiding us in a conclusion of the case, either in Curtis, Walker, or in the English work of Edmunds, or in judicial decisions. All we find from any authoritative source, bearing upon the precise case, is an observation of a general character, made in 3 Robinson on Patents (1890) 55, as follows:
“Thus, when a patented, invention is inseparably annexed to other property without permission of the patentee, any one who owns, or uses, or buys, or sells, or leases such property, either as principal or agent, is guilty of infringement. But if the interest of the alleged participant is not dependent on the invention, though casually enhanced by its wrongful use, the enjoyment of such interest is not infringement.”
What is thus described by Robinson is precisely the cáse here. The respondent neither owns, nor uses, nor buys, nór sells the property in question, or any part of it. He only leases in the manner we have described, . and in leasing he has no peculiar or special interest in the patented parts, although his occupation is casually enhanced by them. Therefore the case is precisely within the quotation which we have made. The writer, however, cites no authorities sustaining his proposition in the form in which put, or so far as appertains to this case. The authorities he cites are only incidental, and are not one way or the other clearly marked for the purposes to which our opinion relates. We are therefore left to solve the case in a general light, with the practical application of statutes in reference to patents. In applying this, we must be careful to remember that no rule must be laid down of a general character which will unjustly shield unlawful infringements, and that we have no view beyond the precise case with the circumstances to which we have referred, and no, intention that our conclusion shall be applied farther than concerns that precise case. On the other hand, it is absurd to lay down a rule which would render one of dozens or hundreds of tenants of these modern great buildings liable for infringement, because some part of the building involved some patented feature; and it is impossible to draw a specific line of distinction between a case of that character and the one at bar.
It is possible that we could find some support for our conclusions in the Circuit Court of Appeals opinion for the Eighth Circuit, in Turner v. Moore, 211 Fed. 466, 128 C. C. A. 138; but, if we should follow that case, the result would .not be substantially different than what we have reached. Therefore we have not endeavored to sift it out and apply it.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed, and the appellee recovers its cost of appeal.