Capstar Radio Operating Co. v. Lawrence

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 38300

CAPSTAR RADIO OPERATING )
COMPANY, a Delaware corporation, ) Coeur d’Alene, April 2012 Term
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, ) 2012 Opinion No. 80
)
v. ) Filed: May 29, 2012
)
DOUGLAS P. LAWRENCE and BRENDA ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
J. LAWRENCE, husband and wife, )
)
Defendants-Appellants. )
_____________________________________ )

Appeal from the district court of the First Judicial District of the State of
Idaho, Kootenai County. Hon. John T. Mitchell, District Judge.

The order of the district court granting summary judgment is reversed and this
case is remanded for trial on remaining easement theories. The district court’s
decision denying the Motion for Disqualification is affirmed and the district
court’s ruling that appellants’ defenses of laches and statute of limitations
were without merit is affirmed. No attorney’s fees on appeal are awarded and
costs on appeal are awarded to appellants.

Douglas Lawrence and Brenda Lawrence, Coeur d’Alene, appellants pro se.

James, Vernon & Weeks, Coeur d’Alene, for respondents. Susan P. Weeks
argued.
________________________
W. JONES, Justice

I. NATURE OF THE CASE
This appeal involves a dispute over whether Capstar Radio Operating Company,
(“Capstar”), holds an easement over the property of Douglas and Brenda Lawrence. Capstar
filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, alleging in the alternative, that an easement existed based
on the theory of either an easement by implication, an easement by necessity, or a prescriptive
easement. The district court filed its Order granting summary judgment, finding that Capstar
holds an easement implied by prior use, an easement by prescription, and an easement by
necessity. The Lawrences appealed to this Court, arguing that the district court erred in granting

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summary judgment because genuine issues of material fact exist. The Lawrences also argue that
the district court abused its discretion by failing to recuse itself for alleged bias, and that the
lower court erred in determining that the Lawrences’ defenses of latches and statute of
limitations were meritless.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Appellants, Douglas and Brenda Lawrence, and the Respondent, Capstar, own
parcels of property on Blossom Mountain, which is located south of Post Falls, Idaho. The
Lawrence parcel is located in the southeast quarter of Section 21, and the Capstar parcel is
located just to the east of the Lawrence parcel in the southwest quarter of Section 22. Section 21
lies directly west of Section 22. At one time, both the Lawrence parcel and the Capstar parcel
were part of a larger tract of land owned in unity by Harold and Marlene Funk, referred to herein
as the “Funk parcel.” The Funks purchased the Funk parcel in 1969 which consisted of parts of
land in Section 15, Section 21, and Section 22.
In 1966, the General Telephone Company, (the “GTC”), obtained an easement to access
its acre of land in Section 22 (not the Capstar parcel) over a private road owned by Wilber Mead
that crossed the southwest quarter of Section 21 (Mead’s property), then moved south and
entered the north half of Section 28 1 where it then turned northeast and entered the southeast
quarter of Section 21 (over the Lawrence parcel) and into the southwest quarter of Section 22
(near the Capstar parcel). Mead included a condition that the GTC was to erect and maintain a
locked gate on the property. Harold Funk testified that when he and his wife purchased the Funk
parcel, the private easement road that was used by the GTC to access its parcel, was the
exclusive means of accessing the Funks’ property in the southeast quarter of Section 21 and in
the southwest quarter of Section 22. In 1972, Mead granted the Funks an easement over the
private road which crossed Mead’s property in the southwest quarter of Section 21. There is a
dispute about whether Funk used the access road prior to Mead granting the easement. Funk
testified that, prior to Mead granting the easement, Mead allowed Funk to drive across his
property, but Funk wanted to purchase the easement so that any successors in interest would
have the same easement access. However, in his affidavit, Mead testified that “[f]rom the gate’s
construction until the time I granted Harold Funk an easement in 1972, the [GTC] had the only

1
Section 28 lies directly south of Section 21. The owner of Section 28 is not a party to this lawsuit.

2
other key to this gate. To my knowledge, Harold Funk did not use this gate to access his
property.”
In 1975, the Funks broke off the Lawrence parcel and sold it to Human Synergistics, Inc.,
but retained their land in Section 22. The sales agreement to Human Synergistics stated that the
“Section 21 parcel was being sold subject to an ingress/egress easement over the existing road on
the property that was being sold to Human Synergistics.” The contract was a title retaining
contract in which the grant of the Lawrence parcel, and any easement over it, was contingent
upon the fulfillment of the sales contract. Human Synergistics paid off the contract in 1992 and
the Funks issued a warranty deed conveying title to Human Synergistics on October 29, 1992.
Funk testified that after the sale, he and his wife continued to use the private easement road in
Section 21 to access their property in Section 22. In 1989, the Funks broke off the Capstar parcel
and sold part of their Section 22 property to Kootenai Broadcasting, Inc. John Rook, the owner
of Kootenai Broadcasting, testified that at the time of the purchase, the private easement road
crossing over Section 21 was the only access to its property in Section 22, now the Capstar
parcel.
The respective parcels passed through several other hands before either the Lawrences or
Capstar purchased them. The chain of title established for the Lawrence parcel is as follows:
Funks to Human Synergistics; Human Synergistics to Johnston & McHugh; Johnston & McHugh
to N.A.P.; N.A.P. to Farmanian; Farmanian to the Lawrences. The Lawrences purchased their
property in 1996. The chain of title established for the Capstar parcel is as follows: Funks to
Kootenai Broadcasting; Kootenai Broadcasting to Rook Broadcasting; Rook Broadcasting to
AGM; AGM to Capstar. Capstar purchased its parcel in 2000.
From a public road, known as Signal Point Road, Capstar seeks an easement to access its
property over an unimproved private road known as Blossom Mountain Road. Signal Point
Road lies to the west of the Lawrence parcel. Blossom Mountain Road crosses through the
Lawrence parcel before passing near the Capstar parcel. In 2002, the Lawrences questioned
Capstar’s right to access its property over the portion of Blossom Mountain Road that traversed
the Lawrences’ property. On November 7, 2002, Capstar filed suit for declaratory and injunctive
relief, seeking to have an easement declared based on the following four alternative theories: 1)
express easement, 2) easement by implication, 3) easement by necessity, and 4) prescriptive
easement. Capstar moved for summary judgment on the four theories and the district court
found that Capstar held an express easement over the Lawrence parcel based upon an earlier

3
contract between two other parties. The lower court did not address Capstar’s other easement
theories. The Lawrences appealed, and this Court vacated the district court’s decision, finding
that no express easement over the Lawrences’ property was retained by Capstar’s predecessor in
interest, and remanded the case back to the district court. Capstar Radio Operating Co., v.
Lawrence, 143 Idaho 704, 708, 152 P.3d 575, 579 (2007).
On remand, Capstar renewed its Motion for Summary Judgment on the remaining
theories of easement by implication from prior use, an easement by necessity, and a prescriptive
easement. The Lawrences subsequently filed a motion to disqualify District Judge Mitchell for
cause. The district judge heard evidence and issued a written decision declining to disqualify
himself. On February 6, 2008, the district court issued a Memorandum Decision and Order
Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, finding that an easement by implication, or
in the alternative, that an easement by necessity, or a prescriptive easement existed over the
Lawrences’ property. The district court also rejected the Lawrences’ defense of laches and
statute of limitations as meritless. The Lawrences again appealed, but this Court dismissed the
appeal for lack of jurisdiction because there was no separate final judgment entered. Capstar
Radio Operating Co. v. Lawrence, 149 Idaho 623, 625–26, 238 P.3d 223, 225–26 (2010). The
Lawrences then moved the lower court to enter a final judgment, and the district court issued a
separate Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment and Declaring Easement
Rights. On November 10, 2010, the Lawrences properly filed their Notice of Appeal to this
Court. The district court entered final judgment on September 15, 2011.
III. ISSUES ON APPEAL
1. Whether the district court erred in granting Capstar’s Motion for Summary Judgment?
2. Whether the district court abused its discretion by failing to disqualify itself for cause?
3. Whether the district court erred in determining that the Lawrences’ defenses of laches
and statute of limitations were meritless?
4. Whether the Lawrences are entitled to attorney’s fees on appeal?
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, this Court utilizes the same
standard of review used by the district court originally ruling on the motion. Shawver v.
Huckleberry Estates, LLC, 140 Idaho 354, 360, 93 P.3d 685, 691 (2004). Summary judgment is
appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” I.R.C.P. 56(c). The facts must be liberally construed

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in favor of the non-moving party. Renzo v. Idaho State Dep’t. of Agric., 149 Idaho 777, 779, 241
P.3d 950, 952 (2010).
When an action will be tried before a court without a jury, the court may, in ruling
on the motions for summary judgment, draw probable inferences arising from the
undisputed evidentiary facts. Drawing probable inferences under such
circumstances is permissible because the court, as the trier of fact, would be
responsible for resolving conflicting inferences at trial. However, if reasonable
persons could reach differing conclusions or draw conflicting inferences from the
evidence presented, then summary judgment is improper.
Losee v. Idaho Co., 148 Idaho 219, 222, 220 P.3d 575, 578 (2009) (internal citations omitted).
V. ANALYSIS
A. The District Court Erred in Granting Summary Judgment Because Genuine Issues
of Material Fact Exist
All the evidence relating to the three easement theories present genuine issues of material
fact and these issues were not properly resolved on summary judgment. Summary judgment was
not a proper method to dispose of a case with so much conflicting evidence. No request for a
jury trial has been made in the case at hand. Although the court, as the trier of fact, may draw
the most probable inferences from the undisputed evidence, there are enough genuine issues of
material fact to warrant deciding the merits of the case at trial. There is a fine line between
drawing the most probable inferences and weighing the evidence, and this Court holds the belief
that the district court should have allowed the case to go to trial in order to weigh the conflicting
evidence and test the credibility of the witnesses.
1. Easement by Implication
“An easement by implication requires a showing of (1) unity of title and subsequent
separation by grant of the dominant estate; (2) apparent continuous use of an access; and (3)
reasonable necessity for an easement.” Bob Daniels & Sons v. Weaver, 106 Idaho 535, 542, 681
P.2d 1010, 1017 (1984) (citing Cordwell v. Smith, 105 Idaho 71, 77, 665 P.2d 1081, 1087 (Ct.
App. 1983)). This doctrine presumes that if an access was in use at the time of severance, such
use was meant to continue. Bob Daniels & Sons, 106 Idaho at 542, 681 P.2d at 1017. Strict
necessity is not required to establish an implied easement by prior use. Davis v. Peacock, 133
Idaho 637, 642–43, 991 P.2d 362, 367–68 (1999). The party seeking to establish the easement
must prove reasonable necessity. Id. “Reasonable necessity is something less than the great
present necessity required for an easement implied by necessity.” Id. at 642, 991 P.2d at 367.
The district court found that Capstar established an easement by implication from prior
use. The district court relied on Funk’s affidavit testimony to support its finding that after the

5
1975 sale to Human Synergistics, the easement road crossing Blossom Mountain was the only
existing road to access the Funks’ property in Section 22. The court also found apparent and
continuous use of the private easement road to access the Funks’ property in Section 22 after the
sale of the Capstar parcel to Kootenai Broadcasting in 1989.
This Court agrees that Capstar proved the first element because the Funks originally held
the Funk parcel, which included the Lawrence parcel and the Capstar parcel, in unity of title and
then subsequently severed the unity when the Funks sold the Lawrence parcel to Human
Synergistics. A central question, however, is when separation occurred; as such a determination
is relevant to how the “apparent continuous use” is measured. In 1975, the Funks entered into a
sales contract to sell the southeast quarter of Section 21 (the Lawrence parcel) to Human
Synergistics, but retained legal title of the Lawrence parcel until Human Synergistics paid off the
contract in 1992. The question of whether separation occurs at the time of a sales contract or
whether separation occurs at the time legal title passes is a matter of first impression for Idaho
courts. The district court and the parties assumed that 1975 (the date of the sales contract) was
the relevant date but did not discuss their rationale for doing so. In deciding this question, we
find that the district court and the parties were correct and that it is the creation of a possessory
interest that creates the necessary separation. In this, we follow the Washington courts that have
found that the “substantial rights in the land” created through the real estate contract create the
relevant separation. Bays v. Haven, 777 P.2d 562, 564 (Wash. Ct. App. 1989). For instance,
generally, a “vendee under a real estate contract has the right to possession of the land, the right
to dominion and control of the land, and the right to cultivate and harvest the crops grown on the
land.” Id. If implied easements are based on the presupposition that the parties would not have
agreed to this transaction except with some tacit understanding that an easement would exist, that
presupposition should arise at the time of the contract as that is when the understanding would
arise. See 25 AM. JUR. 2D Easements and Licenses § 24 (“The basis of the general principle as to
the implication of an easement from a preexisting use is the presumed or probable intention of
the parties to the conveyance as disclosed by all the circumstances surrounding the transaction.”)
(Footnotes omitted).
However, the record presents genuine issues of material fact regarding whether the
Funks’ use of the easement road was apparent and continuous and whether it was reasonably
necessary to use the Blossom Mountain access road to reach their property in Section 22. The
Lawrences submitted evidence through the affidavit of Bruce Anderson, a Kootenai County

6
surveyor, testifying that Mellick Road, which was made public in 1910, extended into land
owned by the Funks in Section 15 when the Funks took title to their land. Capstar argues that
Mellick Road did not extend all the way into the Funks’ Section 22 property and that it was not
constructed or maintained past its entry point in Section 15. In his deposition, Funk also
acknowledged the presence of an old logging road that had been in Section 22 (near the Capstar
parcel) at the time he first purchased the Funk parcel in 1969. Funk also testified that the
logging road was in poor shape and that he “didn’t care to” drive along the road. According to
Funk’s deposition, the “X” marked on the 1959 Metsker map indicates the location where the
logging road was accessible and Funk testified that he could not access his property from the
logging road without cleaning out the road first. A property owner cannot create a necessity
through his or her own actions. B & J Dev. & Invs., Inc. v. Parsons, 126 Idaho 504, 507, 887
P.2d 49, 52 (Ct. App. 1994) (citing Cordwell, 105 Idaho at 80, 665 P.2d at 1090).
A dispute exists over whether the Funks could have extended the logging road to Mellick
Road in order to access the property in Section 22. Capstar argues that it was impossible for the
Funks to connect the logging road with Mellick Road because it meets in the northeast quarter of
Section 21, which the Funks did not own. However, the Lawrences argue that the Funks could
have redirected the logging road to connect with Mellick Road in their Section 15 property, but
chose not to do so. The Lawrences proffered evidence that such a task was possible through the
affidavit of Mr. Mack, who connected the old logging road to Mellick Road to access his
property in Section 22, which surrounds the Capstar parcel. Although this information is
relevant, the record does not disclose the costs or difficulty involved with Mack’s connection of
the two roads. Without more evidence, it remains unclear whether connecting the logging road
with Mellick Road would have been a reasonable task for Funk to perform.
Furthermore, the record presents multiple instances in which witnesses have made
contradictory statements regarding material facts. For instance, Funk’s deposition testimony is
inconsistent with his affidavit testimony regarding the location and formation of the GTC access
road. Moreover, Funk’s affidavit stated “we continuously utilized the existing road in Section 21
to access our property in Section 22 without interference.” Yet when deposed, Funk testified
that the uses of the property were huckleberry picking and shooting and that this occurred on an
infrequent basis, approximately 20 to 30 times. Further, Mead stated that he had no knowledge
of Funk’s use of the property. The conflicting testimony presents a genuine issue of material fact
regarding whether Funk’s use of the easement road was apparent and continuous. In cases where

7
this Court has found apparent continuous use, that finding has been based on use that would have
been apparent to the outside world. Thomas v. Madsen, 142 Idaho 635, 638, 132 P.3d 392, 395
(2006) (finding use of a driveway apparent); Akers v. DL White Const., Inc., 142 Idaho 293, 302,
127 P.3d 196, 205 (2005) (finding “regular use” to be required); Davis v. Peacock, 133 Idaho
637, 641, 991 P.2d 362, 366 (1999) (requiring open and continuous use to “ensure[ ] that the
buyer of the servient property will have notice of the preexisting use”) (abrogated on other
grounds by Spokane Structures, Inc. v. Equitable Inv., LLC, 148 Idaho 616, 226 P.3d 1263
(2010)). Assuming that Funk’s “continuous” use of the easement road was limited to Funk’s
infrequent trips for huckleberry picking and shooting practice, it would not likely constitute
apparent continuous use. Bear Island Water Ass’n, Inc. v. Brown, 125 Idaho 717, 725, 874 P.2d
528, 536 (1994) (finding no apparent continuous use where a well was drilled but not used
before separation); Close v. Rensink, 95 Idaho 72, 77–78, 501 P.2d 1383, 1388–89 (1972)
(finding use of access roads was limited and diminished further after sale); see also Cordwell,
105 Idaho at 78, 665 P.2d at 1088 (holding use by other parties to be insufficient to establish
apparent continuous use).
Moreover, Rook’s deposition testimony contradicts his affidavit testimony regarding
Rook’s knowledge of Funk’s use of the easement road. Due to medication, Rook could not
recall the circumstances surrounding the signing of his affidavit and could not verify its
accuracy. In his affidavit, Rook testified that “[t]he existing private access road was visible and
in use by Funks at the time Kootenai Broadcasting purchased its parcel.” During his deposition,
when asked how he knew that the Funks were using the private easement road to access their
property, Rook replied:
The only thing – the only answer to that is that’s what Bill Gott would have told
us – whether Funks used it, I don’t know whether Funks had been up on that hill
before. I’d never met the man. . . . I’m just assuming that – that’s the only road
that I knew about and the road we had to go up for several years in and out of
there.
This presented the district court with another evidentiary conflict regarding a material
fact of whether Funk’s prior usage of the access road was apparent and continuous over a
number of years and whether Rook had adequate knowledge to testify to that matter. See Baxter
v. Craney, 135 Idaho 166, 172, 16 P.3d 263, 269 (2000) (stating “it is not proper for the trial
judge to assess the credibility of an affiant at the summary judgment stage when credibility can
be tested in court before the trier of fact.”); Argyle v. Slemaker, 107 Idaho 668, 670, 691 P.2d
1283, 1285 (Ct. App. 1984) (holding that even when the court will serve as trier of fact,

8
credibility determinations “should not be made on summary judgment if credibility can be tested
by testimony in court before the trier of fact”). Yet, here, the lower court seems to have weighed
the conflicting evidence and judged the affiants’ credibility in making a ruling on summary
judgment.
2. Easement by Necessity
“An easement by necessity requires (1) unity of ownership prior to division of the tract;
(2) necessity of an easement at the time of severance; and (3) great present necessity for the
easement.” Bob Daniels & Sons, 106 Idaho at 542, 681 P.2d at 1017 (citing Cordwell, 105 Idaho
at 79, 665 P.2d at 1089). If an alternate access exists, even one which is thought to be expensive
or inconvenient, then an easement by necessity must not be granted. Id. The district court found
that Capstar had proven all the elements of an easement by necessity.
A genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether it was necessary for the Funks
to use the easement road to reach their property in Section 22 when Mellick Road provided legal
access to the Funk Parcel in Section 15. The requirements of necessity do not require that there
be access to all portions of a parcel or that there be the most convenient access possible. Rather,
it simply requires that there be some public access to the parcel. On the record before us, there is
an issue of material fact regarding whether the remaining Funk parcel would have retained
access via Mellick Road in Section 15. The Lawrences have provided evidence that the portion
would still have provided access and, assuming they were successful, such a finding would
defeat the required necessity. Nor is it entirely clear how the district court found the easement by
necessity over the Lawrences’ land when that easement would not, in fact, lead to a public road.
As the Lawrences point out, Capstar did not have the legal right to travel over the road in Section
28 and where “land over which the way of necessity is claimed has no access to a public road,”
no necessity can arise. Rathbun v. Robson, 661 P.2d 850, 853 (1983). Therefore, the district
court erred in determining this issue on summary judgment because the conflicting evidence
presented a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the evidence proved an easement by
necessity.
3. Easement by Prescription
The trial court’s Memorandum Decision and Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for
Summary Judgment is riddled with errors, many of which are pointed out in the Lawrences’
briefs and are acknowledged by Capstar. These discrepancies include erroneously spelling the
names of material witnesses as well as confusing the legal property descriptions between Section

9
21 and Section 22. Although most of the district court’s errors are harmless, the court made
substantial errors in its analysis of whether Capstar established an easement by prescription.
Even Capstar admitted that the lower court erred in analyzing the correct period of time to serve
as the five year prescriptive period to determine a prescriptive easement. In its brief to this
Court, Capstar stated:
Lawrence correctly notes that the trial court made an error in its ruling regarding
the prescriptive period as applied to Funk. The trial court correctly noted that in
looking at the prescriptive period it was required to examine the six year period
following Funk’s sale of the Lawrence parcel to Human Synergistics. Funk owned
the entire parcel for a six year period from 1969 to 1975. After selling the
Lawrence parcel, he personally used the road from 1975 to 1981, another six year
period. The trial court discussed the six year prescriptive as being from 1969 to
1975. It is clear the trial court became confused regarding the years
encompassed in the six year prescriptive use period. The evidence in the
record before the trial court was that after moving to Aberdeen in 1975, Funk only
visited the property two or three times and stopped visiting after 1981 . . . .
(Emphasis added).
“In order to establish an easement by prescription, a claimant must prove by clear and
convincing evidence use of the subject property that is (1) open and notorious, (2) continuous
and uninterrupted, (3) adverse and under a claim of right, (4) with the actual or imputed
knowledge of the owner of the servient tenement (5) for the statutory period of five years.”
Hughes v. Fisher, 142 Idaho 474, 480, 129 P.3d 1223, 1229 (2006) (quoting Hodgins v. Sales,
139 Idaho 225, 229, 76 P.3d 969, 973 (2003)); see I.C. § 5-203. 2 The lower court analyzed the
requisite elements of a prescriptive easement under the wrong period of time. In explaining its
reasoning, the district court stated:
Lawrences fail to realize that Funk’s use of his property and the use he made of
the Lawrence property from 1975 to present is not relevant. The uncontradicted
evidence is that Funk used the property consistently for the six year period from
the day he sold to Human Synergistics to the day he moved from the area. This is
one more year than the five years required for the prescriptive use. . . . The use
Capstar seeks is no different than the prescriptive use Funks made of the
Lawrences’ land for that six year period from 1969 to 1975.
The trial court incorrectly determined that the relevant prescriptive period was from 1969
(the time the Funks purchased the Funk parcel) to 1975 (the time the Funks sold the Lawrence
parcel to Human Synergistics). This time period is flawed because the Funks were in actual

2
In 2006, Idaho Code section 5-203 was amended to extend the statutory time period from five years to twenty
years. However, the twenty year time period does not apply to an easement by prescription acquired prior to the
amendment.

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possession of the Lawrence parcel during that six year period and a landowner cannot create an
easement in his own land. “An easement is the right to use the land of another for a specific
purpose that is not inconsistent with the general use of the property by the owner.” Hughes, 142
Idaho at 480, 129 P.3d at 1229 (citing Hodgins, 139 Idaho at 229, 76 P.3d at 973). In other
words, “‘an easement is defined as a right in the lands of another, and therefore one cannot have
an easement in his own lands.’” Zingiber Inv., L.L.C., v. Hagerman Highway Dist., 150 Idaho
675, 681, 249 P.3d 868, 874 (2011) (quoting Gardner v. Fliegel, 92 Idaho 767, 771, 450 P.2d
990, 994 (1969)). Capstar argues that the court’s confusion should not invalidate the court’s
holding because Funk continuously used the easement road from 1975 to 1981. This Court finds
Capstar’s argument to be meritless because it is inconsistent with Idaho’s easement law and it is
not supported by the facts.
In 1969, the Funks entered into a sales contract with the Radens to purchase the Funk
Parcel consisting of property in Government Lot 3 of Section 15, property in the southeast
quarter of Section 21, and property in the southwest quarter of Section 22, except that portion
conveyed to the GTC, and took possession of the property. In 1974, the Funks paid off the real
estate contract and were given a warranty deed dated April 11, 1974. In 1975, the Funks entered
into a sales contract to sell the southeast quarter of Section 21 (the Lawrence parcel) to Human
Synergistics, but retained title in the Lawrence parcel until Human Synergistics paid off the
contract in 1992. In his deposition, Funk testified that from 1969 to 1975, he made twenty to
thirty trips up to Blossom Mountain. In his affidavit, Funk stated that following the 1975 sale of
the Lawrence parcel to Human Synergistics, “we continuously utilized the existing road in
Section 21 to access our property in Section 22 without interference.” Yet, Funk also testified
that he moved to Aberdeen in the fall of 1975 and then made only two or three trips to the
mountain over the next five years (the relevant time period to establish a prescriptive easement).
Funk further testified that he did not go back to the mountain after 1981. Eight years later, in
1989, Funk sold a portion of his property in Section 22 (the Capstar parcel) to Kootenai
Broadcasting.
When analyzing the elements required for a prescriptive easement to exist under the
correct time period (1975 until 1980), it is difficult to see how the district court could determine
that the Funks’ use of the easement road was continuous and uninterrupted for a period of five
years. The Funks continuously used the private access road over the Lawrence parcel from 1969
until the Funks moved to Aberdeen in 1975. During that time frame, the Funks were in

11
possession of the Lawrence parcel. However, Funk testified that he only used the road two or
three times from 1975 to 1981. Such limited use of the road does not constitute open and
continuous use. After 1981, the Funks’ use of the easement road over the Lawrence parcel was
interrupted and unused for eight years, until the time Funk sold the Capstar parcel to Kootenai
Broadcasting in 1989. 3
This case is highly complex and presents multiple issues of material fact which the lower
court should address at trial. The testimony of several material witnesses presented conflicting
information and the parties should be cross-examined to determine their credibility. Thus, the
district court erred in granting Capstar summary judgment because the case presents multiple
issues of material fact that preclude the court from deciding on a motion for summary judgment
whether an easement exists.
B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying the Lawrences’ Motion
for Disqualification for Cause
The Lawrences filed a Motion for Disqualification for Cause, alleging that District Judge
Mitchell was biased or prejudiced against them or their case. In accordance with Idaho Rule of
Civil Procedure 40(d)(2), the Lawrences filed an affidavit from their attorney of record at the
time, 4 John P. Whelan, stating the grounds for disqualification. The first concern raised by the
Lawrences was that Judge Mitchell voluntarily disqualified himself in Yovichin v. Bush (CV
2001-2116) in 2001 because of an alleged “personality conflict” with Mr. Whelan, who was
counsel for the defense. A copy of the Order for Self Disqualification was attached to Mr.
Whelan’s affidavit. The Lawrences further argued that the court was prejudiced against Mr.
Whelan based on the court’s prior rulings in cases where Mr. Whelan was the attorney of record
and his clients did not prevail. The Lawrences also asserted that the lower court was biased
because Capstar’s counsel, Susan Weeks, is a law firm partner with Lee James, who is a friend of
3
Neither has there been a showing of adversity. Idaho courts have applied the notion that “[w]hen one claims an
easement by prescription over wild or unenclosed lands of another, mere use of the way for the required time is not
generally sufficient to give rise to a presumption that the use is adverse.” Trunnell v. Ward, 86 Idaho 555, 560, 389
P.2d 221, 224 (1964); accord Christle v. Scott, 110 Idaho 829, 831, 718 P.2d 1267, 1269 (Ct. App. 1986). Under
such a principle and from the record before this Court, the Lawrences’ land appears to qualify as wild and
undeveloped lands. Capstar argues that this issue was not raised below and should be deemed waived. We address
this issue here because 1) the Lawrences have raised the question of whether any use was permissive and this is part
of the legal standard required to show permissiveness and, as such, the issue is fairly encompassed in the question
presented to this Court; and 2) because the district court indisputably erred in measuring the prescriptive period from
1969 to 1975, the question of whether the district court’s decision should be affirmed must include consideration of
the proper legal standard.
4
At the time the motion to disqualify was filed on June 6, 2007, John P. Whelan was the attorney of record. Mr.
Whelan later withdrew as counsel and the Lawrences are currently pro se litigants.

12
Judge Mitchell, as well as the former president of the Idaho Trial Lawyers Association. 5
Lastly, the Lawrences argued that because they appealed to the Idaho Supreme Court and this
Court overturned the district court’s original grant of summary judgment on the express
easement theory, the lower court’s bias and prejudice against the Lawrences has increased as a
result of the appeal.
On June 13, 2007, the district court held a hearing on the Lawrences’ motion to
disqualify. In addition to the aforementioned arguments, the Lawrences raised a new issue at the
hearing concerning campaign contributions. The Lawrences argued that Susan Weeks’ law firm,
of which she is a partner, contributed $1,000 to Judge Mitchell’s reelection campaign in the
spring of 2006. On June 25, 2007, the district court issued a Memorandum Decision and Order
Denying the Motion for Disqualification for Cause in which the court addressed all of the
Lawrences’ arguments in great detail.
The district court began its analysis by addressing the Lawrences’ first concern regarding
Judge Mitchell’s disqualification in Yovichin. The court stated that it had no independent
recollection of why the court voluntarily disqualified itself in Yovichin in 2001. The Order for
Self Disqualification, which was included in the record as an exhibit, did not include any
relevant facts of the Yovichin case. Therefore, Judge Mitchell investigated facts outside the
record to determine why he had previously disqualified himself. However, the court file in
Yovichin was purged, so Judge Mitchell was left to speculate his motivation for disqualification.
The court noted that the Order for Self Disqualification was entered on November 20, 2001,
which was Judge Mitchell’s first day as a district judge. The court also recalled one lawsuit
where Mr. Whelan was the opposing attorney while Judge Mitchell was still acting as an attorney
and mentioned that that case was still pending at the time Judge Mitchell was transitioning from
serving as an attorney to becoming a district judge. The court explained that this was the most
likely reason the court disqualified itself. The court stated its reasoning as follows:
Self disqualifications in those cases were made to avoid any appearance of bias
since just prior to November 21, 2001, the undersigned and one of the counsel in
those cases assigned to the undersigned judge were in an adversarial relationship.
Those self-disqualifications were only made to cases in which counsel were
involved who were opposing adversarial counsel in other cases that were still
passing which the undersigned was an attorney at the time he became district
judge. Those self-disqualifications were made in several cases in an effort to

5
Prior to becoming a district judge, John T. Mitchell served as counsel for the Idaho Trial Lawyers Association. On
November 16, 2001, four days before becoming a district judge, Leander L. James (Lee James) was substituted for
counsel for the Idaho Trial Lawyers Association.

13
 avoid the appearance of impropriety that would occur when one day the
undersigned was your adversarial opponent in a litigated case, and the next day he
was assigned to be the judge in another one of your cases.
(Emphasis in original). The court also stated that Mr. Whelan gave no reason to explain why the
court might have a “personality conflict” with Mr. Whelan. The court reiterated that it had no
bias or prejudice against Mr. Whelan and that any appearance of bias that may have existed in
2001 had been ameliorated with the passage of time.
Next, the court addressed the Lawrences’ claim that the court’s prior rulings against Mr.
Whelan demonstrate bias or prejudice. The court reviewed the previous cases and explained the
independent legal basis supporting its conclusions. In its decision, the district court explained
that “[j]ust because one side wins does not mean the judge’s decision was based upon bias or
prejudice against the party who lost or their attorney.” The court then addressed the concern that
it was biased because of a friendship with a partner of the firm representing the Plaintiff. The
court acknowledged that Capstar’s counsel, Susan Weeks, works in the same law firm as a
friend, Lee James. However, the court also stated that it did not know whether Ms. Weeks and
Mr. James are partners in the firm. The Court also explained that while Mr. James is considered
a professional friend, Judge Mitchell has not seen Mr. James in any social capacity in the last
fourteen months, the last occasion being a fundraiser for child abuse prevention. Furthermore,
the court stated that Mr. James’ connection to the Idaho Trial Lawyers Association was
irrelevant as Judge Mitchell is no longer a member and was unaware that Mr. James was in fact
President of the organization.
The court addressed the issue of campaign contributions made by the law firm of
Capstar’s counsel. The Court states that it had no knowledge of the fact that Ms. Weeks’ law
firm made a $1,000 contribution to its reelection campaign because of Idaho’s non-disclosure
policies. Even with this knowledge, the court remained convinced that it was not biased or
prejudiced as a result of the donation because Ms. Weeks’ firm consists of three attorneys and
the identity of the donor was still concealed.
Lastly, the court addressed the Lawrences’ concern that the court would be biased against
them for appealing to the Idaho Supreme Court. The district court took the time to relieve these
concerns and stated:
This [c]ourt is human. It is quite a different thing to argue that because this [c]ourt
committed error, which the Idaho Supreme Court corrected, that this [c]ourt
would then hold against Mr. Whelan the fact he prevailed on behalf of his clients
on those appeals. Quite the contrary. Mr. Whelan is to be commended for

14
 bringing those appeals and having the Idaho Supreme Court correct the mistake.
He did the right thing.
The court also explained that it was “neither insulted nor inconvenienced” by the filing of the
Lawrences’ motion to disqualify, recognizing that it was Mr. Whelan’s duty to raise these
concerns.
The Lawrences filed a Motion to Reconsider the district court’s denial of the Lawrences’
motion to disqualify, arguing that the court improperly engaged in independent fact finding
outside of the record and speculated the reason for its voluntary disqualification in the Yovichin
case. The district court reviewed the evidence and denied the Lawrences’ Motion to Reconsider.
The Lawrences argue on appeal that the district court abused its discretion by failing to recuse
itself for cause. The Lawrences claim they have noticed a pattern of favoritism throughout the
nine years of litigation and question the court’s impartiality. Moreover, the Lawrences also
contend that the court erred when it investigated facts outside of the record.
This Court reviews the denial of a motion to disqualify pursuant to Idaho Rule of Civil
Procedure 40(d)(2) for an abuse of discretion, and the burden is on the person asserting the court
abused its discretion. Merrill v. Gibson, 139 Idaho 840, 843, 87, P.3d 949, 952 (2004) (citing
Anderson v. Ethington, 103 Idaho 658, 651 P.2d 923 (1982)). “A trial court does not abuse its
discretion if it (1) correctly perceives the issue as discretionary, (2) acts within the bounds of
discretion and applies the correct legal standards, and (3) reaches the decision through an
exercise of reason.” O’Connor v. Harger Constr., Inc., 145 Idaho 904, 909, 188 P.3d 846, 851
(2008) (citing West Wood Invs., Inc. v. Acord, 141 Idaho 75, 82, 106 P.3d 401, 408 (2005)).
A review of the record shows that the district court specifically recognized that
disqualification is a matter committed to the court’s discretion. “Whether it is necessary for a
judicial officer to disqualify himself in a given case is left to the sound discretion of the judicial
officer himself.” Bradbury v. Idaho Judicial Council, 149 Idaho 107, 113, 233 P.3d 38, 44
(2009) (citing Sivak v. State, 112 Idaho 197, 206, 731 P.2d 192, 201 (1986)). The court
articulated its reasoning for finding that it was not biased or prejudiced against the Lawrences
and this Court finds that the district court acted within the bounds of its discretion and reached its
conclusion through an exercise of reason. Therefore, this Court affirms the district court’s
decision not to disqualify itself.
Furthermore, the fact that the district court independently investigated facts outside of the
record does not disturb this Court given the context of the inquiry. The Lawrences brought up
the Yovichin case without any facts or details to help substantiate their claims. In order to truly

15
consider whether this argument had merit, the court needed to investigate the facts surrounding
the voluntary disqualification. This Court concludes that the district court did not err by
independently investigating facts that are not relevant to the pending case. See I.C. § 1-1802 and
§ 1-1803. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the Lawrences’
Motion for Disqualification for Cause. Nevertheless, because this case has such a long and
complex history, with close to ten years of litigation, this Court believes that a new judge would
provide a much needed fresh perspective and would eliminate any concern of bias. Therefore,
this Court Orders that the case on remand be assigned to a new district judge.
C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Finding the Defenses of Laches
and Statute of Limitations to be Meritless
In their Answer, the Lawrences raised the defense of statute of limitations and then
amended their Answer to include the additional defense of laches. In its Memorandum Decision
and Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, the district court found that there
was no merit to either defense. Specifically, the lower court found that there was no legal
analysis to support the Lawrences’ statute of limitations argument, and that the Lawrences failed
to prove why Capstar’s predecessor’s claims should have been perfected through litigation. On
appeal, the Lawrences argue that the district court erred in denying their equitable defenses.
“Whether a party is guilty of laches primarily is a question of fact and therefore its
determination is within the province of the trial court. The decision to apply laches is committed
to the sound discretion of the trial court.” Sword v. Sweet, 140 Idaho 242, 249, 92 P.3d 492, 499
(2004) (internal citations omitted). Therefore, this Court reviews whether the trial court properly
found (1) a lack of diligence by the party against whom the defense of laches is asserted, and (2)
that the party asserting the defense was prejudiced. Id. (citing Preservation Coal., Inc. v. Pierce,
667 F.2d 851, 854 (9th Cir. 1982)).
1. The Defense of Laches
The Lawrences assert that Capstar and its predecessors are guilty of laches because the
Lawrences have been prejudiced by having to locate witnesses and find evidence pertaining to an
easement claim that originated more than thirty years ago. The Lawrences claim that they have
also been prejudiced by the undue delay in Capstar or its predecessors asserting their legal right
to the easement. The easement access problem originated from Funk’s sale of property to
Human Synergistics in 1975. Due to the delay in perfecting title over the easement, the
Lawrences were unable to locate any existing company named Human Synergistics and were
thus unable to depose the business when this suit began in 2002. The Capstar parcel was owned

16
by several different businesses before Capstar purchased it, and the Lawrences assert that those
predecessors in interest did not perform their due diligence by perfecting a legal right to the
easement through litigation and now the Lawrences are prejudiced by the delay.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Lawrences’ defense of
laches. The trial court acted within its discretion when it determined that the Lawrences failed to
prove why Capstar’s predecessor’s claims should have been perfected earlier through litigation.
It is true that Capstar did not assert its legal right to the easement until the Lawrences’ interfered
with Capstar’s access. However, Capstar and its predecessors believed they had permission to
use the road and in fact had been using the road for years prior to this lawsuit. The law does not
compel people to perfect all property rights through litigation. In fact, many people acquire
property rights through open, notorious, and continuous use of property for a specified period of
time. Therefore, the Lawrences have not been prejudiced by the passage of time because prior to
the Lawrences denying Capstar access, there was no need to litigate the easement rights.
2. The Defense of Statute of Limitations
On appeal, the Lawrences simply assert that Capstar’s predecessor’s rights to access the
easement are “stale and barred by the statute of limitations.” The Lawrences do not cite which
statute of limitation is serving as a bar to Capstar’s easement rights. This Court will not consider
the Lawrences’ statute of limitations claim on appeal because they failed to support their claim
with any relevant legal authority or argument. This Court has consistently held that it will “not
consider assignments of error not supported by argument and authority in the opening brief.”
Jorgensen v. Coppedge, 145 Idaho 524, 528, 181 P.3d 450, 454 (2008); see also Idaho App. R.
35(a)(6) (“The argument shall contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues
presented on appeal, the reasons therefor, with citations to authorities, statutes and parts of the
transcript and the record relied upon.”). The Lawrences merely assert that because the easement
originated more than thirty years ago, Capstar’s claim should be barred by the statute of
limitations. Such an assertion, without any legal authority or analysis tied to the facts, is not
sufficient. This Court should not have to search the record to find the error on appeal. As such,
the Lawrences statute of limitations defense is deemed waived on appeal. Therefore, this Court
affirms the district court’s ruling finding the defenses of laches and statute of limitations to be
without merit.
D. No Attorney’s Fees on Appeal

17
 The Lawrences request attorney’s fees on appeal, arguing that Capstar frivolously filed
its Complaint “simply to tie this matter up in litigation for years under the expectation of running
the Lawrences out of money, energy, and hope.” The Lawrences are pro se litigants and did not
cite to any specific statutory provision authorizing an award of attorney fees. The Court will not
award the Lawrences attorney’s fees because this Court has previously held that pro se litigants
are not entitled to attorney’s fees. Michalk v. Michalk, 148 Idaho 224, 235, 220 P.3d 580, 591
(2009).
VI. CONCLUSION
This Court reverses the district court’s order granting summary judgment and remands
the case for trial on the remaining easement theories: 1) an easement implied by prior use, 2) an
easement by necessity, and 3) a prescriptive easement. The Court affirms the district court’s
decision denying the Motion for Disqualification for Cause and affirms the court’s ruling that the
Lawrences’ defenses of laches and statute of limitations were without merit. Nevertheless, this
Court orders that a new judge shall be assigned to preside over all further proceedings in this
case. No attorney’s fees are awarded on appeal. Costs on appeal are awarded to the Lawrences.
Chief Justice BURDICK, Justices EISMANN, J. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.

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