(after stating the facts as above).
[1] The statutes of Idaho (section 2119 of the Revised Codes of Idaho, as amended by chapter 127 of the Laws of 1913) provide in substance:
That the assessor of a county shall be empowered by the board of county commissioners to appoint such clerical assistance as the business of his office may require, deputies to bo remunerated as may bo fixed by the county commissioners: “Provided, that any of the officers mentioned in this section requiring the services of one or more deputies or requiring clerical assistance shall, for a period of at least thirty days before any regular meeting of the board of county commissioners,” publish a notice in a newspaper, or if there is no newspaper in the county, then by putting a notice in his oflice for thirty days before such regular meeting, “of his intention to apply to the board oí county commissioners for a deputy or deputies or for clerical assistance, and no deputy shall be appointed or clerical assistance allowed by said board until due proof of the publication of said notice shall have been furnished said board and the necessity for said assistance is satisfactorily shown. * * *w
The Constitution of Idaho (section 6, art. 18) provides that the Legislature, by general and uniform laws, shall provide for the election biennially in each county of a county assessor, who shall be ex officio tax collector. Certain sections of the laws (article 3, chapter 58, Laws of 1913) make it the duty of the assessor to assess all real property in his county, and in making such assessments he shall—
“actually determino, as near as practicable, the full cash value of each tract * * * of real property assessed, and shall enter the value thereof, and the value of all improvements thereon - * * in appropriate columns against tho description of such real property in the real property assessment roll.” Section 39.
By chapter 58 of the Laws of Idaho of 1913 (section 48), for tho purpose of assessment, lands must be classified as agricultural, or timber, or cut-over and burnt timber land, mineral land, and by other classifications not material at this time. 'The assessor (section 49) shall exercise his best judgment in classifying land, but the classifies*404tion made may be amended or revised, and a new classification made, or the classification of any particular tract changed by the board of county commissioners, if in the judgment of such board the classification has not been correctly made under tire provisions of the law. There are further statutory guides for the assistance and instructions of assessors; for instance, by section 15, the assessor in valuing property shall not adopt a lower or different standard of value because the same is to serve as a basis of taxation, but shall value each piece of property by itself and at such sum or price as he believes the same to be fairly worth in money at the time such assessment is made. The assessor is required to obtain correct statements from owners, and it is his duty to determine the value of such property, and return’and enter the same on the assessment roll.
The statutes above referred to are but part of the scheme for gathering the lists of property subject to taxation and providing .for the valuation thereof for taxation purposes. It is urged that the acquisition of the information which the assessor must have in order to make a classification and valuation is merely to qualify the assessor to perform properly the official function, and that the valuation only is the official act. The weakness of this argument is apparent, we think, when we consider the scope of the duties' of the assessor as defined by the statutes. They make it obligatory upon such official to classify, and then to determine, as near as practicable, the full cash value of the property subject to assessment in his county. This obligation to make classification cannot be lost sight of, and carries with it the inseparable duty to acquire enough information to be able to arrange the property lists intelligently and as prescribed by law. He can always refer to the taxpayer’s statement made under section 16 of the statutory provisions. Primarily, no one except the assessor is responsible for the classification; and when classification is had, all of course for purposes of assessment, the" assessor alone is responsible for determining, as near as practicable, what the full cash value of the property may be. Thus in assessing of property there are two steps — one the listing, the other the estimating or valuing — and while one is the complement of the other, both are essential in making an assessment. Cooley on Taxation, p, 596; In Bloomquist v. Board of County Commissioners, 25 Idaho, 284, 137 Pac. 174, the Supreme Court of Idaho said that property must be assessed; “that is, the property must be listed for taxation.” Furthermore, the court held that, under the Constitution of Idaho, the duty of assessment was upon the assessor, and that, the Constitution having provided a scheme for the “mechanical administration of the laws of the state,” the Legislature could not substitute another method therefor. It might well be that, in order to enable the assessor to reach the full cash value of timber lands, it would be of great aid to him to be furnished with a cruise by experts of the timber upon timber lands; it might also well be that it would be of great assistance to him to have expert mining engineers furnish reports concerning the ore bodies in the mines situate in his county, or that would be given great assistance by having expert reports upon the value of agricultural lands.
*405But the. law assumes that the assessor is competent to arrive at reasonably fair valuations, and that, if need be, he will inform himself sufficiently well to make values; hence it does not expressly authorize the expenditure of public funds for the employment of experts to gather such information for the aid of the official, and we are cited to no statute which fairly implies authority for incurring expenses of such a character. The limitations upon the employment of assistants are very positive. If the regular force of his office is inadequate, the assessor may have some assistance, but only as limited by section 2119; that is, he may employ such deputies or clerks as the board of county commissioners may empower him to employ, and even then, before the board can act, it must appear that the official has given notice of intention to apply for assistants,, and it must be satisfactorily shown to the hoard that there is need for such assistance. State v. Goldthait, 172 Ind. 210, 87 N. E. 133, 19 Ann. Cas. 737. The case of Pacific Timber Co. v. Clarke County (D. C.) 233 Fed. 540, called for an interpretation of the powers of county commissioners under the laws of Washington, which, in respect to assessments and equalization, are at least in some respects different from those of Idaho. Section 3890, R. & B. Code; Gen. Custer Mining Co. v. Van Camp, 2 Idaho (Hasb.) 40, 3 Pac. 22. What the powers of the board of equalization might be to make the Nease contract we need not stop to analyze, for plainly the agreement was made by the board of commissioners with a view to furnishing information for the assessor in making his assessment, and should be judged accordingly.
[2] Appellants urge that neither the contract nor the performance thereof by Nease was in violation of section 3 of article 8 of the Constitution of Idaho, which is as follows:
“Soe. 3. No comity * shall incur any indebtedness, or liability in any manner or for any purpose, exceeding in that year the income and revenue provided for it, for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the Qualified electors thereof, voting at an election to bo held for that purpose, .s * =s Any indebtedness or liability incurred contrary to this provision shall be void: Provided, that this section shall not he construed to apply to the ordinary and necessary expenses authorized by the general laws of the state.”
It is important to keep in mind the concession that the indebtedness now questioned was incurred without the assent of the electors at an election held to submit the question, and also that no provision was made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on the indebtedness, and to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal, and also that such indebtedness exceeded the income and revenue for the year in which it was incurred. The inquiry is therefore at once narrowed to this: Was the'purpose for which the indebtedness was incurred one of the “ordinary and necessary expenses authorized by the general laws of the state”? 'We are greatly assisted in reaching decision upon the true meaning of the constitutional section and the proviso by the views of the Supreme Court of the state, expressed in Bannock County v. Bunting & Co., 4 Idaho, 156, 37 Pac. 277, where it was held that a comparatively *406small expense paid for a temporary jail was an ordinary and necessary one authorized by the Constitution, and in Ada.County v. Bullen Bridge Co., 5 Idaho, 79, 47 Pac. 818, 36 L. R. A. 367, 95 Am. St. Rep. 180, where it was held:
“That an improvement involving an expenditure of nearly $40,000, where the revenue of the county for the year was only about $70,000, would not readily be classed as an ‘ordinary and necessary expense.’ ”
The court said:
“It would be difficult, we apprehend, to name an expense under such a construction that would not be ‘ordinary and necessary.’ If a necessity existed for the bridge, there was no conceivable excuse for not complying with the plainly expressed provisions of the Constitution and the statutes. If these provisions of law are to be ignored or defeated upon flimsy technicalities, it is difficult to see what protection the people will have.”
The expenditure involved in' the contract with Nease amounted to approximately $63,000; whereas, the available revenue was approximately little more than $53,000, out of which would have to come the usual ordinary and necessary expenses for 1914, which amounted to about $59,000.
In Dunbar v. Board of County Commissioners, 5 Idaho, 415, 49 Pac. 409, the court, after pointing out that the terms “ordinary and necessary” are used conjunctively in the constitutional provision, said that expenditures made in excess of the revenues of any current year must not only be for ordinary expenses, “such as are usual to the maintenance of the county government, the conduct of its necessary business, and the protection of its property, but there must exist a necessity for making the expenditure at or during such year,” and concluded that the building of a bridge and the payment of scalping bounties were not ordinary, but extraordinary, expenses, and, being such, could not be created in excess of the revenue for the fiscal year in which such expenses were incurred without the assent of the nec'essary two-thirds bf the electors of the county voting at an election duly called and held. The court also held that it was intended by the makers' of the Constitution that the several counties of the state should be placed upon a cash basis, and that the incurring of heavy debts by the counties should not be had, except where the people of the counties should so authorize.
In Hickey v. City of Nampa, 22 Idaho, 41, 124 Pac. 280, the Supreme Court, in discussing the meaning o-f the proviso under consideration, held that the Legislature could say that an expenditure, though out of the ordinary, which is incurred for the purpose of repairing some damage done to property, or improving it so as to render it serviceable to a city, falls within the proviso. The expenditure in that case was made necessary by a casualty, where a large amount of property was destroyed by reason of a fire, which destroyed the water supply, arid the municipal authorities proceeded under section 2270 of the Revised Codes of Idaho, calling for and requiring the restoration and improvement of the water system and fire-extinguishing apparatus. The point emphasized was that the making of repairs, although it *407might only occur at infrequent intervals, would still be an “ordinary and necessary expense.”
These decisions are in accordance with what we believe is the true construction oE the constitutional provision, and they lead to the conclusion that the commissioners had no right to enter into the contract, although it may be assumed they honestly believed it would be advantageous to the county, until they had complied with the legal requirements.
Wingate v. Clatsop County, 71 Or. 94, 142 Pac. 561, upholds the position of appellant. The case involved the construction of article 11 of section 10 of the Constitution of Oregon, as amended by the Paws of 1911 (see I,aws 1911, p. 11), providing that:-
“No county shall create any debts or liabilities which shall singly or in the aggregate exceed the sum of five thousand dollars, except * * * to build permanent roads within the county, but debts for permanent roads shall be incurred only on approval of a majority of those voting on the question.”
The court drew a distinction between a voluntary indebtedness, or one which a county is at liberty to evade or postpone until means are provided for the payment of the expenses incident thereto, and an involuntary indebtedness, or liability imposed upon a county by law and which it is not privile.ged to evade or postpone, and held that, in order to carry out the constitutional mandate and fairly to distribute the burdens^ of government, the. expenditures there examined into — a debt on' a contract for cruising timber — necessarily became of such a character as to create an involuntary indebtedness, “stationed without the pale of constitutional inhibition.” With great respect for the learned court which pronounced the opinion, we are not persuaded that under the laws of Idaho there was a duty, the performance of which involved the power to contract the debt in question, without a vote of the electors.
It being clear to us that the expense under investigation was not an ordinary and necessary one, the result must be that appellant cannot prevail, and that the District Court was right in dismissing the complaint.
Affirmed.