(after stating the facts as above). The relation of Jacobus to the other parties presents no question of law. The statement of fact prefixed to this opinion sufficiently indicates that on this point we agree with the court below. Nor does the contention, that Fox has no right to limit liability require discussion. Let it be admitted that, if he had chartered to Jacobus an unseaworthy boat, he could not limit, under Benner Line v. Pendleton, 217 Fed. 497, 133 C. C. A. 349, affirmed Pendleton v. Benner Line, 246 U. S. 353, 38 Sup. Ct. 330, 62 L. Ed. 770. But that does not mean that he could not, while asserting seaworthiness, petition for the benefit of the statute; nor can it be contended that, if seaworthiness be established, he may not be declared free of liability for the injury and loss complained of.
Appellants lay much stress on the duty of petitioner affirmatively to prove seaworthiness, inasmuch as a presumption contra is said to have arisen by the admitted occurrence of accident. We do not find it necessary to consider the matter. Decision below was not reached by dealing with presumptions, nor was it rested on burden of proof or evidence. The record is very ample, and we have no difficulty in ascertaining therefrom, by a fair preponderance of credible evidence, why the Adah capsized.
We hold it proven that the scow was well built, new, of approved design, and did not leak. More particularly it is proved that lying light in winter weather at the yard did not cause her seams to open. It follows that, until she took it in over her rail, there was no more water in her than is usual in a new and well-built boat of her class.
When a tight boat capsizes in calm water, the inference is almost irresistible that her action' is due to the disposition of her load. But we do not rest on the inference; it is positively proven, and by Mr. Brady himself, that no trimming was done, the material was dumped *380approximately amidships, and left to “run when it got piled high enough,” but only the “dry part would run.” And by other witnesses it is shown that before a full load was put on the Adah the deck was awash on the port side, and she was heavy by the stern. We find that this was the reason why the 25 tons additional that she ought to have carried were never put aboard, and why she was removed from the Uller’s side. We also accept the testimony that this combination of longitudinal and transverse unevenness is peculiarly dangerous, and find that the Adah was in such a condition of instability that the oscillations caused by hauling her across the tide (slight as they must have been) were enough to tip her over.1
[1] Under Boret v. Robert R., 255 Fed. 37, - C. C. A. -, the stevedores were held primarily liable for the damage resulting from such bad loading. It was there held that a stevedore, under exactly the same contract as is. here admitted, was bound to stop work when and if it became unsafe to continue loading without trimming. He may call on his principal or employer to do the necessary work (in The Robert R., the steamship; in this case, the cargo owner), but he proceeds in a work endangering others at his individual peril; and the fact that his paymaster, when engaging him, -economized by refusing to pay for trimming, does not relieve the stevedore who loads badly (i. e., out of trim), and though it may emphasize it does not cause any liability to third parties, on the part of the economic employer.
[2] In this case Brady (like the stevedores in The Robert R., supra) is an independent contractor, the relation of principal and agent does not exist, nor was the work contracted for inherently or necessarily dangerous. The ship in The Robert R. was liable for lost cargo as a carrier; i. e., in contract. In this case Beer is responsible contractually to the Uller for negligence in carrying out his agreement to remove the cargo from her hold and safely put in overside.
*381We have before us no pleading or decree claiming or adjudging liability on Beer’s part for the Adah’s damages. For them on this record Brady is responsible; further we express no opinion.
[3] Appellants finally allege error in decree below, because it not only absolves the Adah from blame, but fixes upon Brady and Beer respousibility for the loss and injury in respect of which the Adah filed this petition.
Whether it was necessary, in absolving the Adah, to fix blame on some one else, is a question we need not decide. Nor are we concerned with the inquiry whether the court could have compelled some of the parties to this appeal to come into the limitation proceedings. It is enough that they did come in, and made parties of themselves. Some of them (perhaps) came in voluntarily, but (as hereinbefore shown) all deliberately raised issues with each other, as well as with the petitioner, Fox, and litigated those issues at great length.
Having become parties, they are bound by the decree entered in the suit wherein they are parties.
“Parties in the larger legal sense are all persons having a right to control the proceeding, to make defense, to adduce and cross-examine witnesses, and to appeal from the decision if an appeal lies.”2
All the persons, firms, and corporations before this court in this matter fully respond to this definition. How or why they became parties is immaterial; they have had their day in court, and their relative rights have in substance been properly adjudicated.
The decree appealed from is affirmed. The only costs allowed will be the costs of this court to the petitioner, Fox, and against the appellants.
The record contains much scientific or mathematical evidence which has not been overlooked. The effort was to demonstrate that such a vessel as the Adah, with no greater inclination than was testified to by extremely unscientific observers, could only capsize through action of free water in the hold — because her me'tacenter, when careened as stated, must have remained several feet (calculations vary) above the center of mass or gravity. The witnesses doubtless testified fairly from the data furnished. But we think it was always assumed that the load was symmetrical (i. e., that on an even keel the center of-mass was in the same vertical as the center of buoyancy), and no allowance was made for the effect of water coming over the deck — though one witness (Mr. Kindlund) admitted that such event would make against stability. Any water over the deck edge “diminishes resistance to inclination.” The Royal Sceptre, 187 Fed. 228.
As this vessel was loaded heavily to port, it is obvious that misplaced weight on deck could produce the same result as free water in the hold, while as soon as the cargo began to slide the situation would be aggravated. It may be true, as estimated by Mr. Rodemund, that the entire cargo would not spill until a heel of 45 per cent, was reached, but, with one side under water, that inclination would speedily be reached, through partial slides of cargo and the downward pressure of water above deck level.
For a simple statement of the problems of buoyancy and stability (with special reference to vessels of rectangular cross-section), see “Naval Construction” by R. W. Meade, U. S. N.
This definition from Greenleaf on Evidence has been approved in Green v. Bogue, 158 U. S. 503, 15 Sup. Ct. 975, 39 L. Ed. 1061, and substantially adopted in Ashton v. Rochester, 133 N. Y. 193, 30 N. E. 965, 31 N. E. 334, 28 Am. St. Rep. 619.
The action brought by the Tiller is still pending in the Southern district of New York. If the action of some of the parties there impleaded in appearing and answering to this limitation in the Eastern district be thought voluntary, see Straus v. American Publishers’ Ass’n, 201 Fed. 310, 119 C. C. A. 544.