(after stating the facts as above). The Federal Reserve Bank is empowered by the Federal Reserve Act (Comp. St. § 9785 et seq.), by authority of which it is permitted to incorporate and transact business, to exercise all powers specifically granted by the provisions of the act, and such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking within the limitations prescribed by the act. Subdivision 7, § 4 (section 9788).
By section 13, as amended by the Act of June 21, 1917 (40 Stat. 235 [Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 9796]), it is provided that any Reserve Bank may receive from any of its member banks deposits cf current funds in lawful money, or checks and drafts payable upon presentation, and also, for collection, maturing notes and bills, or, solely for the purposes of exchange or of collection, may receive deposits of checks and drafts, payable upon presentation within its district, and maturing notes and bills payable therein, or; solely for the purposes of exchange or of collection, may receive from any nonmember bank or trust company deposits of current funds in lawful money, national bank notes, Federal Reserve notes, checks and drafts payable upon presentation, or maturing notes and bills: Provided, however, that such nonmember bank or trust company maintains with the Federal Reserve Bank of its district a balance sufficient to offset the items in transit held for its account by the Federal Reserve Bank; and “provided, further, that nothing in this or any other sec*225tion of this act shall be construed as prohibiting a member- or nonmember bank from making reasonable charges, to be determined and regulated by the Federal Reserve Board, but in no case to exceed 10 cents-per $100 or fraction thereof, baséd on the total of checks and drafts presented at any one time, for collection or payment of checks and drafts and remission therefor by exchange or otherwise; but no such charges shall be made against the Federal Reserve banks.”
By section 16 (section 9799), the Federal Reserve Board is empowered at its discretion to exercise the functions of a clearing house for Federal Reserve Banks, or it may designate a Federal Reserve Bank to exercise such functions, and may also require such bank to exercise the functions of a clearing house for its member banks. By a previous clause of this section, it is provided that every Federal Reserve Bank shall receive on deposit at par from member banks or from Federal Reserve Banks checks and drafts drawn upon any of its depositors, and, when remitted by a Federal Reserve bank, checks and drafts drawn by any depositor in any other Federal Reserve Bank or member bank upon funds to the credit of said depositor in said Reserve Bank or member bank.
[1] The language of the statute is that the Reserve Banks may receive from nonmember banks checks and drafts payable upon presentation, and this solely for the purpose of exchange or of collection; but this is on condition that the nonmember bank shall, of its own volition, maintain with the Reserve Bank the appropriate balance as prescribed. In this way, nonmember banks can avail themselves of the clearing house privileges afforded by the Reserve Bank. Otherwise it would seem that nonmember banks are not affected by the act. 31 Opinions of Attorneys General, 245. But the preceding clause gives broader scope to the powers of the Reserve Bank. It may receive on deposit, for the purpose of exchange or of collection, “checks and drafts, payable upon presentation within its district.” This would seem to comprise all checks and drafts, upon whatsoever bank drawn, within its district, without discrimination as to whether member or nonmember. The use of the word “may” is indicative of a legislative intendment to concede an optional function only. There is no particular reason assignable why the word should be construed as “shall,” or mandatory in its signification.
The clause of section 16 requiring Reserve Banks to receive at par on deposit from member banks, or from Federal Reserve Banks, checks and drafts drawn upon their depositors, carries with it no specific power for making exchange or collections. The function so to be exercised is treated of in section 13. The Reserve Bank having such paper on deposit, however, may be treated as the holder or owner of such paper. The Federal Reserve Board, apparently recognizing that nonmember banks, unless they voluntarily maintained with the reserve bank the appropriate balance, were not otherwise affected by the act, issued a regulation under title “Check Clearing and Collection,” as follows:
“Each Federal Reserve Bank will receive at par from its member banks, and from nonmember banks in its district which have become clearing mem*226bers, checks drawn on all member and clearing member banks and on all other nonmember banks which agree to remit at par through the Federal Reserve Bank of their district.”
This was in pursuance of a policy inaugurated by the board to induce nonmember banks which are without the pale of the act to remit at par, and thus to unify bank clearances and collections throughout the country. The questions presented here are: First, whether the Reserve Bank has the authority to make collections from nonmember banks; and, second, whether it can coerce such banks to agree to remit at par.
[2] As to the first, it is already apparent that the Reserve Bank may at its option receive paper against such banks for collection. Having that power, it may collect it, if it can find a way of doing so without the payment of exchange, which it is prohibited from paying by the act. It is a banking custom, as well as a legal right, which a holder of a check has at all times, to present paper at the counter of the payee bank and demand payment, and, if denied, the paper is subject to dishonor. Paper so presented and paid over the counter is not subject to exchange. It is also a custom among banks, in making collections from other banks, where there is not more than one bank in a place, to send checks to the drawee bank with request for remittance, and the request is honored unless there is some special reason why the bank should not pay. These banking rules and regulations are conceded.
[3,4] As to the second question] the nonmember banks, being without the pale of the Federal Reserve Act, have the right, if they see fit, to charge reasonable exchange on remittances. This is a right the bank may relinquish at its option, but it ought not to be coerced into doing so, or agreeing to do so, and any strategy which has for its purpose the coercion of such nonmember bank to yield its legal right in this respect is unlawful, and will not be approved by the courts. The Supreme Court, speaking through Mr. Justice Holmes, has put the stamp of its disapproval upon the act of a party massing a number of checks against a bank and presenting them in bulk at the counter for payment, although the holder of paper has the legal right to demand payment, on the ground that it evidences an ulterior purpose of compeíling the bank to yield against its will to a demand for payment at par. American Bank & Trust Co. et al. v. Federal Reserve Bank, 256 U. S. 350, 41 Sup. Ct. 499, 65 L. Ed. 983. - In the opinion the distinguished jurist has this to say:
.“If this were a case of competition in private business, it would be hard to admit the Justification of self-interest, considering the now current opinion as to public policy expressed in statutes and decisions. But this is not a private business. The policy of the Federal Reserve Banks is governed by the policy of the United States with regard to them and to these relatively feeble competitors. We do not need aid from the debates upon the statute under which the Reserve Banks exist to assume that the United States did not intend by that statute to sanction this sort of warfare upon legitimate creations of the states.”
[5] The testimony here impels me to the conclusion that the Federal Reserve Bank has gone to the length of endeavoring to coerce the • Brookings Bank to accede to its demand that the latter bank agree to remit at par. Its purpose is obvious, from the fact that it maintained *227an agent at Brookings for practically a year, at an expense to it of $3,-542, for collecting over the counter checks and drafts drawn upon the Brookings Bank, knowing at the time that the procedure was embarrassing to the bank, and required it to maintain a much larger reserve in its coffers to take care of its current business, thus depriving the bank of a portion of its ordinary earnings. Such a purpose is further manifest from correspondence found in the record. One letter to which I refer is Defendant’s Exhibit S, from the manager of the Portland branch to an officer of the Reserve Bank at San Francisco. It relates to an incident of the acceptance by the agent at Brookings of the bank’s draft at par in payment of checks presented over the counter, and advises that:'
“If we continue to accept exchange, we are, of course, extracting the sting from our direct collections.”
Another is Plaintiff’s Exhibit 20, a letter from the manager at Portland to the Scio State Bank, advising that:
“Shortly, after all the hanks in the country have had time to consider becoming par voluntarily, it will be necessary to use more forcible methods with the few banks that refuse to pay their checks at par.”
Corroboration is found in other correspondence and evidence adduced at the trial, but the record is too voluminous to attempt to particularize.
[6] But with all this it appears that the Brookings State Bank was advised by letter of September 20, 1921, that the agent at Brookings would be withdrawn on September 30th, and the agent was so withdrawn, and has not since been maintained there, and, as this suit was instituted on September 29, 1921, there would seem to be no necessity for enjoining the defendant from maintaining an agent at Brookings for making collections over the counter of the bank, whether absolutely or in modified terms. Nor would it have been necessary to go into these matters to the extent we have, but for the earnest insistence that it was the defendant’s absolute duty, imposed upon it by the act, and as to which it had no volition, to make such collections. The Federal Reserve Bank, however, has recognized the optional character of its function in this regard, by notifying its correspondents that it will accept no more paper on the Brookings State Bank for collection.
[7] As it relates to the method adopted by the defendant for making collections through the mail, by sending checks and drafts drawn upon the Brookings Bank direct to the bank, indorsed, “Pay to Brookings State Bank, for collection only and remittance in full, without deduction for exchange or collection charges,” it is plain that the bank was not called upon so to remit, and its return of the checks without payment as demanded was not tantamount to dishonor. I repeat what was said in deciding the matter on preliminary hearing:
“While, under the prevailing custom, the defendant bank could rightfully remit checks and drafts drawn against the plaintiff bank direct to the latter for collection, and could thereby exact payment of them, it could not impose conditions upon which such payment should be made; much less could it make the plaintiff bank its agent for causing protest to be made for nonpayment. The idea of requiring that a maker or drawee shall have protested his *228own paper -Is so inconsistent with the functions of an agent that it can hardly receive the sanction of law. No- man can serve two-masters, especially himself and another.” , ■
The defendant was therefore not authorized to. advise its clients that they must look to the plaintiff bank for protection through failure to protest. The preliminary injunction heretofore decreed will be made permanent, but no 'injunction will issue respecting the maintenance of an agent at Brookings, as such agent had been withdrawn practically at the time of the institution of the suit, and there appears to be no intention upon the part of defendant to replace him.