after stating the facts as above). [1, 2] The claim of privilege need not be considered; the defendant being a corporation. Hale v. Henkel, 201 U. S. 43, 74, 75, 26 Sup. Ct. 370, 50 L. Ed. 652. Besides, the defendant has denied infringement in its answer, and, having submitted to answer, must answer fully. The original denial was a waiver.
[3, 4] Interrogatories under the fifty-eighth rule are the substitute for discovery, and as the plaintiff would have been entitled to discovery as to whether the defendant practiced the invention, that being a part of the plaintiff’s case, it is clearly entitled to have an answer to equivalent interrogatories. Moreover, these need not be limited to the language of the claims, and ordinarily should not be. Dick v. Underwood (D. C.) 235 Fed. 300.
It is proper for the plaintiff to interpret the claims as he asserts they should mean. That, however, does not answer the difficulty here, because the plaintiff wishes more than a categorical answer to the allegations of infringement. The plaintiff was never, under the old practice, compelled to accept the defendant’s denial of the “stating” part of the *381bill, and it was for this reason that the “charging” part was always added, containing evidence in proof of the “stating” part, which the defendant must answer. Anything which would have been good in the “charging” part of an old bill can now be obtained directly by interrogatories.
[5] The plaintiff must prove that the defendant is practicing a process made up of several elements. It would, it is true, be no evidence of that fact to procure an admission that it has practiced a process made up of some of these elements because that would not be the same process. But it would be material evidence to procure an admission that in its process, whatever that was, the defendant used certain of those elements. This the plaintiff could have “charged” in a bill, and the defendant would have had to answer it. Therefore it appears to me that it Is not a valid objection to argue that the interrogatories do not cover all the elements of the patented processes. The evidence may turn out to be insufficient, but no one can say that it is immaterial, because it may fail completely to establish the plaintiff’s case.
The defendant, however, urges that it should not be required to disclose its secret processes. No doubt the situation is difficult,.on the one hand, to secure the plaintiff’s right to get relevant evidence, and, on the other, to protect the defendant from disclosing secrets which are not material. In the end, the right of the plaintiff to bring out the truth must prevail, in so far as the inquiry is honestly limited to the actual issue of infringement. In the case at bar there can be no doubt that at the hearing the defendant would be obliged to answer the questions here propounded, and, if so, I can see no good reason to preclude that examination now. It is true that the result may be to compel the defendant to disclose how far it goes in the process, though it does not use the process as a whole, and that that may damage the defendant. That is, however, an inevitable incident to any inquiry in such a case; unless the defendant may be made to answer, the plaintiff is deprived of its right to learn whether the defendant has clone it a wrong.
In Federal, etc., Co. v. International, etc., Co., 119 Fed. 385, it would at first blush look as though Judge Townsend had generally laid it down as a rule that a defendant might avoid answering on the ground that to do so he must disclose trade secrets; but the decision did not in fact go so far. There the interrogatory asked for a disclosure of the structure of the defendant’s machine, in case ft was not made in accordance with the patent. The interrogatory was certainly not relevant to the plaintiff’s case, and, being oppressive, could not be enforced. No authority was cited for the general ruling that a defendant may refuse to answer a relevant interrogatory because it would disclose a trade secret.
Objections overruled.
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