No
No. 98-605
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1999 MT 303
297 Mont. 172
991 P.2d 950
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
ANDREW C. MENSING,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Second Judicial
District,
In and for the County of Silver Bow,
The Honorable John W. Whelan, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (1 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM
No
William F. Hooks, Appellate Defender Office, Helena, Montana
For Respondent:
Hon. Joseph P. Mazurek, Attorney General; Patricia J. Jordan,
Assistant Attorney General; Helena, Montana
Robert M. McCarthy, Silver Bow County Attorney; Butte, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: September 9, 1999
Decided: December , 1999
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.
1. ¶ Andrew C. Mensing (Mensing) appeals from the judgment entered by the Second
Judicial District Court, Silver Bow County, on a jury verdict finding him guilty of
sexual intercourse without consent, a felony. We affirm.
2. ¶ The issue on appeal is whether the District Court committed reversible error in
admitting the testimony of two law enforcement officers regarding prior consistent
statements made by the victim.
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (2 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM
No
BACKGROUND
3. ¶ The State of Montana (State) charged Mensing by information with committing
the offense of sexual intercourse without consent by allegedly having nonconsensual
sexual intercourse with Lisa Perry (Perry) on the evening of June 5, 1997. A jury
trial was held on March 3 and 4, 1998.
4. ¶ During the State’s case-in-chief, Perry testified about her version of the June 5,
1997, events. Thereafter, the State presented testimony, over Mensing’s objection,
from two law enforcement officers regarding statements Perry made to them on the
evening in question.
5. ¶ The jury found Mensing guilty of sexual intercourse without consent, and the
District Court subsequently sentenced him and entered judgment. Mensing appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
6. ¶ A district court has broad discretion in determining whether evidence is
admissible. State v. Osborne, 1999 MT 149, ¶ 14, 982 P.2d 1045, ¶ 14, 56 St.Rep.
589, ¶ 14. Consequently, we review a district court’s ruling admitting evidence to
determine whether the court abused its discretion. Osborne, ¶ 14.
DISCUSSION
7. ¶ Did the District Court commit reversible error in admitting the testimony of two
law enforcement officers regarding prior consistent statements made by the victim?
8. ¶ At trial, the State called two law enforcement officers who had assisted in
investigating the incident which led to the charges against Mensing as witnesses.
During their testimony, both officers related statements Perry had made to them
regarding what had happened on the evening of June 5, 1997. Mensing objected to
the testimony on hearsay grounds. The State responded that the testimony was not
hearsay because Perry’s statements to the officers were prior consistent statements
of a witness under Rule 801(d)(1), M.R.Evid. The District Court agreed and
admitted the officers’ testimony. Mensing contends that the court abused its
discretion.
9. ¶ Hearsay is "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted."
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (3 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM
No
Rule 801(c), M.R.Evid. Hearsay statements generally are inadmissible. Rule 802, M.
R.Evid.
10. ¶ The Montana Rules of Evidence expressly provide, however, that certain
statements otherwise meeting the definition of hearsay are not hearsay. See Rule 801
(d), M.R.Evid. In this regard, Rule 801(d)(1)(B), M.R.Evid., provides that a
statement is not hearsay if it is a prior statement by a person who testifies at trial and
is subject to cross-examination regarding the statement, and the statement is
"consistent with the declarant’s testimony and is offered to rebut an express or
implied charge against the declarant of subsequent fabrication, improper influence
or motive . . . ." Thus, four requirements must be met before a witness may testify as
to a declarant’s prior statements under this portion of Rule 801(d): (1) the declarant
must testify at trial; (2) the declarant must be subject to cross-examination regarding
the statements; (3) the statements to which the witness testifies must be consistent
with the declarant’s testimony; and (4) the statements must rebut an express or
implied charge of fabrication, improper influence or motive. State v. Scheffelman
(1991), 250 Mont. 334, 338, 820 P.2d 1293, 1296.
11. ¶ It is undisputed that the first three requirements for admitting statements under
Rule 801(d)(1) were met in this case: Perry testified at trial, she was available for
cross-examination about her statements and the statements by Perry to which the
officers testified were consistent with Perry’s testimony. Mensing contends,
however, that the fourth requirement was not met because he made no express or
implied charge against Perry of subsequent fabrication, improper influence or
motive and, as a result, the Perry statements related by the officers did not rebut
such a charge. He asserts that his cross-examination of Perry, which pointed out a
number of inconsistencies in her testimony, was merely an effort to cast doubt on
her testimony that she did not consent to intercourse and does not constitute an
express or implied charge of fabrication, motive or improper influence.
12. ¶ The State responds that the fourth requirement under Rule 801(d)(1)(B), M.R.
Evid., was met. First, the State argues that Mensing’s cross-examination implied
Perry had been improperly influenced via coaching on her testimony by the
prosecutor when she was asked how many times she talked to the prosecutor and
other State personnel prior to trial and when those conversations occurred. We
observe, however, that Mensing did not question Perry regarding the substance of
those conversations or whether she had discussed the content of her trial testimony
with any of the referenced people. Because the cross-examination did not include
substantive questioning in this regard, we conclude that Mensing did not imply
Perry had been improperly influenced in her testimony merely by asking her how
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (4 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM
No
many times she had spoken with the prosecutor.
13. ¶ The State also argues that Mensing implied subsequent fabrication by cross-
examining Perry about inconsistencies in her testimony, thereby bringing her
credibility into question. It cites to State v. Medina (1990), 245 Mont. 25, 798 P.2d
1032 (overruled on other grounds in State v. Olson (1997), 286 Mont. 364, 951 P.2d
571), for the proposition that such a general attack on a witness’s credibility is
sufficient to allow the admission of the witness’s prior consistent statements. There,
the defendant argued on appeal that the district court erred in admitting prior
consistent statements of a child victim and we held that the statements were properly
admitted. Medina, 245 Mont. at 33, 798 P.2d at 1037. In our discussion of the law
regarding Rule 801(d)(1), M.R.Evid., we cited State v. Tafoya (N.M. Ct. App.
1986), 729 P.2d 1371, for its statement that an attack on a witness’s general
credibility will satisfy the subsequent fabrication requirement of Rule 801(d)(1)(B).
Medina, 245 Mont. at 32, 798 P.2d at 1037.
14. ¶ At the outset, we note that Tafoya’s declaration that a general credibility attack is
sufficient to imply a charge of subsequent fabrication and allow introduction of
prior consistent statements has since been abrogated by the New Mexico Court of
Appeals in State v. Casaus (N.M. Ct. App. 1996), 913 P.2d 669. There, the court
stated that a charge of fabrication is shown by establishing that a witness has made
"a conscious effort to lie, as contrasted to a faulty memory or a mistaken statement."
Casaus, 913 P.2d at 673. The witness must have an improper intent or motive to
testify falsely, or otherwise be influenced to fabricate testimony by choice. Casaus,
913 P.2d at 674. Thus, the court concluded that the statements in Tafoya and its
earlier case of State v. Vigil (N.M. Ct. App. 1985), 711 P.2d 28, that a general
credibility attack will constitute a charge of fabrication were "much too broad" and
that, while a witness’s credibility may be attacked by showing mistake or faulty
memory, neither of these "rise to the level of a conscious influence, intent, or
motive." Casaus, 913 P.2d at 674, n.2.
15. ¶ Notwithstanding the New Mexico court’s abrogation of the Tafoya principle,
however, our citation to Tafoya was not necessary to our resolution of the issue in
Medina. The defendant in Medina did attack the witness’s credibility during cross-
examination by pointing out inconsistencies in her testimony. Medina, 245 Mont. at
33, 798 P.2d at 1037. However, the victim witness in Medina also was cross-
examined about her possible motives to testify falsely and whether she had told any
family members of the abuse which the defendant allegedly inflicted upon her, thus
implying she had fabricated her story; it was this testimony which prompted the
prosecution to present her prior consistent statements. Medina, 245 Mont. at 28, 798
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (5 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM
No
P.2d at 1034. Thus, in Medina, the defense’s attack on the witness’s credibility was
not general; it included direct charges of motive and reason to fabricate her
testimony. Admitting a witness’s prior consistent statements following a direct
charge of reason to fabricate is in accord with our more recent determination that
"prior consistent statements are admissible only when a specific motive to fabricate
is alleged . . . ." See State v. Fina (1995), 273 Mont. 171, 182, 902 P.2d 30, 37
(citing State v. Lunstad (1993), 259 Mont. 512, 516-17, 857 P.2d 723, 726).
16. ¶ Here, Mensing only questioned Perry about inconsistencies in her story and
implied that her memory was faulty as a result of drinking alcohol and smoking
marijuana on the night in question. He did not question Perry regarding whether she
had any reason to testify falsely. There was no charge--direct or implied--of a
specific motive to fabricate. Our review of the record does not support the State’s
assertion that Mensing attacked Perry’s credibility in a manner sufficient to allow
admission of her prior consistent statements.
17. ¶ We conclude that Mensing made no express or implied charge of fabrication,
improper influence or motive against Perry during her cross-examination and, as a
result, the officers’ testimony regarding her prior statements was not admissible as
nonhearsay under Rule 801(d)(1)(B), M.R.Evid. The State presents no other basis
on which the testimony at issue could be admissible. Consequently, we further
conclude that the District Court abused its discretion in admitting the law
enforcement officers’ hearsay testimony regarding Perry’s prior statements.
18. ¶ We will not reverse a district court for committing error which did not prejudice
the defendant, however (see § 46-20-701(1), MCA), and a defendant is not
prejudiced by the introduction of inadmissible hearsay testimony when the hearsay
statements are separately admitted through the testimony of the declarant or through
other direct evidence. State v. Veis, 1998 MT 162, ¶ 26, 289 Mont. 450, ¶ 26, 962
P.2d 1153, ¶ 26. Furthermore, where the declarant testifies at trial and the defendant
is given the opportunity to cross-examine regarding the statements at issue, the
improper admission of the declarant’s out-of-court statements is considered
harmless. Veis, ¶ 26. In the present case, Perry--the declarant of the hearsay
statements at issue--testified at the trial and Mensing had the opportunity to cross-
examine her about those statements. Consequently, pursuant to Veis, the admission
of the law enforcement officers’ hearsay testimony regarding Perry’s prior
statements was harmless error.
19. ¶ Veis notwithstanding, Mensing contends he was prejudiced by the officers’
testimony. He asserts that, because the only issue at trial was whether the sexual
intercourse was consensual, Perry’s credibility was of critical importance and the
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (6 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM
No
admission of her prior statements through the law enforcement officers’ testimony
improperly bolstered her credibility. Mensing’s argument in this regard appears to
be premised on the officers being the only witnesses to testify that Perry had made
prior consistent statements regarding the events of the evening in question. The
record, however, does not support Mensing’s premise.
20. ¶ Perry’s boyfriend testified regarding Perry’s statements to him on the evening of
the incident that Mensing had raped her, the location of the incident and details of
how she had escaped from Mensing. Another witness testified that, when he saw
Perry shortly after the incident, she told him Mensing had raped her and where the
rape had occurred. Furthermore, the physician who examined Perry later that night
testified that Perry told him she had been raped. This testimony is consistent with
Perry’s trial testimony and Mensing does not challenge its admissibility.
Consequently, we conclude that the law enforcement officers were not the only
witnesses to testify regarding Perry’s prior consistent statements and the premise
underlying Mensing’s argument that the officers’ hearsay testimony prejudiced him
by improperly bolstering Perry’s credibility fails. On this record, we conclude that
the improper admission of the officers’ hearsay testimony did not prejudice Mensing.
21. ¶ We hold that, although the District Court abused its discretion in admitting the
testimony of the two law enforcement officers regarding prior consistent statements
made by Perry, the error did not prejudice Mensing and, therefore, was harmless.
22. ¶ Affirmed.
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
We concur:
/S/ J. A. TURNAGE
/S/ WILLIAM E. HUNT, SR.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/cu1046/Desktop/opinions/98-605_(12-07-99)_Opinion_.htm (7 of 7)4/10/2007 10:07:06 AM