The second claim of the Edison incandescent lamp patent (.No. 223,898) is for “the combination of carbon *398filaments with a receiver made entirely of glass and conductors passing through the glass, and from which receiver the air is exhausted, for the purposes set forth.”
The defendants’ lamp, constructed after the Pollard patent, of November 1,1892, contains all the elements enumerated in this claim, namely, a carbon filament, all-glass receiver, from which the air is exhausted, and conductors passing through the glass. The only difference between the two lamps is that the defendants use a film of powdered silver for the conductors passing through the glass, in place of platinum wire, which Edison points out in the specification of his patent as the material to be employed, and which is always found in the Edison lamp of. commerce. In other respects the lamps are identical. While Edison uses platinum wire, he does not limit himself to this form of conductor in his claim. The language of the claim is “conductors passing through the glass,” and therefore, on its face, the claim .covers all kinds of material capable of carrying the electric current. If the claim had been limited to conductors of platinum wire, as the filament is limited to carbon, the case might be different.
The invention of Edison resides in the carbon filament; the other elements of the combination were old and subordinate, and represent, so to speak, only the environment of the filament. For this reason, I do not think the court should seek to restrict the plain meaning of the language of the claim. And there is another reason for giving the claim a broad construction. Edison made an important invention; he produced the first practical incandescent electric lamp; the patent is a pioneer in the sense of the patent law; it maybe said that his invention created the art of incandescent electric lighting. Where a valuable invention has been made, the court will uphold that which was really invented, and which comes within any fair interpretation of the patentee’s claim. Merrill v. Yeomans, 94 U. S. 568, 573.
The argument of the defendants is that this claim of the Edison patent must be limited to the use of platinum wire as a conductor, or its known equivalent, and that powdered silver was not a known equivalent at^ the date of the Edison patent. Looking generally at the state of the electrical art at the date of the Edison patent, and comparing platinum wire and powdered silver simply as elements, apart from any specific combination or invention, it cannot be said that one was not a known equivalent of the other, because powdered metals, including silver, have been recognized since 1860 as conductors of electricity. In asserting that powdered silver was not a known equivalent of platinum wire, the defendants must mean that it was not a known substitute in the combination or invention of the Edison patent, or in the art of incandescent electric lighting, and I think the evidence proves this to be true; but, in dealing with an invention which is broadly new, I am not prepared to accept the proposition that, in order to constitute infringement, an equivalent in a patented combination must always have been known at the date of the patent, or must have been such as would occur to a skilled mechanic exercising only ordinary mechanical skill. '. • — ,
*399While tlie language of tlie supreme court in Rees v. Gould, 15 Wall. 187, and other cases, seems to support the defendants’ contention on this question, the later decisions by that court are not reconcilable with the broad proposition that in all cases the substitution of an equivalent will avoid infringement, provided it was not known at the; date of the patent, using the word “known” in its ordinary sense. Morley Sewing Mach. Co. v. Lancaster, 129 U. S. 263, 9 Sup. Ct. 299; Clough v. Barker, 106 U. S. 166, 1 Sup. Ct. 188; Machine Co. v. Murphy, 97 U. S. 120. In the Morley Case, Mr. Justice Blatchford, speaking for the court, says:
“A difference in tlie particular devices used to accomplish a particular result In such a machine would always enable a defendant to escape the charge of infringement, provided such devices were new with the defendant in such a machine, because, as no machine' for accomplishing- the result existed before that of the plaintiff, the particular device's alleged to avoid infringement could not have existed, or been known in such a machine prior to the fdaintift’s invention.”
In that case, the patent was for a machine for automatically sewing shank butions to a fabric, and it was the first machine to accomplish this result. In the defendant's machine, (he feeding' and sewing mechanisms were new, and had been patented, yet the court held that it infringed the Morley patent. The feeding and sewing devices of the, Lancaster machine, in the art of automatically sewing-shank buttons to a fabric, were as unknown at the date of the Morley patent as a conductor made of powdered silver, at the date of the Edison patent, in the art of incandescent electric lighting.
In dealing with a pioneer invention which creates a new art, ii. hardly seems logical or reasonable to say that, because in the progress of such art some new substance or device has been discovered, which can act as a substitute for <one of the elements of the patented invention, any one can appropriate the invention by tin4 employment of such substitute. And, further, if equivalency signifies equivalency in the particular combination or invention, it is difficult to point out in this class of cases what known equivalents existed at the date of the patent, for the reason that the combination of elements in which the invention is embodied was first made known by the patentee. The doctrine of equivalents, as applied to primary inventions, rests upon a more satisfactory basis by the elimination of the qualification of age or time, and by bolding those things to be equivalents which perforin the same function in substantially the same way. The fundamental question is whether the alleged in-fringer makes use of the essence of the patented invention; not whether he has adopted a known equivalent, or made a patentable improvement on the invention.
Tlie motion for preliminary injunction is granted.