No. 03-343
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2003 MT 352
IN THE MATTER OF
T.J.H., J.H., J.L., and A.L.,
Youths In Need Of Care.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DN 2000-082,
Honorable Diane G. Barz, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Nancy G. Schwartz, Attorney at Law, Billings, Montana
For Respondent:
Honorable Mike McGrath Attorney General; Mark W. Mattioli,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Patrick E. Kenney, Billings, Montana (Guardian Ad Litem)
Submitted on Briefs: November 6, 2003
Decided: December 18, 2003
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 This is an appeal by the natural mother, B.J.H., of an order terminating her parental
rights to her four children, T.J.H., J.H., J.L., and A.L. The natural fathers of T.J.H. and J.H.
have not appealed. W.L., the natural father of J.L. and A.L., withdrew his appeal. We
affirm the order of the District Court.
¶2 B.J.H. presents the following two issues on appeal:
¶3 1. Did the termination proceedings comply with the Indian Child Welfare Act
(ICWA)?
¶4 2. Is the termination of parental rights supported by substantial evidence?
BACKGROUND
¶5 The Department of Public Health and Human Services (the Department) first
established contact with B.J.H. in 1991, when she attempted suicide while four months
pregnant. Subsequent reports established on-going alcohol, drug, and physical abuse, in
addition to unsanitary living conditions. The children were originally removed from the
home as a result of T.J.H.’s having run away in 2000. The relationship between B.J.H. and
W.L. is extremely volatile. B.J.H. and W.L. would repeatedly break-up and then reconcile.
The initial court-ordered treatment plans contemplated that B.J.H. and W.L. would improve
their behavior and relations with counseling. In late 2001, B.J.H. and W.L. were living
together again, going to marriage counseling and attempting to comply with the treatment
plan. The children were returned to B.J.H.’s home at that time. However, the situation
again deteriorated, with serious issues regarding the volatility of B.J.H.’s relationship with
2
W.L., sanitation, emotional stability, relapsing drug use, and means of legal support for the
children. A new treatment plan was ordered, and in contravention of its terms, B.J.H. and
W.L. continued to see each other. This culminated in a domestic disturbance in 2002, during
which B.J.H. punched W.L. in the head and put his head through a kitchen window pane.
The Department once again took the children away. Since that time, B.J.H. has shown
neither improvement nor compliance with her treatment plans.
¶6 It originally appeared to the Department that J.L. and A.L. might be “Indian children”
through W.L.’s membership in the Turtle Mountain band of the Chippewa. However, a letter
from the Tribe indicated that the children were not eligible for membership.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶7 We review a district court’s decision to terminate parental rights to determine whether
the court abused its discretion. Matter of K.S., 2003 MT 212, ¶ 8, 317 Mont. 88, ¶ 8, 75 P.3d
325, ¶ 8. The test for an abuse of discretion is “whether the trial court acted arbitrarily,
without employment of conscientious judgment, or exceeded the bounds of reason resulting
in substantial injustice.” Matter of A.F., 2003 MT 254, ¶ 12, 317 Mont. 367, ¶ 12, 77 P.3d
266, ¶ 12. In order to satisfy the statutory requirements for a termination of parental rights,
a district court must make specific factual findings. Matter of A.F., ¶ 12. We review those
findings of fact to determine whether they are clearly erroneous. Matter of C.H., 2003 MT
308, ¶ 8, 318 Mont. 208, ¶ 8, ___ P.3d ___, ¶ 8. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it
is not supported by substantial evidence; if the district court misapprehended the effect of
the evidence; or if, after reviewing the record, this Court is left with a definite and firm
3
conviction that the district court made a mistake. Matter of K.S., ¶ 8. We review a district
court’s conclusions of law to determine whether the court correctly interpreted the law.
Matter of A.F., ¶ 12. Because a parent’s right to the care and custody of a child is a
fundamental right, that right must be protected by fundamentally fair procedures. Matter of
D.V., 2003 MT 160, ¶ 14, 316 Mont. 282, ¶ 14, 70 P.3d 1253, ¶ 14. However, a court’s
paramount concern is the best interest of the children, Matter of D.V., ¶ 15, and primary
concern shall be given to the physical, mental, and emotional conditions and needs of the
children. Section 41-3-609(3), MCA.
DISCUSSION
¶8 1. Did the termination proceedings comply with the Indian Child Welfare Act
(ICWA)?
¶9 We recently reiterated that the principal purpose of ICWA is to “promote the stability
and security of Indian tribes by preventing further loss of their children; and to protect the
best interests of Indian children by retaining their connection to the tribes.” Matter of C.H.,
¶ 11. Through the grant of extra procedural safeguards, ICWA seeks to reduce the
alarmingly high percentage of Indian families broken up by the removal of their children.
25 U.S.C. § 1901(4). ICWA’s procedural safeguards and requirements include notice to the
putative tribe; extra time for the tribe and parents to respond; appointment of counsel; a
tribe’s right to intervene; imposition of the higher evidentiary standard of “beyond a
reasonable doubt” which must be supported by a qualified expert witness; and the right of
4
the tribe or the parents to invalidate a parental rights termination proceeding for an infraction
of ICWA. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a), (b) and (f); § 1911(c); § 1914.
¶10 However, the procedural safeguards of ICWA only apply when a court has reason to
know that a child may be an Indian child as defined by the Act. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); see,
e.g., In Re Adoption of Riffle (1995), 273 Mont. 237, 242, 902 P.2d 542, 545. “‘Indian child’
means any unmarried person who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an
Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child of
a member of an Indian tribe.” 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4).
¶11 A child’s tribe should be contacted at the earliest possible time so that it may assist
in providing the services which an Indian tribe is uniquely situated to provide that child.
Matter of C.H., ¶ 22. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has issued non-binding Guidelines to
assist state courts in applying ICWA. Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Child Custody
Proceedings, 44 Fed. Reg. 67,584. Under the section titled “Pretrial requirements,” the
Guidelines provide that “when a state court has reason to believe a child involved in a child
custody proceeding is an Indian, the court shall seek verification of the child’s status from
either the Bureau of Indian Affairs or the child’s tribe.” Guideline B.1.(a), 44 Fed. Reg.
67,586. Furthermore, as we recognized in Riffle, 273 Mont. at 242, 902 P.2d at 545, the
tribe’s determination that a child is or is not eligible for membership is conclusive.
Guideline B.1.(b), 44 Fed. Reg. 67,586.
¶12 In light of W.L.’s tribal membership, the Department recognized the present case
might involve two “Indian children.” Here, the Department diligently contacted the
5
children’s alleged Tribe to first determine whether or not the children were members. The
Tribe responded with a letter from Marilyn Poitra, ICWA coordinator for the Turtle
Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians. Poitra’s letter states the children were not members
nor were they eligible for membership.
¶13 B.J.H. contends the letter from the Tribe was improperly admitted because it was
hearsay. B.J.H. argues that without the letter, we must conclude that the children were
Indian children; that the extra procedural safeguards of ICWA apply, and the notice which
was sent to the Tribe was insufficient to meet the terms of the Act.
¶14 We note, however, that the letter was not the only evidence establishing that the
children were not Indian children as defined by ICWA. W.L., the children’s father, testified
that he was a member of the Turtle Mountain Band of the Chippewa, that at one time he was
considered to be five-eighths blood quantum, but the Tribe downgraded his status to one-half
and then down to three-eighths. Also, prior to the admission of the Tribe’s letter, social
worker Pam Weischedel testified that because W.L. was three-eighths, he met the Tribe’s
blood quotient standard of one-quarter, but his children would have three-sixteenths and fall
just below that standard. Further, Weischedel indicated the Department had engaged in
active efforts to ascertain whether the children were Indian children and had concluded that
they were not. Similarly, two other social workers gave testimony regarding the children’s
ineligibility, to which no objection was made.
¶15 Apart from the letter, there was sufficient evidence establishing that the children were
not Indian children for purposes of ICWA. Therefore, we need not address the admissibility
6
of the Tribe’s letter or any alleged errors in failing to meet the procedural safeguards of
ICWA.
¶16 2. Is the termination of parental rights supported by substantial evidence?
¶17 A district court may terminate the parent-child legal relationship when the child is
adjudicated a youth in need of care and both of the following exist:
(i) an appropriate treatment plan that has been approved by the court
has not been complied with by the parents or has not been successful; and
(ii) the conduct or condition of the parents rendering them unfit is
unlikely to change within a reasonable time.
Section 41-3-609(f), MCA.
¶18 In the present case, it is undisputed that the children were adjudicated youths in need
of care. B.J.H. had six court-approved treatment plans. At issue here is whether or not she
successfully completed her treatment plans. We have previously upheld termination of
parental rights where substantial evidence demonstrates a failure to meet the terms of the
treatment plans. Matter of C.H., ¶ 26 (citations omitted). Here, the substantial evidence
supports the District Court’s findings that B.J.H. did not comply with her treatment plans.
All three social workers involved in the case testified that B.J.H. did not fully comply with
her treatment plans nor successfully attain the goals. Social worker Pierce testified that
B.J.H. never followed through with any goals, she had positive urinalysis (UA) for
marijuana, and did not submit UAs for eight months. Social worker Weischedel also testified
about positive UA results, missed meetings and counseling sessions; furthermore, she
testified that B.J.H.’s belligerence, screaming, and profanity were unusual. Social worker
7
Erickson testified about other positive UA results, B.J.H.’s failure to maintain a job or stable
income, and her failure to attend AA meetings or regular one-on-one counseling. Further,
while the children were back in B.J.H.’s care, they missed medical, dental, counseling, and
daycare appointments. B.J.H. contradicted the testimony of the three social workers to some
degree, and assigned blame for her failures in meeting the goals of her treatment plans.
¶19 Here, B.J.H. had a proven inability to deal with one of the major goals of each of her
treatment plans. She never effectively dealt with her relationship with W.L. Although the
treatment plans vacillated between attempting to keep them apart and attempting to allow
them to reestablish their relationship through counseling, the last domestic disturbance issue
clearly established that B.J.H. and W.L. were not able to conduct a healthy relationship. Yet,
they continued to have an “on again, off again” relationship. At the time of the parental
rights termination hearing, they were both living in W.L.’s house, in contravention of the
terms of the treatment plan which required B.J.H. to establish a home of her own separate
from W.L.
¶20 The record shows that although B.J.H. may have taken some positive steps towards
addressing the goals listed in her treatment plans, she did not comply with the treatment
plans nor did she successfully complete them. Further, the conduct and conditions which
made B.J.H. unfit were unlikely to change within a reasonable time. The findings of fact of
the District Court are not clearly erroneous.
¶21 We affirm the order of the District Court.
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
8
We concur:
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
9