State v. Flanagan

No. 02-183

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2003 MT 123

STATE OF MONTANA,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JACK WAYNE FLANAGAN,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourteenth Judicial District,
In and for the County of Musselshell County, Cause No. DC-00-13
The Honorable E. Wayne Phillips, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

John Bohlman, Attorney at Law, Roundup, Montana

For Respondent:

Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; John Paulson,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Catherine Truman, Musselshell County Attorney,
Roundup, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: February 27, 2003

Decided: April 29, 2003
Filed:

__________________________________________
Clerk
Chief Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Jack Wayne Flanagan pled guilty to felony sexual assault. The Fourteenth Judicial

District Court, Musselshell County, imposed a 10-year prison sentence, suspended on

conditions. Flanagan appeals. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand.

¶2 We address the following issues:

¶3 1. Did the District Court err in making findings based on a presentence investigation

report not offered or admitted as an exhibit?

¶4 2. Did the District Court err by giving inadequate reasons for imposing the 10-year

suspended sentence?

¶5 3. Did the District Court err in imposing probation conditions with no nexus to the

offense committed?

¶6 4. Did the District Court err in imposing restitution as a condition of Flanagan's

suspended sentence?

¶7 5. Does the presentence investigation report provide an adequate basis for the

determination of--and did the District Court err in imposing restitution without specifying--

the timing of Flanagan's restitution payments?

¶8 6. Did the District Court err in ordering that all of Flanagan's assets in the marital

estate and probate estate after his death be used to pay restitution?

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 BACKGROUND

¶9 In 2001, Flanagan pled guilty to sexually assaulting a 15-year-old girl in his home in

1998. The District Court accepted his plea and ordered a presentence investigation. Sally

McRae, the probation and parole officer who performed the presentence investigation and

prepared the associated report, testified at the sentencing hearing in January of 2002. She

did not recommend sending Flanagan, a 75-year-old married man, to prison because he

appears amenable to outpatient treatment. Instead, McRae recommended a suspended

sentence of at least five years, sex offender treatment, and restitution to the victim of

$4,945.31 for medical and counseling costs not covered by insurance. Flanagan also

testified.

¶10 Much of the testimony at the sentencing hearing related to Flanagan's ability to pay

restitution as reflected in the income and expense figures in the presentence investigation

report. Flanagan testified his monthly income was $624 in social security benefits and listed

monthly expenses of $150 for supplemental health insurance, $200 for prescription drugs,

and $210 for sex offender treatment. In describing his assets, Flanagan testified he and his

wife each had paid half of the $47,000 down payment on their home and she had made all

of the subsequent mortgage payments from her wages. The couple owned three vehicles

with a total value of $6,000, and otherwise kept their finances separate.

¶11 Reports on a psychological evaluation of Flanagan by Dr. Donna Veraldi and a

psychosexual evaluation of him by Marla North, a sex offender therapist, also were before

the court for sentencing purposes. North deemed Flanagan amenable for specialized

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outpatient sex offender treatment and recommended that he enter and complete such

treatment for a minimum of two years. She also recommended that he be prohibited from

consuming alcohol or illegal drugs or misusing prescription drugs; restricted from

pornography in any form, from time alone with minors and from any contact with the victim

and her family unless pre-approved by the victim's therapist and his treatment team; and

financially responsible for any counseling or treatment costs needed by the victim regarding

this incident.

¶12 The District Court sentenced Flanagan to 10 years in prison, suspended on numerous

conditions including sex offender treatment. It also ordered Flanagan to pay $4,945.31 to

the victim for treatment costs not covered by insurance and "all future costs for the next two

years only which may be incurred if related to this offense."

DISCUSSION

¶13 1. Did the District Court err in making findings based on a presentence investigation
report not offered or admitted as an exhibit?

¶14 Flanagan contends no factual finding may be made based on a presentence

investigation report not offered as an exhibit or made part of the record at the sentencing

hearing. He cites no authority for this contention as required by Rule 23(a)(4), M.R.App.P.,

and, as a result, it is not necessary that we address it. See State v. Olson, 2002 MT 211, ¶

18, 311 Mont. 270, ¶ 18, 55 P.3d 935, ¶ 18. In any event, Flanagan's contention is without

merit.

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¶15 Section 46-18-113, MCA, mandates that the presentence investigation be part of the

court record. In this case, the written presentence investigation report was filed in the

District Court record as required by statute.

¶16 Because the presentence investigation report was already part of the District Court

record in Flanagan's case, it was not required to be separately offered or admitted into

evidence at the sentencing hearing. We hold the District Court did not err in making findings

based on the presentence investigation report.

¶17 2. Did the District Court err by giving inadequate reasons for imposing the 10-year
suspended sentence?

¶18 Sexual assault by a person 3 or more years older than a victim under the age of 16 is

punishable by life imprisonment or imprisonment for not less than 2, or more than 100,

years. Section 45-5-502(3), MCA. The mandatory minimum sentence does not apply if the

sentencing court determines treatment of the offender in the local community affords a better

opportunity for rehabilitation and the ultimate protection of the victim and society. Section

46-18-222(6), MCA.

¶19 Pursuant to § 46-18-102(3)(b), MCA, a sentencing court must clearly state the reasons

for the sentence it imposes. Flanagan contends in a conclusory fashion that the District

Court did not give adequate reasons for imposing a 10-year suspended sentence instead of

a shorter sentence which would still allow him time to complete sex offender treatment. We

disagree.

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¶20 The District Court stated it suspended Flanagan's entire 10-year sentence because it

agreed with North's evaluation and found mitigating circumstances in that Flanagan was 75

years old, had significant health problems and was amenable to community treatment. The

court further stated that requiring Flanagan to be under supervision for 10 years could

effectively extend for the remainder of his natural life.

¶21 We do not insist on extensive statements of sentencing reasons under § 46-18-

102(3)(b), MCA. State v. Goulet (1996), 277 Mont. 308, 310, 921 P.2d 1245, 1246. On this

record, we hold the District Court's stated reasons for Flanagan's 10-year suspended sentence

satisfy the statutory requirements.

¶22 3. Did the District Court err in imposing probation conditions with no nexus to the
offense committed?

¶23 Sections 46-18-201 and -202, MCA, allow a district court to impose sentencing

restrictions or conditions that are "reasonable" and that the court considers necessary "to

obtain the objectives of rehabilitation and the protection of the victim and society." District

courts are afforded broad discretion in sentencing criminal defendants and we will not

overturn a court's sentencing decision absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Christianson,

1999 MT 156, ¶ 31, 295 Mont. 100, ¶ 31, 983 P.2d 909, ¶ 31 (citation omitted).

¶24 Flanagan contends three conditions of his probation, relating to alcohol or drugs, have

no nexus to his offense of felony sexual assault and the environment in which it was

committed. The three conditions to which he objects are that he submit to alcohol and drug

testing at his probation officer's request; obtain a chemical dependency evaluation and, if

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recommended, chemical dependency treatment; and not frequent places where liquor or beer

is the chief item of sale or possess alcohol or dangerous drugs. Flanagan relies primarily

on State v. Ommundson, 1999 MT 16, 293 Mont. 133, 974 P.2d 620, in arguing the District

Court erred in imposing these conditions.

¶25 In Ommundson, the defendant pled guilty to driving under the influence of alcohol

(DUI). The district court suspended his prison sentence on conditions, including that he

participate in a sex offender treatment program. Ommundson, ¶ 1. In imposing that

restriction, the district court considered a presentence investigation report that documented

Ommundson's criminal history, including more than ten convictions for indecent exposure.

Ommundson, ¶ 3. On appeal , we noted the absence of evidence that indecent exposure leads

to increased occurrences of DUI or that treatment for indecent exposure will reduce the

reoccurrence of alcohol abuse or lessen the incidence of DUI in society at large. We

concluded no nexus had been established between the requirement that the defendant

participate in a sex offender program and the charged DUI offense. Ommundson, ¶ 12.

¶26 The factual situation in this case is readily distinguishable from that in Ommundson.

Early on, Flanagan himself connected the charge against him to his alcohol consumption by

requesting a mental evaluation on the grounds that he has been a long-time consumer of

alcoholic beverages to the extent that he has wine for breakfast, and that he needed to

determine whether he was capable of acting knowingly due to the ingestion of alcohol. The

presentence investigation report notes Flanagan admitted that, except for intermittent periods

of abstinence, he usually consumes up to six drinks per day.

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¶27 At Flanagan's request prior to entry of his guilty plea, the District Court appointed

Veraldi, a clinical psychologist, to report on Flanagan's mental condition, including whether

he was incapable of acting knowingly due to ingestion of alcohol or drugs. Veraldi's report

confirms that Flanagan lacks judgment to monitor and regulate his behavior and has

difficulty controlling his impulses. At Flanagan's further request, he also was examined by

North, a sex offender therapist. North's psychosexual evaluation recommends that Flanagan

be prohibited from consuming alcohol and entering establishments where alcohol is the

primary item for sale.

¶28 We conclude a sufficient rational connection exists between Flanagan's offense and

his chronic alcohol consumption to justify the three alcohol-related conditions imposed on

him. Therefore, we hold the District Court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the

alcohol-related conditions of probation.

¶29 4. Did the District Court err in imposing restitution as a condition of Flanagan's
suspended sentence?

¶30 Flanagan correctly points out that in State v. Horton, 2001 MT 100, ¶ 28, n.3, 305

Mont. 242, ¶ 28, n.3, 25 P.3d 886, ¶ 28, n.3, we stated, "under the version of [§ 46-18-201,

MCA] effective October 1, 1999, a district court can only require restitution in cases

involving deferred imposition of sentence and not in cases involving suspended execution

of sentence." Flanagan claims the statute under which he was sentenced is identical to the

statute addressed in Horton and, therefore, restitution cannot be imposed as a condition of

his suspended sentence. He is incorrect.

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¶31 A district court is required to sentence a criminal defendant under the law in effect

when the defendant committed the crime. State v. Brister, 2002 MT 13, ¶ 26, 308 Mont.

154, ¶ 26, 41 P.3d 314, ¶ 26 (citation omitted). Flanagan committed felony sexual assault

in July of 1998. As a result, § 46-18-201, MCA (1997)--rather than the 1999 version of the

statute addressed in Horton--applies to Flanagan's sentence.

¶32 Under § 46-18-201(1)(b) and (2), MCA (1997), a sentencing court may suspend

execution of sentence and, "[i]n addition, . . . if the court finds that the victim of the offense

has sustained a pecuniary loss, the court shall require payment of full restitution[.]" Thus,

the statute in effect at the time of Flanagan's offense expressly authorized the District Court

to order Flanagan to pay restitution to the victim of his sexual assault as a condition of his

suspended sentence.

¶33 We hold, therefore, that the District Court did not err in imposing restitution as a

condition of Flanagan's suspended sentence.

¶34 5. Does the presentence investigation report provide an adequate basis for the
determination of--and did the District Court err in imposing restitution without specifying--
the timing of Flanagan's restitution payments?

¶35 Several Montana statutes govern restitution. Section 46-18-241, MCA, provides that

a sentencing court must require an offender to make full restitution to any victim of the

offense who has sustained pecuniary loss. Section 46-18-242, MCA (1997), provides that,

if the court believes the victim has sustained pecuniary loss, the court shall order that the

presentence investigation report include documentation of both the offender's financial

resources and future ability to pay restitution and the victim's pecuniary loss. Section 46-18-

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244, MCA (1997), provides that the court shall specify the amount, method and time of each

payment to the victim and may permit payment in installments.

¶36 Here, the District Court ordered that Flanagan "shall be responsible for all offense

related medical and counseling costs, after payment by the victim's family insurance,

incurred by the victim amounting to $4,945.31 and for all future costs for the next two years

. . . [and] payments are to be made to the Clerk of Court, Musselshell County." Flanagan

challenges this restitution provision on several grounds, which we address in turn.

¶37 First, Flanagan contends the presentence investigation report prepared in this case

does not include the documentary evidence regarding restitution required by § 46-18-242,

MCA (1997), and State v. Pritchett, 2000 MT 261, 302 Mont. 1, 11 P.3d 539. He is

partially correct.

¶38 In Pritchett, the presentence investigation report contained only conclusory statements

about amounts of pecuniary loss and no documentation regarding the defendant's future

ability to pay restitution, but the trial court held an evidentiary hearing. The defendant

appealed the sentencing order requiring him to pay restitution. We determined that,

notwithstanding the court's receipt of evidence at the hearing on all items addressed in § 46-

18-242, MCA (1997), the lack of documentation of those amounts in the presentence

investigation report rendered the judgment illegal under § 46-18-242(1)(a), MCA (1997),

absent a plea agreement allowing the district court to determine the amount of restitution.

Pritchett, ¶¶ 11-13 (citations omitted).

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¶39 In the present case, Flanagan is correct that no separate documents pertaining to his

financial situation and the victim's loss are attached to the presentence investigation report.

However, § 46-18-242, MCA (1997), requires "documentation" of the resources and loss.

It does not require separate documents. The presentence investigation report documents

Flanagan's income of $629 per month from social security, his assets of $6,000 and debt-free

status, and the victim's treatment costs not covered by insurance of $4,945.31 for counseling,

medications and a hospital stay. We conclude the documentation contained in the

presentence investigation report is sufficient with regard to his income and assets and the

victim's existing pecuniary loss.

¶40 Flanagan correctly points out, however, that the presentence investigation report

neither documents his monthly expenses nor addresses his future ability to pay restitution.

Documentation of a defendant's future ability to pay restitution, which necessarily includes

information regarding monthly expenses, must be included in the presentence investigation

report. See § 46-18-242(1)(a), MCA (1997).

¶41 Flanagan next points out that the District Court did not meet the § 46-18-244, MCA

(1997), requirement that "[t]he court shall specify the amount, method, and time of each

payment to the victim and may permit payment in installments." The State of Montana

claims Flanagan is raising this issue for the first time on appeal. In that regard, the District

Court hearing transcript reveals that Flanagan objected on grounds that the presentence

investigation report must document his "ability to pay and future ability to pay."

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¶42 The presentence investigation report lists Flanagan's monthly income as $629. He

testified that his monthly expenses were $150 per month for Medicaid supplemental

insurance, $200 for medication and $210 for sex offender treatment. Where Flanagan's

disposable income in excess of obligations appears to be less than $70 per month--and

assuming his expenses were documented in the presentence investigation report as required

by § 46-18-242(1)(a), MCA (1997)--we conclude that his ability to pay and the time of

payments are inextricably intertwined. Consequently, we will address his argument.

¶43 The State asserts that as long as the total amount of restitution has been determined,

the court may delegate to the probation officer the task of developing a restitution payment

schedule which takes into account a defendant's changing financial situation. The State is

incorrect.

¶44 In Pritchett, ¶ 16, we determined that, by leaving the determination of the amount,

method, and time of payment to the discretion of the probation officer, the district court

failed to comply with the sentencing requirements in § 46-18-244, MCA (1997). Section 46-

18-244(1), MCA (1997), provides that "[t]he court shall specify the amount, method, and

time of each payment to the victim and may permit payment in installments." Here, while

the District Court provided for the method of payment by directing that payments be made

to the Clerk of the District Court, it made no provision for the time of restitution payment

or whether payments could be made in installments.

¶45 The State also suggests that nothing in § 46-18-244, MCA (1997), prohibits the

sentencing court from delegating to the probation officer the task of developing a restitution

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payment schedule. This suggestion appears to ask that we simply ignore Pritchett. We will

not do so, and the State does so at its peril.

¶46 We conclude that the District Court's restitution provision is illegal per Pritchett, ¶

16, because the presentence investigation report neither documents Flanagan's monthly

expenses nor addresses his future ability to pay restitution, and the District Court failed to

address ability to pay. In addition, the District Court made no provision for the time of

restitution payments. Consequently, we remand for addition to the presentence investigation

report of documentation of Flanagan's monthly expenses and future ability to pay restitution,

and to allow the District Court to hold a hearing and enter a sentence and judgment

addressing Flanagan’s ability to pay and the time of Flanagan's restitution payments.

¶47 6. Did the District Court err in ordering that all of Flanagan's assets in the marital
estate and probate estate after his death be used to pay restitution?

¶48 The District Court ordered, as a condition of Flanagan's suspended sentence, that

"[a]ny of the Defendant's assets of the marital estate and probate estate after death shall be

used to pay for restitution expenses." Flanagan asserts error, contending the District Court

did not give him notice and opportunity to be heard regarding the forfeiture and sale of his

assets as required pursuant to § 46-18-244(3)(a), MCA (1997).

¶49 Although Flanagan did not object on this basis in the District Court, we will review

a sentence for illegality even if no objection is made at the time of sentencing. See Brister,

¶ 16, (citation omitted).

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¶50 The District Court's order is, at best, unclear both procedurally and legally with regard

to its marital and probate estate condition. If the court is proceeding under § 46-18-

244(3)(a), MCA (1997), it is undisputed that Flanagan did not receive the required notice and

opportunity to be heard and, indeed, no forfeiture and sale were ordered. With regard to the

portion of the sentencing order which requires that any of Flanagan's assets of the marital

estate be used for restitution, the District Court did not evaluate what assets are necessary

for Flanagan to sustain a living; nor did it evaluate whether a joint tenancy in a family home

could be lawfully severed in order to satisfy a restitution order. Moreover, in an ordinary

probate proceeding, a creditor of the estate may submit a claim pursuant to § 72-3-804,

MCA. We are aware of no authority for a claim for restitution to take precedence over the

claims of other creditors of an estate.

¶51 On remand, the District Court is directed to reconsider and clarify this condition in

conjunction with our remand on issue five.

¶52 Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

We concur:

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ JIM RICE

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Justice Terry N. Trieweiler concurring and dissenting.

¶53 I concur with the majority's conclusions that the District Court did not err when it

imposed alcohol-related conditions to probation and that under the law in effect at the time

of the Defendant's offense, restitution could be required as a condition to a suspended

sentence. I also concur that the District Court proceeded to sentence Flanagan with

inadequate documentation in the presentence investigation about his ability to pay restitution

and that, if restitution was appropriate in the first place, the District Court erred by not

specifying the method of payment and the time over which payment was required.

¶54 I dissent from the majority's conclusion that a presentence investigation alone can be

considered substantive evidence for the purpose of resolving a disputed factual issue unless

the parties have stipulated to the court's consideration of the report or there has been

testimonial foundation for the admission of the report as evidence. While § 46-18-113,

MCA, may require that a presentence investigation be part of the court record, that does not

mean that it can be considered by the District Court over objection by the Defendant in

violation of his right to due process. Without adequate foundation, a presentence

investigation is nothing more than objectionable hearsay. It is a document generated out of

court offered to prove the truth of the assertions contained therein without the benefit of

cross-examination by the party affected. However, in this case, there were very few factual

findings made by the District Court and none which have been pointed out by the Defendant

which were based on the presentence investigation and were actually prejudicial to the

Defendant. The problem with the presentence investigation is not so much that it included

prejudicial information relied on by the District Court, but that it had inadequate information

15
by which the District Court could make a determination about whether the Defendant was

capable of paying restitution.

¶55 I also dissent from the majority's conclusion that the District Court complied with §

46-18-102(3)(b), MCA (1997), which requires that "[w]hen the sentence is pronounced, the

judge shall clearly state for the record the reasons for imposing the sentence." Flanagan

contends that the court gave no reason for sentencing a 75-year-old man to a ten year

suspended sentence as opposed to a shorter sentence. He is correct. The majority answers

Flanagan's contention by pointing out that the court did explain why it suspended Flanagan's

entire ten year sentence. However, the majority Opinion gives no example of where the

District Court ever explained why it imposed such a lengthy sentence in the first place. To

say that "we do not insist on extensive statements of sentencing reasons under § 46-18-

102(3)(b), MCA" is not an adequate explanation for the District Court's failure to offer any

explanation for the length of Flanagan's sentence. Therefore, I would remand to the District

Court for explanation of why a ten year sentence is necessary.

¶56 Finally, I dissent from the majority's solution to the District Court's failure to require

evidence of Flanagan's ability to pay restitution. The fact is that all the evidence available

was apparently presented and the end result is that Flanagan has no money with which to pay

restitution. His income is limited to $624 a month of social security benefits. After paying

for necessary medications, sex offender treatment and medicaid supplemental insurance, he

has $64 per month with which to pay for all of his other expenses. Obviously, many of his

living expenses are being provided by his spouse and he has no net income with which to

pay restitution. There is no reason to remand this case. The District Court plainly erred by

16
ordering restitution.

¶57 I would also conclude that the District Court erred when it ordered that the restitution

obligation could be satisfied from Flanagan's share of the marital estate. He and his wife

have three vehicles worth a total amount of $6000. He obviously needs one vehicle for

transportation. It is not clear who owns the other two vehicles but it is fair to say that his

wife has an interest in at least one of them. The only other marital asset is the home in

which Flanagan's wife has the primary ownership interest. Whatever interest he has in the

home cannot be used to satisfy a restitution obligation without compromising his spouse's

interest. Section 46-18-244(3)(a), MCA, prohibits sale of an offender's assets which are

reasonably necessary for the offender to sustain a living or support his dependants. What

could be more necessary to sustain a person's living than his or her home?

¶58 Restitution is a good idea so long as the person convicted of a crime has some remote

possibility of making restitution without endangering those dependent on him or having to

commit more crimes in order to make the payments. Our prior cases such as Pritchett have

made clear that it is not an alternative available in every case. This case is a clear example

of where a suspended sentence conditioned on restitution which the Defendant is incapable

of paying is not in anyone's best interest.

¶59 For these reasons, I concur in part and dissent in part from the majority Opinion.

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER

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