No. 04-272
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2005 MT 158
WILLIAM LARRY WEAVER,
Petitioner and Appellant,
v.
STATE OF MONTANA,
Respondent and Respondent.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,
In and for the County of Missoula, Cause No. DV-02-624,
The Honorable John Larson, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Morgan Modine, Attorney at Law, Missoula, Montana
For Respondent:
Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Jim Wheelis,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County Attorney; Kirsten H. LaCroix,
Deputy County Attorney, Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 26, 2005
Decided: June 21, 2005
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Brian Morris delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 William Larry Weaver (Weaver) appeals from the denial by the Fourth Judicial
District Court, Missoula County, of his Petition for Postconviction Relief asserting
ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
¶2 Weaver raises the following issues on appeal:
¶3 1. Whether the District Court erred in rejecting Weaver’s claim that defense counsel
was ineffective when she failed to interview potential witnesses with alleged exculpatory
testimony.
¶4 2. Whether the District Court correctly concluded that defense counsel was not
ineffective when she failed to call potential witnesses to testify and instead presented their
alleged exculpatory evidence through the State’s chief witness.
¶5 3. Whether the District Court erred when it found defense counsel’s failure to offer
a potentially exculpatory forensic entomological report at trial did not rise to the level of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
BACKGROUND
¶6 Weaver confessed killing James Fremou (Fremou) to Anthony “Shorty” Dye (Dye),
his Georgia prison cellmate. Dye contacted Montana authorities and informed them of
Weaver’s confession. The State charged Weaver with deliberate homicide and transported
him to Missoula for trial.
¶7 The District Court appointed Margaret Borg (Borg) of the Public Defender’s office
to represent Weaver. Borg received police reports and taped interviews demonstrating the
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existence of potential alibi witnesses, other suspects, and persons who allegedly heard
confessions by persons other than Weaver. Although Borg did not contact or interview any
of those potential witnesses before trial, she did bring two inmates from the Georgia prison
to testify in order to impeach Dye’s credibility.
¶8 The State argued that Weaver killed Fremou on October 9, 1993. The State sent
maggots discovered during the autopsy on Fremou’s body to the Washington State University
Forensic Entomology Laboratory in Pullman, Washington, to confirm the date of Fremou’s
death. E.P. Catts, Ph.D. (Catts), produced an entomological report (the Catts report) that
concluded, however, that Fremou died sometime after October 13, 1993. This date
conflicted with the State’s theory that Fremou had been killed on October 9, 1993–a date
before the Catts report estimated as Fremou’s date of death. The State also theorized that
Weaver used a rifle owned by John McKean (McKean) to shoot Fremou–a rifle that McKean
pawned on October 11, 2003–again, a date before the Catts report estimated that Fremou had
died. McKean did not testify as both parties apparently were unaware of his whereabouts
at the time of trial. The State’s chief investigator and witness, Captain Gerald Crego
(Crego), did tell the jury that McKean’s gun had been pawned and provided other relevant
testimony about McKean’s possible involvement in the matter.
¶9 Both Borg and the State discovered the day before trial that the entomologist, Catts,
had died approximately eight months before the State had listed him as a witness. The State
sought to use a new expert witness, Dr. Neal Haskell (Haskell), to support its theory
regarding the date of Fremou’s death. Borg met with Haskell immediately before trial and
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discovered that he had reached a different conclusion from Catts regarding the age of the
maggots and the corresponding time of Fremou’s death that proved consistent with the
State’s theory. The State requested a continuance so it could have Haskell prepare a new
report for use at trial.
¶10 Borg, in consultation with Weaver, argued against the State’s request for a
continuance. The District Court denied the State’s request for a continuance and made
Haskell available only as a foundation witness for the Catts report. Borg recognized,
however, that allowing Haskell to serve as a foundation witness for the Catts report placed
Weaver at risk of the State later using Haskell as a potential rebuttal witness who would
contradict the Catts report regarding Fremou’s time of death. Borg elected not to offer the
Catts report as evidence and Haskell did not testify.
¶11 The jury convicted Weaver of deliberate homicide and the District Court sentenced
him to life in prison without the possibility of parole with an additional ten years added for
use of a firearm. We affirmed Weaver’s sentence in State v. Weaver, 2001 MT 115, 305
Mont. 315, 28 P.3d 451, but declined to address his ineffective assistance of counsel claim
as the trial record failed to provide an explanation for Borg’s alleged ineffective acts or
omissions. Weaver, ¶ 14.
¶12 Weaver filed his petition for postconviction relief claiming that his conviction resulted
from Borg’s ineffective assistance. The District Court held a hearing where Borg, Crego,
Weaver, and Gloria Jean Clark, a potential witness for Weaver’s trial, all testified. Weaver
also obtained what he represented to be an affidavit from McKean in which McKean asserted
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that he did not provide his gun to Weaver. The District Court denied Weaver’s attempt to
introduce McKean’s affidavit, however, because it determined that McKean’s affidavit had
not been authenticated, and therefore, proved to be neither credible nor material to the
proceedings. The District Court rejected all of Weaver’s claims based on its finding that
Borg had engaged in reasonable tactical trial decisions and, therefore, had not been
ineffective. Weaver appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶13 We review a district court’s denial of a petition for postconviction relief to determine
whether the court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous and whether its conclusions of law
are correct. Clausell v. State, 2005 MT 33, ¶ 10, 326 Mont. 63, ¶ 10, 106 P.3d 1175, ¶ 10
(citation omitted). Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel constitute mixed questions of
law and fact that we review de novo. Clausell, ¶ 10.
DISCUSSION
¶14 The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24, of
the Montana Constitution guarantee the right to effective assistance of counsel. We have
adopted the two-part test of Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052,
80 L.Ed.2d 674, to evaluate ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Clausell, ¶ 19 (citing
State v. Kougl, 2004 MT 243, ¶ 11, 323 Mont. 6, ¶ 11, 97 P.3d 1095, ¶ 11).
¶15 Under this test Weaver first must demonstrate that his counsel’s actions fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness or were deficient. Clausell, ¶ 19. Weaver must
overcome a strong presumption that his counsel’s defense strategies and trial tactics fall
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within a wide range of reasonable and sound professional decisions. Clausell, ¶ 19. If
Weaver meets the first prong, he then must show that his counsel’s deficient performance
prejudiced him to the extent that a reasonable probability exists that the result of the
proceeding would have been different had counsel not performed ineffectively. Clausell, ¶
19. A reasonable probability means a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome, but it does not require that a defendant demonstrate he would have been acquitted.
Clausell, ¶ 19.
FAILURE TO INTERVIEW WITNESSES
¶16 Weaver complains that Borg’s failure to speak with any of the potential witnesses that
he provided or familiarize herself with the actual reports and tape recordings made by
investigators created omissions of exculpatory facts that could have been presented at
trial–omissions that prejudiced his case. “A claim of failure to interview a witness may
sound impressive in the abstract, but it cannot establish ineffective assistance when the
person’s account is otherwise fairly known to defense counsel.” State v. Thomas (1997), 285
Mont. 112, 119, 946 P.2d 140, 144 (quoting United States v. Decoster (D.C.Cir. 1976), 624
F.2d 196, 209).
¶17 In Thomas, another deliberate homicide case, we determined that the defendant did
not prove his counsel ineffective simply because counsel failed to conduct an independent
investigation into possible exculpatory evidence. We noted defense counsel’s duty either “to
make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular
investigations unnecessary.” Thomas, 285 Mont. at 119, 946 P.2d at 144 (quoting
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Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066). We assess a decision not to investigate for
reasonableness in light of all of the circumstances of the case, “applying a heavy measure of
deference to counsel’s judgments.” Thomas, 285 Mont. at 118, 946 P.2d at 143.
¶18 We likewise find Borg’s decisions in this matter to be reasonable in light of the
circumstances. A review of the record demonstrates that Borg knew the possible accounts
of exculpatory testimony that may have been solicited from Weaver’s list of potential
witnesses. Borg further testified that “[t]here were lots of witnesses in this case that said
so-and-so told me this. So-and-so told me that. Someone confessed. Someone said they
were there. Someone said this and that and something else. Crego had followed all of those
leads,” and conceded at trial that the State had considered other suspects.
¶19 It appears that Borg weighed all of the possible exculpatory testimony in light of the
“squirrelly” characters of Weaver’s potential witnesses and made a “reasonable decision”
that investigating those witnesses proved unnecessary. Thomas, 285 Mont. at 119, 946 P.2d
at 144. This decision seems particularly apt given that Borg elicited similar exculpatory
testimony, that would have been provided by Weaver’s list of potential witnesses, from
Crego, the State’s chief witness. We conclude that Weaver fails to demonstrate that Borg’s
decision not to investigate potential witnesses fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.
¶20 Even if we determined that Borg’s failure to interview any potential witnesses
requested by Weaver fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, however, we cannot
justify how that failure prejudiced Weaver’s case to the extent that a reasonable probability
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exists that the result of the trial would have been different. We have recognized the
defendant’s heavy burden under Strickland can lead to a situation where the court may
determine that counsel’s error “possibly prejudiced the defendant, yet conclude that such
error did not rise to a level serious enough to result in a verdict unworthy of confidence.”
State v. Hagen, 2002 MT 190, ¶ 23, 311 Mont. 117, ¶ 23, 53 P.3d 885, ¶ 23.
¶21 In cases where counsel fails to conduct adequate pretrial investigation we focus our
inquiry as to what information would have been obtained from such investigation and
whether such information would have produced a different result. State v. Denny (1993),
262 Mont. 248, 255, 865 P.2d 226, 230. Weaver, in this instance, has not demonstrated that
Borg’s independent investigation into his potential witnesses would have borne a different
result, particularly given that Borg’s failure to interview potential witnesses in this matter did
not result in a “factual vacuum.” Nealy v. Cabana (1985), 764 F.2d 1173, 1178 (relied on
by Denny, 262 Mont. at 253, 865 P.2d at 228-29, for the proposition that “at a minimum,
counsel has the duty to interview potential witnesses and to make an independent
investigation of the facts and circumstances of the case[]”). As we pointed out in ¶¶ 18-19
above, Borg already knew the possible accounts of exculpatory testimony that may have been
solicited from Weaver’s list of potential witnesses and she instead made a decision to elicit
similar exculpatory testimony from the State’s chief witness.
¶22 We cannot see how Weaver’s potential witnesses, who could have proven “squirrelly”
on the stand, would have overcome the State’s witnesses and evidence against him. More
importantly, Weaver has failed to identify any fact that would have been brought to the jury’s
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attention by the potential witnesses that the cross-examination of Crego conducted by his
trial counsel, Borg, failed to highlight that would have changed the outcome of his trial.
¶23 The dissent suggests that Weaver’s trial counsel and now postconviction counsel have
failed to render effective assistance in failing to raise specific facts that could have been
provided by Weaver’s list of potential witnesses. See ¶ 50. This appeal addresses only
Weaver’s claim that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. We cannot know based
on the record before us, however, whether Weaver’s postconviction counsel ignored specific
facts offered by Weaver that his postconviction counsel failed to present to the court.
Alternatively, we cannot know based on the record before us whether Weaver simply had
no new facts that his prospective witnesses could have provided. Weaver had the
opportunity through the postconviction hearing to present any such facts and he and his
postconviction counsel failed to do so. As a result, we conclude that Weaver failed to carry
his burden of establishing that Borg’s failure to interview potential witnesses constituted
ineffective assistance of counsel to the extent that it resulted in prejudice to him that raises
a reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial would have been different.
FAILURE TO CALL CERTAIN WITNESSES
¶24 Weaver next argues that Borg rendered ineffective assistance when she failed to call
potential witnesses–those same witnesses she failed to interview–to testify. Weaver claims
that those potential witnesses would have provided testimony regarding other potential
suspects’ alleged confessions and other statements that may have cast a reasonable doubt on
his guilt, which of course, constituted his overall trial strategy. Instead of calling all of the
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potential witnesses to testify, however, Borg elected to cross-examine the State’s chief
witness, Crego, about his investigation into the other potential suspects.
¶25 Counsel’s decisions relating to presenting her case, including whether to introduce
evidence or produce witnesses, generally constitute matters of trial tactics and strategy and
we will not find ineffective assistance of counsel claim in counsel’s tactical decisions. State
v. Henry (1995), 271 Mont. 491, 495, 898 P.2d 1195, 1197. Borg testified at the
postconviction hearing that she doubted the credibility of Weaver’s witnesses as they all
carried several potential risks. She stated that she “knew what kind of witnesses they were
going to be, and [she] knew they weren’t going to take the stand and confess to killing Jim
Fremou.” Borg recognized the critical nature of the exculpatory information and she thought
the best way “to deliver that information in the very best fashion was to have it come through
[Crego,] the captain of detectives for Missoula County and the investigating officer in the
case and the lead witness for the state.” Borg further testified that she was “convinced that
there is nothing in the [exculpatory] information that was critical to this case that wasn’t
presented to the jury[.]” Weaver fails to articulate any fact to which any of those potential
witnesses would have testified that Borg did not draw out in another way during trial. Indeed,
Borg’s cross-examination of Crego established that the State considered other suspects in
Fremou’s homicide.
¶26 We are satisfied after reviewing the record that Borg made a reasonable decision to
elicit the exculpatory facts through Crego. Crego conceded a number of facts on cross-
examination that proved damaging to the State’s case and supported the defense theory of
10
reasonable doubt, including pointing at three other potential suspects. Borg used those facts
to make her closing argument concerning the existence of reasonable doubt of Weaver’s
guilt.
¶27 Although Weaver contends that having live witnesses who showed emotions to the
jury would have better assisted his case, he also agreed that some of the witnesses may have
hurt his case. Weaver’s argument boils down to his claim that Borg did not call enough
witnesses, and even if testimony that these witnesses would have provided proved damaging
to him, it did not matter because he was innocent. The District Court found that more
witnesses or a longer trial do not necessarily make a case stronger. We agree.
¶28 We held in Hagen, ¶¶ 20-23, that counsel's failure to do a better job of investigating
and presenting testimony and a more thorough job of interviewing and preparing witnesses
did not prejudice the defendant to the extent that counsel provided ineffective assistance of
counsel. As in Hagen, we agree with the State that Weaver fails to establish that Borg’s
decision not to call the other witnesses, whose testimony Crego summarized, constituted
anything other than a legitimate tactical choice. We agree that Borg’s decision not to call
every witness whom Weaver identified carried fewer risks and promoted Weaver’s best
interest at trial.
¶29 Weaver also argues that Borg rendered ineffective assistance when she failed to
impeach Dye’s credibility to his satisfaction. Borg again elicited testimony from Crego
during her cross-examination that damaged Dye’s credibility. She also brought in two
witnesses from Georgia that Weaver requested in order to impeach Dye. Weaver mentions
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no other witnesses who could have undermined Dye’s credibility, except for Dye’s mother.
Borg unsuccessfully attempted to locate Dye’s mother and Weaver could not provide any
further information regarding her whereabouts. We determine that Borg adequately
attempted to impeach Dye according to the defense theory of raising reasonable doubt. The
jury considered Crego’s statement and the other witnesses’ testimony concerning Dye’s
reliability and found it lacking. Borg cannot be held responsible simply based on the
outcome of the jury’s verdict.
FAILURE TO INTRODUCE THE CATTS REPORT
¶30 Weaver contends, as he did on direct appeal, that introduction of the Catts report
would have created a reasonable doubt as to the date of Fremou’s murder and Weaver’s
possible role in it. In Weaver, we discussed the potential importance of the Catts report and
Borg’s acknowledgment of it. She understood the usefulness of the Catts report to contradict
the State’s assertion that Weaver used McKean’s weapon to kill Fremou. Weaver, ¶ 14.
Borg also took steps to insure that the second entomologist, Haskell, was present to supply
foundation for the deceased entomologist’s report in the event that was possible. Weaver,
¶ 14.
¶31 We determined, however, that the trial record did not demonstrate why Borg had
failed to offer the Catts report. Weaver, ¶ 14. We thus concluded that the issue proved
better suited for a petition for postconviction relief. Weaver, ¶ 14. The rest of the story now
can be told.
¶32 Borg testified at the postconviction hearing that she worried that admitting the Catts
12
report opened the door to rebuttal testimony from Haskell, the State’s new expert witness,
who could “certainly undo the value of the Catts report.” Borg stated that Haskell not only
impressed her with his credentials, but she became concerned that he would come across as
a “very articulate and thoughtful and well-spoken fellow[,]” who would make a very good
witness.
¶33 Borg was uneasy about Haskell testifying that the date of Fremou’s death occurred
before McKean’s rifle had been pawned because it would have eliminated her reasonable
doubt argument about the date of death–a primary defense theory. This type of rebuttal
testimony flew in the face of Weaver’s strongest defense of proving reasonable doubt about
his guilt. Borg testified that:
[i]t was an uncomfortable situation. I had several things going on. The Catts
report I didn’t want to lose, but the price to hold onto it was greater than I was
willing to pay. It was my opinion that . . . the ability to get another expert was
slim to none because there aren’t many of these. . . . and my defendant was
insistent that we not ask for a continuance.
¶34 The State requested a continuance to allow time for Haskell to issue a report in their
favor so Haskell could be called as an expert witness to establish the time of Fremou’s death.
Borg discussed this dilemma with Weaver who apparently agreed with her recommendation
to resist any such request by the State. In the end, the State did not introduce the Catts report
and Haskell did not testify. We agree with the District Court’s finding that Borg’s decision
not to call Haskell as a foundation witness for the Catts report foreclosed the State’s ability
to call Haskell as its “star witness,” and therefore, her decision was “tactical and the result
of a conscientious, weighed decision made after consultation” with Weaver.
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CONCLUSION
¶35 After all is said and done, Weaver has failed to overcome the strong presumption that
Borg’s defense strategies and trial tactics fell within a wide range of reasonable and sound
professional decisions. Although he may not agree with the tactics or decisions that were
made, particularly because the jury convicted him and the District Court sentenced him to
prison, he has not demonstrated in this appeal that Borg’s actions fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness. Even if we deemed some of Borg’s decisions as deficient,
Weaver fails to demonstrate that he suffered prejudice to the point that a reasonable
probability exists that the result of the proceeding would have been different had counsel not
performed ineffectively. We conclude that Weaver has failed to meet his burden in
demonstrating that Borg provided ineffective assistance of counsel in this matter and the
District Court correctly denied Weaver’s Petition for Postconviction Relief. We affirm the
District Court on all issues.
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
We Concur:
/S/ JOHN WARNER
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Justice Jim Rice concurring.
¶36 I concur with the Court on the resolution of all issues.
¶37 Under Issue 1, however, I am not persuaded by the Court’s conclusion that defense
counsel’s failure to interview any of the potential witnesses did not fall below an objective
standard of reasonableness. The State brought a homicide charge against Weaver premised
upon his alleged confession and circumstantial evidence. There was no direct evidence
against Weaver. There were, however, many witnesses who had made various statements
about others who may have been involved with the crime. In the absence of direct proof of
the crime, these statements had a heightened significance: they could potentially identify a
different perpetrator.
¶38 Defense counsel respected Officer Crego and believed that “Crego had followed all
those leads.” However, under the circumstances of this case, I believe it was defense
counsel’s minimum obligation to independently investigate the witnesses to the extent
necessary to verify Officer Crego’s conclusions. It is certainly not beyond the realm of
possibility that another interview, conducted by the defense instead of the State, could have
elicited different answers from the witnesses–particularly if the witnesses were “squirrelly”
in nature, as defense counsel believed. Defense counsel apparently did not consider that the
“squirrelly” nature of the witnesses may have enhanced the possibility that the statements
they originally gave to law enforcement were less than accurate or subject to change.
¶39 I would conclude, therefore, that defense counsel’s actions fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness “in light of all of the circumstances of the case.” State v. Thomas
15
(1997), 285 Mont. 112, 119, 946 P.2d 140, 144. Nonetheless, I concur with the Court’s
determination that Weaver has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that the trial result
would have been different had counsel not failed in this regard. Weaver has not
demonstrated that anything which defense counsel would have learned by an appropriate
investigation rose to the level of significance necessary to affect the outcome.
/S/ JIM RICE
Chief Justice Karla M. Gray joins in the concurrence of Justice Rice.
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
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Justice Patricia O. Cotter dissents.
¶40 I dissent. I would conclude that the failure of counsel for Weaver to introduce the
Catts’ entomological report constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. I would therefore
reverse Weaver’s conviction and remand for a new trial.
¶41 As the Court notes at ¶ 33, the primary defense theory was that the State was wrong
about the date of Fremou’s death. In support of this theory, Borg apparently elicited
testimony from Crego that McKean’s weapon--which the State alleged was used by Weaver
to kill Fremou--was pawned on October 11, 2003. This was two days after the date the State
claimed Weaver killed Fremou, but three days before the earliest date of death fixed by
Catts. Thus, evidence of Catts’ conclusions would have radically undermined the State’s
case.
¶42 Borg’s contention that, because Haskell might have been able to contradict the Catts’
report, the price of admission of the Catts’ report was too high, is unreasonable. With Catts’
report, the jury would have before it evidence from an expert renowned in his field that cast
direct, objective, and scientific doubt on the date of death. Without it, the jury had only
surmise. While the court may well have allowed Haskell to present his countervailing theory
had the Catts’ report been introduced, so what? The jury would then be faced with reports
from two respected experts which reached different conclusions about the date of Fremou’s
death, one inculpatory of Weaver’s guilt and one exculpatory--in other words, reasonable
doubt. Moreover, given that Dr. Catts was Dr. Haskell’s mentor, a fact known to Borg, it is
17
highly likely that, while Haskell might have disagreed with Catts’ conclusions, he would
have readily conceded Catts’ expertise and qualifications.
¶43 As we stated in Crawford v. State, 2003 MT 118, ¶ 18, 315 Mont. 480, ¶ 18, 68 P.3d
848, ¶ 18, jurors are naturally inclined to accord greater weight to objective scientific
evidence than to the subjective observations of the non-scientist. The State’s case against
Weaver was built upon circumstantial evidence and the testimony of a jailhouse snitch whose
credibility was called into question through the testimony of witnesses. Moreover, as the
Court concedes at ¶ 26, Crego made a number of concessions during cross-examination that
supported the defense theory of reasonable doubt. The scientific evidence that Borg had at
her fingertips would have substantially elevated the plausibility of her reasonable doubt
argument. Borg had everything to gain and virtually nothing to lose by introducing the Catts’
report. Therefore, in my view, Borg’s decision not to introduce this evidence fell below the
objective standard of reasonableness, and a reasonable probability does exist that, had she
offered the Catts’ evidence, the result of the proceeding might well have been different.
Clausell, ¶ 19.
¶44 I would therefore conclude that Borg rendered ineffective assistance of counsel to
Weaver, and I would reverse and remand for a new trial. I dissent from our refusal to do.
/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
Justice W. William Leaphart joins in the dissent of Justice Patricia O. Cotter.
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
18
19
Justice James C. Nelson dissents.
¶45 I cannot join the Court’s Opinion in this case as to either Issues One, Two or Three.
¶46 As to Issues One and Two, we conclude that trial counsel’s decision not to interview
Weaver’s witnesses was a tactical decision based on her conclusion that the witnesses were
“squirrelly” and, therefore, not likely to give as credible testimony as the State’s lead
investigator.
¶47 In State v. Denny (1993), 262 Mont. 248, 865 P.2d 226, we addressed a similar
situation. Denny defended charges of conspiracy to sell dangerous drugs on the basis of her
innocence. Denny, 262 Mont. at 250, 252, 865 P.2d at 227-28. Trial counsel, knowing that
Denny would need help at trial, failed to interview possible witnesses who could have
supported her testimony. Denny, 262 Mont. at 252, 865 P.2d at 228. As here, defense
counsel made a tactical decision not to interview or call the witnesses based on counsel’s
suppositions and characterizations about the testimony that the witnesses would likely
provide. Denny, 262 Mont. at 252, 865 P.2d at 228.
¶48 Concluding that defense counsel should have at least interviewed the witnesses before
rejecting the possibility of using their testimony at trial, we adopted the following reasoning
of the Fifth and D.C. Circuit Courts of Appeal:
“[A]t a minimum, counsel has the duty to interview potential witnesses and to
make an independent investigation of the facts and circumstances of the case.”
[Citing the American Bar Association Standards for Criminal Justice.]
....
20
“The complete failure to investigate potentially corroborating witnesses,
however, can hardly be considered a tactical decision.”
Denny, 262 Mont. at 253, 865 P.2d at 228-29 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original).
¶49 We next proceeded to adopt a test from the Seventh Circuit. We observed, as is
implicit in the Court’s Opinion here, that
“if the potential witnesses are not called, it is incumbent on the petitioner to
explain their absence and to demonstrate, with some precision, the content of
the testimony they would have given at trial. The district court simply cannot
fulfill its obligation under Strickland to assess prejudice until the petitioner has
met his burden of supplying sufficiently precise information.”
Denny, 262 Mont. at 254, 865 P.2d at 229-30 (citation omitted) (emphasis in original).
¶50 Unlike this Court in the case sub judice, however, we then went the next logical step.
We concluded that Denny’s counsel at the hearing on her motion for new trial--here, the
attorney-equivalent to Weaver’s postconviction counsel (who is the same person as his
counsel in this appeal)--was ineffective in failing to present at Denny’s motion hearing--the
equivalent of Weaver’s postconviction hearing--sufficient precise information about the
prospective testimony of the witnesses who were never interviewed by trial counsel, so as
to allow the district court to assess prejudice. Denny, 262 Mont. at 255, 865 P.2d at 230.
¶51 The Court’s Opinion to the contrary, it was postconviction counsel’s duty under
Denny to interview the witnesses not interviewed by trial counsel and, if favorable, to bring
the information before the postconviction court. In Denny, we adopted the following
statement of the law from the Eighth Circuit’s decision in Lawrence v. Armontrout (8th Cir.
1990), 900 F.2d 127, 130:
21
“A petitioner seeking relief based on ineffective assistance of counsel must
‘affirmatively prove prejudice.’ To affirmatively prove prejudice, a petitioner
ordinarily must show not only that the testimony of uncalled witnesses would
have been favorable, but also that those witnesses would have testified at trial.
Moreover, if potential trial witnesses are not called to testify at a
post-conviction review hearing, the petitioner ordinarily should explain their
absence and ‘demonstrate, with some precision, the content of the testimony
they would have given at trial.’ In view of these requirements, we believe that
[petitioner’s] postconviction counsel also failed to exercise the skill and
diligence expected of a reasonably competent attorney under similar
circumstances.”
Denny, 262 Mont. at 255, 865 P.2d at 230 (emphasis added). Here, postconviction counsel
unarguably failed in this obligation; he did not interview the witnesses either. That is evident
from the record. Apparently, under the Court’s view, Weaver will now be entitled to a
second postconviction hearing with new counsel to demonstrate that his first postconviction
counsel was ineffective.
¶52 So there, in a nutshell, is Weaver’s conundrum. Defense counsel, without interviews,
concluded that the potential witnesses’ testimony would not be helpful at trial because the
witnesses were “squirrelly.” And, to add insult to injury, we conclude that trial counsel’s
decision was a correct tactical decision because Weaver--translated, postconviction
counsel--failed to present the District Court with any information to the contrary about the
prospective testimony.
¶53 The Court ignores Denny and our analysis founders. Weaver can’t win for losing.
Both counsel failed to render effective assistance. And we agree that was appropriate.
22
¶54 As to Issue Three, I do not necessarily disagree that trial counsel made the right
decision in not offering the Catts entomological report. There were not many alternatives
left given that on the day before trial counsel learned that Catts had died eight months earlier.
¶55 It is undisputed that the Catts report was damning. Apparently even the prosecution
acknowledged that the report might well torpedo the State’s case because the report would
contradict the State’s theory about the time of Fremou’s death and the weapon used. In that
light, one might reasonably expect that the Defense would call Catts as its witness and that
the State might not want to call Catts at all. If that premise is reasonable, it begs the question
of why trial counsel did not, early on, interview and subpoena Catts in sufficient time before
trial to: (1) assure his presence and testimony; or (2), as it would have turned out, discover
that he was dead. Had counsel learned of Catts’ death at some time other than the day before
the trial, she well might have been able to obtain a new expert. I conclude that, under these
facts, trial counsel did not render effective assistance.
¶56 I would reverse and order a new trial. I dissent.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
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