No. 05-540
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2007 MT 56
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
DOUGLAS B. DUTTON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Nineteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Lincoln, Cause No. DC 04-108
Honorable Michael C. Prezeau, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
S. Charles Sprinkle, Sprinkle Law Firm, Libby, Montana
For Respondent:
Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Micheal S. Wellenstein,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Bernie Cassidy, Lincoln County Attorney; Robert Slomski, Deputy
County Attorney, Libby, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: December 20, 2006
Decided: February 27, 2007
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Chief Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Douglas Dutton pled guilty in the Nineteenth Judicial District Court, Lincoln County,
to criminal production or manufacture of dangerous drugs, reserving his right to appeal the
District Court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence. Dutton appeals and we affirm.
¶2 The issue on appeal is whether the application for a search warrant established
probable cause for the Justice Court to issue the search warrant.
BACKGROUND
¶3 On December 1, 2004, Lincoln County Sheriff’s Office detective Shane Hight asked
the Lincoln County Justice Court to issue a warrant to search property owned by Douglas
Dutton. Hight’s application for a search warrant began by outlining his eight years of
experience as a peace officer and over 100 hours of training in the area of dangerous drugs.
The application stated Hight had been specifically assigned to investigate and enforce
Montana’s dangerous drug laws since July of 2004. It then set forth the following facts.
¶4 In March of 2004, Crime Stoppers received an anonymous letter describing a
clandestine drug lab run by Dutton at his home, for which the writer provided the street
address. In July of 2004, Hight and another detective inquired at a local convenience store
where a store clerk told them a man named Doug came in and bought bottles of HEET and
two or three boxes of matches at a time. The clerk gave the detectives a vehicle license
number which they determined was registered to Dutton. On November 20, 2004, a Troy,
Montana, police officer filed a report stating Dutton had purchased--at three different stores
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on the same day--precursors needed to manufacture methamphetamine: two boxes of
pseudoephedrine, hydrogen peroxide, 4 boxes of matches and a bottle of HEET.
¶5 Several days after receiving that report, Hight researched property ownership records
in Lincoln County and obtained the address of real property and a trailer owned by Dutton,
which was the same address contained in the anonymous letter to Crime Stoppers. Two days
later, Hight was contacted by another officer who told him Dutton had purchased two boxes
of matches and a bottle of HEET at an area convenience store. On November 26, 2004,
Hight observed Dutton go into the local IGA store, where he purchased nasal decongestant
and matches. Four days later, another detective collected a receipt from a local hardware
store where Dutton had purchased Red Devil lye, paper towels, and a box of
pseudoephedrine tablets. Finally, Hight stated:
Through training and experience, your Affiant has reason to believe that
Dutton is operating a clandestine lab in which he is manufacturing
methamphetamine. The amount of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, HEET,
matches, Lye and other essential items are well beyond the amount consistent
with normal household consumption.
Hight attached to his application for a search warrant a brochure prepared by the Montana
Department of Justice, which identified matches, engine starter, Red Devil lye, and
pseudoephedrine tablets as substances frequently found at methamphetamine lab sites.
¶6 The Justice Court issued a search warrant for the premises, curtilage, outbuildings and
vehicles at Dutton’s address. Based on items found during the search, the State of Montana
charged Dutton by Information filed in the District Court with criminal production or
manufacture of dangerous drugs, operating an unlawful clandestine laboratory, criminal
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possession of precursors to dangerous drugs, felony and misdemeanor criminal possession of
dangerous drugs, and use or possession of property subject to criminal forfeiture.
¶7 Dutton moved to suppress the evidence seized in the search, arguing that the pre-
November of 2004 events set forth in the warrant application were stale and that the
remainder of the application did not constitute sufficient probable cause to invade his right to
privacy. The District Court rejected Dutton’s staleness argument and ruled that, under the
totality of the circumstances, the Justice Court did not err in concluding the application for a
search warrant established probable cause to believe evidence of a crime would be
discovered at Dutton’s property.
¶8 Dutton and the State entered into an agreement pursuant to which Dutton pled guilty
to the manufacture or production of dangerous drugs and the State agreed to dismiss the
remaining charges against him. The District Court entered judgment, and Dutton appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶9 Courts review the issuance of a search warrant to insure that the issuing judicial
officer had a substantial basis to determine that probable cause existed. State v. Barnaby,
2006 MT 203, ¶ 30, 333 Mont. 220, ¶ 30, 142 P.3d 809, ¶ 30 (citation omitted). In other
words, district courts reviewing the issuance of search warrants by justice courts utilize the
same standard as this Court uses in reviewing search warrants issued by district courts.
DISCUSSION
¶10 Did the application for a search warrant establish probable cause for the Justice
Court to issue the search warrant?
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¶11 The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 11 of
the Montana Constitution allow a judge or magistrate to issue a warrant to search a person or
that person’s home, papers or effects only upon a showing of probable cause. We use the
“totality of the circumstances” test set forth in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317
(1983), to determine whether probable cause exists. See Barnaby, ¶ 29. Under that test, the
issuing judicial officer must make a practical, common-sense decision, given all the
circumstances set forth in the affidavit, including the veracity and basis of knowledge of
persons supplying hearsay information, of whether there is a fair probability that contraband
or evidence of a crime will be found in the place described in the affidavit. Barnaby, ¶ 29,
citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 103 S.Ct. at 2332.
¶12 Dutton claims the application for a search warrant in this case was defective in two
respects. He first argues that the information in the Crime Stoppers tip from March of 2004
was stale, advancing State v. Anderson, 1999 MT 60, 293 Mont. 490, 977 P.2d 983.
¶13 In Anderson, our discussion of staleness related to an informant’s tip that the
defendant had been arrested on two prior occasions--five years earlier, and again seven
months earlier--for possession of marijuana with intent to sell. We concluded the
information about the prior arrests was not stale when considered together with the discovery
of methamphetamine, moments before the search of the defendant’s person, pursuant to a
warrant to search the trailer where the defendant was living. Anderson, ¶ 15. We noted that
a determination of whether information is too stale to be considered in establishing probable
cause depends largely on the nature of the activity at issue. We further noted that, where
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information reveals that the possession and distribution of dangerous drugs by a person is a
protracted and continuing activity, the passage of time between the conduct and the probable
cause determination becomes less significant. Anderson, ¶ 14.
¶14 The staleness discussion in Anderson does not support Dutton’s arguments. Indeed, it
establishes that the issuing Justice Court properly considered the Crime Stopper tip from
March of 2004. Here, the Crime Stopper tip was received nine months before the search
warrant was issued. In addition to that incident, the application for a search warrant also
included information about an incident five months before the warrant was issued and
considerable information that was only days or weeks old at the time of the warrant
application. We conclude the District Court correctly rejected Dutton’s staleness argument.
¶15 Dutton also claims the warrant application is “rife with speculation,” citing State v.
Reesman, 2000 MT 243, 301 Mont. 408, 10 P.3d 83, overruled in part, Barnaby, ¶ 42, for the
principle that a tip from an anonymous source must be independently corroborated through
other sources. Dutton states that “[o]ther than [ ] conclusory allegation[s] based on Hight’s
personal opinion, there is nothing to connect Dutton’s purchases to anything of a criminal
nature whatsoever.” Dutton apparently refers to Hight’s assertion in the search warrant
application that he believed Dutton was purchasing various items as precursors to
manufacture of methamphetamine.
¶16 In Reesman, a search warrant was issued based on information provided by a
confidential informant and corroborated by an anonymous citizen. We ruled that a
confidential informant’s information to law enforcement officers, corroborated only by
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anonymous citizens, did not provide a substantial basis for a conclusion that probable cause
existed to issue a search warrant. Reesman, ¶ 46 (citation omitted).
¶17 Dutton has not referenced anything in Reesman which supports his argument that the
observations and opinions of Hight--an identified, trained law enforcement officer rather than
a confidential informant--were an inadequate basis for issuing the search warrant. Indeed,
independent police corroboration “represents a key element in determining whether probable
cause exists” to issue a search warrant. Barnaby, ¶ 42. Here, the bulk of the information in
the application for a search warrant concerned Hight’s and other law enforcement officers’
observations of and investigations concerning Dutton’s purchases of quantities of precursors
needed to manufacture methamphetamine, escalating to nearly daily observations in the days
just before Hight applied for the search warrant.
¶18 The key question when evaluating probable cause is whether the application as a
whole supports a determination of probable cause. Barnaby, ¶ 39 (citation omitted). In
reviewing the issuance of the search warrant and denying Dutton’s motion to suppress, the
District Court stated that “[w]hen each piece of evidence in this case is viewed in conjunction
with every other piece of evidence, it is disingenuous to describe Dutton’s purchasing
activity as consistent with the ‘average consumer.’” We agree. Viewing the facts presented
in the search warrant application in a practical, common-sense manner, we conclude the
Justice Court had a substantial basis for determining that probable cause existed to search
Dutton’s address. We hold, therefore, that the District Court properly denied Dutton’s
motion to suppress.
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¶19 Affirmed.
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
We concur:
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ JIM RICE
/S/ JOHN WARNER
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