February 5 2008
DA 06-0233
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2008 MT 38
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
RICHARD WAYNE GILLINGHAM,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DC-92-10313
Honorable Douglas G. Harkin, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Jim Wheelis, Chief Appellate Defender; Shannon McDonald, Assistant
Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Tammy K. Plubell, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County Attorney, Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: May 2, 2007
Decided: February 5, 2008
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice John Warner delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Richard Gillingham appeals from a judgment in the Fourth Judicial District, Missoula
County, revoking his suspended sentences and sentencing him to serve forty-five years at
Montana State Prison.
¶2 We determine that the following two issues are dispositive of this appeal:
¶3 1. Did the District Court err in revoking Gillingham’s suspended sentences because
he refused to sign a document in which he waived extradition from Canada, when the
judgment suspending his sentence did not contain such a requirement?
¶4 2. Did the State present sufficient evidence at the hearing to revoke Gillingham’s
suspended sentences?
BACKGROUND
¶5 On October 14, 1992, the State filed an Amended Information charging Gillingham
with nine counts of sexual assault on minors, in violation of § 45-5-502, MCA, and one
count of assault on a minor, in violation of § 45-5-201, MCA. All of the offenses were
alleged to have occurred in 1991 and 1992. On April 7, 1993, Gillingham pled guilty to four
counts of sexual assault and one count of assault on a minor, all felonies. The remaining
counts were dismissed.
¶6 On August 6, 1993, the District Court sentenced Gillingham to ten years on each
count, with the sentences to be served consecutively. The sentences were suspended on
conditions. The District Court entered its written judgment that same day. Gillingham, a
Canadian citizen, was deported to Canada, where he faced separate charges.
¶7 The District Court’s judgment placed Gillingham under the supervision of the
Department of Corrections. Section 46-23-1011(2), MCA (1991), required that he sign a
2
copy of the conditions of probation. Gillingham was deported before he signed a writing
containing the conditions of his suspended sentences. His Montana probation officer, Jan
Ullom, eventually contacted Gillingham’s Canadian probation officer and sent him a
document entitled “Rules of Probation” with the request that Gillingham sign it. This
document not only listed the conditions included in the District Court’s judgment, but also
included an additional condition requiring Gillingham to waive extradition from Canada.
Gillingham was presented with the document, but repeatedly refused to sign the rules of
probation containing the extra condition. In 1996, the State filed a petition to revoke
Gillingham’s suspended sentences because of his refusal to sign.
¶8 On January 16, 1998, the State filed a supplemental petition to revoke, alleging three
additional violations of the conditions of his suspended sentences.
¶9 In the supplemental petition to revoke, the State alleged a violation of Condition 6:
“That the Defendant shall not have any unsupervised contact with any children under the age
of 16 years of age.” Gillingham was alleged to have taught Sunday school classes to
children while unsupervised on November 2, 1997.
¶10 The State next alleged a violation of Condition 7: “That the Defendant shall not
involve himself in any type of employment, service, or recreational pursuits which involves
[sic] the supervision of children 16 years of age or under [and] shall not be in any position of
power or authority over children, including any volunteer work.” This alleged violation was
based on information that Gillingham taught woodworking to children at a fair in British
Columbia in September 1997.
3
¶11 Finally, the State alleged in the supplemental petition to revoke that Gillingham
violated Condition 9: “That the Defendant shall not use any name but the name the
Defendant is currently using of Richard Gillingham.” This allegation was based on
information that Gillingham had applied for a birth certificate for a deceased person,
admitted to Canadian authorities that he was attempting to establish a new identity, and had
been convicted in the Canadian criminal courts of the offense of personation.
¶12 A bench warrant was issued for Gillingham’s arrest. He challenged his extradition in
the Canadian and United States federal courts. It was not until late 2004 that the extradition
proceedings concluded, and he was delivered into the custody of the Missoula County
Sheriff. On August 30, 2005, the District Court held an evidentiary hearing on the State’s
petition to revoke Gillingham’s suspended sentences.
¶13 At the hearing, Ms. Ullom testified to Gillingham’s refusal to sign the rules of
probation. She also testified that he had violated Condition 9 of his suspended sentences by
attempting to obtain a Canadian birth certificate containing the name of a different person. A
copy of a document stating Gillingham had been found guilty of personation was entered
into evidence. The State did not present any evidence concerning the elements of the offense
of personation.
¶14 The State presented two witnesses to prove the violation of Condition 6. The
Anglican Parish Priest from the church where Gillingham taught Sunday school and his wife
both testified that Gillingham taught a church school class to young children in a basement
room separate from the other classes.
4
¶15 The State did not produce a witness to testify about Gillingham’s volunteer activities
teaching woodworking classes at a fair in September 1997. Even though the District Court
dismissed the allegation that Gillingham had violated Condition 7 on motion of the State, it
later found that Gillingham’s teaching church school violated the last sentence of Condition
7, which prohibited Gillingham from being in a position of power or authority over children.
However, the District Court also stated that its finding under paragraph seven was not a
condition of its ultimate decision.
¶16 The District Court found that Gillingham had violated the requirement of his
suspended sentences that he sign a document containing the rules of his probation. It also
found that he had violated Condition 6 of his suspended sentences requiring that he not have
any unsupervised contact with any children under the age of 16 years of age, and that he
violated Condition 9 requiring that he not use any name other than Richard Gillingham.
Based on these findings, the District Court revoked Gillingham’s suspended sentences and
sentenced him to forty-five years at Montana State Prison, and ordered that he not be eligible
for parole. Gillingham appeals the order revoking his suspended sentences.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶17 We review the revocation of a suspended sentence to determine whether it was
supported by a preponderance of the evidence and whether the District Court abused its
discretion. State v. Nelson, 1998 MT 227, ¶ 16, 291 Mont. 15, ¶ 16, 966 P.2d 133, ¶ 16.
However, where a defendant presents a question of law related to constitutional rights, our
review is plenary. State v. Finley, 2003 MT 239, ¶ 10, 317 Mont. 268, ¶ 10, 77 P.3d 193, ¶
10.
5
DISCUSSION
ISSUE ONE
¶18 Did the District Court err in revoking Gillingham’s suspended sentences because
he refused to sign a document in which he waived extradition from Canada, when the
judgment suspending his sentence did not contain such a requirement?
¶19 A criminal sentence may not deprive a defendant of rights except as specifically
enumerated by the sentencing judge as a necessary condition of the sentence. Section 46-18-
801(1), MCA. Only the sentencing judge has the power to impose probation conditions that
affect a defendant’s rights, and without statutory authority to do so, the Department of
Corrections cannot add conditions to those articulated in a district court’s judgment. State v.
Field, 2000 MT 268, ¶ 15, 302 Mont. 62, ¶ 15, 11 P.3d 1203, ¶ 15.
¶20 The State concedes that the copy of the rules of probation Gillingham was asked to
sign contained a condition not in his written judgment: the requirement that he waive
extradition from Canada. At the time the charged offenses were committed, and at the time
the sentences were imposed, the Department of Corrections had the authority to require that a
probationer sign a copy of the conditions of probation. However, the Department did not
have the authority to add to conditions of probation the requirement that a probationer waive
extradition. Section 46-23-1011(2) (1991).1 Thus, under the circumstances of this case, the
District Court had no authority to revoke Gillingham’s suspended sentences because he
refused to sign a copy of the conditions of his probation that contained a provision it did not
1
The authority to require that a probationer waive extradition for his return to Montana was
added to § 46-23-1011(2), MCA, by the Fifty-Seventh Legislature in 2001. 2001 Mont. Laws
6
impose. In this instance, we conclude that the District Court erred in revoking Gillingham’s
suspended sentences based on his refusal to sign the rules of probation presented to him.
ISSUE TWO
¶21 Did the State present sufficient evidence at the hearing to revoke Gillingham’s
suspended sentences?
¶22 The State must prove that a defendant has violated the terms of his probation by a
preponderance of the evidence. Section 46-18-203(6), MCA.
¶23 The District Court found that Gillingham violated Condition 6, “That Defendant not
have any unsupervised contact with any children under the age of 16 years of age,” because
he was unsupervised while teaching a Sunday school class on November 2, 1997.
Gillingham does not contest that he made arrangements to teach young children. He argues
that there is no evidence that he was unsupervised when he was teaching on November 2,
1997, and thus the District Court erred in finding he violated Condition 6.
¶24 The State presented the testimony of Reverend Gray, who was the priest at Saint
Stephens Anglican Church in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada on November 2, 1997.
Reverend Gray testified Gillingham offered himself as a church-school teacher late in the
summer of 1997. Prior to November 2, 1997, Gillingham taught children in a hall-setting
where there were two or three classes in the same room. Gillingham asked to move his class,
and only his particular class, to a downstairs room at the end of a hallway.
2436-37. However, a defendant must be sentenced under the law in effect at the time of the
offense. State v. Tracy, 2005 MT 128, ¶ 16, 327 Mont. 220, ¶ 16, 113 P.3d 297, ¶ 16.
7
¶25 Kathleen Gray, Reverend Gray’s wife, was the supervisor of the church school. She
testified that Gillingham made arrangements with her to move his class of young boys to a
small room downstairs in the church on November 2, 1997. She said on that day she went to
where he was teaching and was able to hear him inside the room with four boys eight to ten
years old. She said that there was no other adult in the room and there was no question in
her mind that he was alone in the room with the children. On cross-examination she testified
that she stood by for two or three minutes and heard Gillingham, and no other adult, speak.
She also said that it was not possible that there was another adult in the room at the time.
She said there was not another church-school teacher present.
¶26 The Montana Rules of Evidence do not apply to a probation revocation hearing. M.
R. Evid. 101(c)(3). Nevertheless, a probation revocation hearing must be fundamentally fair.
State v. Pedersen, 2003 MT 315, ¶ 20, 318 Mont. 262, ¶ 20, 80 P.3d 79, ¶ 20 (citing In re
Meidinger, 168 Mont. 7, 15, 539 P.2d 1185, 1190 (1975)). Direct evidence establishes that
on November 2, 1997, Gillingham had contact with four boys who were eight to ten years
old in a small classroom in Saint Stephen’s Church, in Summerland, British Columbia. The
evidence also establishes that Gillingham himself made arrangements to be with the boys in
this place of relative isolation. Further evidence establishes that there was no other adult
heard in the room at the time, and there were no other adults around that were likely to be
supervising him. While there is no direct proof that Gillingham was alone in the classroom
with the children, there is sufficient circumstantial evidence consistent with him being the
only adult in the room to sustain the finding of fact made by the District Court that
Gillingham was unsupervised at the time. The District Court did not err in finding that
8
Gillingham violated Condition 6 of his suspended sentence.
¶27 The District Court also found a violation of Condition 9, “That the Defendant shall
not use any name but the name the Defendant is currently using of Richard Gillingham.”
The State’s proof of this violation is sparse. It consisted of Ms. Ullom’s testimony that he
attempted to obtain a birth certificate in someone else’s name, and a copy of a judgment from
an Ottawa, Ontario, Regional Municipal Court stating that Gillingham was found guilty of
what is described therein as “Personation, Section 403(b) CCC – Indictment.” Gillingham
argues that this is not enough to establish that he was using an assumed name in violation of
Condition 9.
¶28 We need not determine whether the State presented sufficient evidence to establish a
violation of Condition 9. A single violation of the conditions of a suspended sentence is
sufficient to support a district court’s revocation of that sentence. State v. Rudolph, 2005 MT
41, ¶ 13, 326 Mont. 132, ¶ 13, 107 P.3d 496, ¶ 13. Gillingham’s violation of Condition 6
supports the revocation of his sentences.
¶29 Gillingham goes on to argue that the District Court did not afford him due process of
law because it found that he violated Condition 7, that he not be in a position of power or
authority over children, when he taught church school while unsupervised. He points out
that the alleged violation of Condition 7 was that he volunteered to work with children at a
fair. He claims he had no notice that his sentences could be revoked for violating Condition
7 based on his teaching at the church school. We also decline to consider this argument
9
because, as noted above, the violation of Condition 6 is sufficient to revoke the suspended
sentences.2
CONCLUSION
¶30 The District Court’s order of January 19, 2006, revoking Gillingham’s suspended
sentences is affirmed.
/S/ JOHN WARNER
We Concur:
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
2
Also, the District Court stated that a violation of Condition 7 was not the reason Gillingham’s
suspended sentences were revoked. Thus, even if there was error, it would be harmless. Pedersen, ¶
21.
10