November 4 2009
DA 09-0087
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2009 MT 375N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
GORDON SEES THE GROUND, JR.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DC 08-0069
Honorable Gregory R. Todd, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Robin A. Meguire; Attorney at Law; Great Falls, Montana
For Appellee:
Hon. Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Sheri K. Sprigg,
Assistant Attorney General; Helena, Montana
Dennis Paxinos; Yellowstone County Attorney; Billings, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: October 8, 2009
Decided: November 3, 2009
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court 1996 Internal
Operating Rules, as amended in 2006, the following decision shall not be cited as
precedent. It shall be filed as a public document with the Clerk of the Supreme Court,
and its case title, Supreme Court cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Gordon Sees the Ground, Jr. (Sees the Ground) appeals from his jury conviction in
the Thirteenth Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County, of the offenses of Driving a
Motor Vehicle Under the Influence of Alcohol (DUI), a felony, in violation of § 61-8-
401, MCA (2007), and Driving While License Suspended or Revoked (DWS), a
misdemeanor, in violation of § 61-5-212, MCA. We affirm.
¶3 Sees the Ground presents the following issues for review:
¶4 Issue One: Whether the District Court erred in denying Sees the Ground’s motion
to dismiss challenging probable cause for his arrest.
¶5 Issue Two: Whether the District Court erred in denying Sees the Ground’s
proposed jury instruction on the definition of actual physical control of a motor vehicle.
¶6 Issue Three: Whether the District Court erred in denying Sees the Ground’s
motions in limine to exclude any discussion of Horizontal Gaze Nytagmus (HGN)
evidence and to redact his statement, “There we go again,” on the DUI processing video.
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¶7 On February 1, 2008, a witness reported to police that a vehicle parked along
South 29th Street in Billings, Montana, contained an individual slumped over the steering
wheel. Upon arrival at the scene, Officers Denise Baum and Harley Cagle of the Billings
Police Department noticed that the vehicle had its headlights on and was partially parked
in the traffic lane. As Officer Baum approached the vehicle, she saw Sees the Ground in
the driver’s seat, slumped over the steering wheel with his seatbelt fastened, and that keys
were in the ignition and turned to the “on” position. Officer Baum also saw three cans of
beer and smelled the odor of alcohol emanating from the vehicle.
¶8 Officer Baum then made contact with Sees the Ground. Throughout the
conversation, Sees the Ground slurred his words, had difficulty removing his ID card
from his wallet, smelled of alcohol, and could not answer general questions. As a result,
Officer Baum asked Sees the Ground to step outside the vehicle, and she administered the
HGN test, observing six out of six clues. Officer Baum did not have Sees the Ground
perform further field sobriety testing because Sees the Ground was wearing a knee brace
and had difficulty standing. Officer Baum placed Sees the Ground under arrest. The
officers attempted to start Sees the Ground’s vehicle and move it closer to the curb, but
the battery was dead. Thus, the officers had to push the vehicle to the side of the road.
¶9 The State charged Sees the Ground with DUI and DWS. Sees the Ground filed a
motion to dismiss the DUI, arguing Officer Baum lacked probable cause to arrest him
because he was not in actual physical control of the vehicle, and motions in limine to
exclude HGN evidence and his statement, “There we go again,” on the DUI processing
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video. Sees the Ground also proposed a jury instruction on the definition of actual
physical control of a vehicle. The District Court denied the motion to dismiss, the
motions in limine, and chose instead to use the State’s proposed instruction on actual
physical control. Sees the Ground appeals.
¶10 Whether the District Court erred in denying Sees the Ground’s motion to dismiss
challenging probable cause for his arrest.
¶11 Sees the Ground argues Officer Baum lacked probable cause to arrest him because
his vehicle’s battery was dead, prohibiting him from exerting actual physical control over
the vehicle. We review a district court’s decision on motions to dismiss de novo. State v.
Samples, 2008 MT 416, ¶ 13, 347 Mont. 292, 198 P.3d 803.
¶12 “A peace officer may arrest a person when a warrant has not been issued if the
officer has probable cause to believe that the person is committing an offense . . . .”
Section 46-6-311(1), MCA. “Probable cause to arrest is established if the facts and
circumstances within an officer’s personal knowledge, or related to the officer by a
reliable source, are sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that someone is
committing or has committed an offense.” State v. Williamson, 1998 MT 199, ¶ 12, 290
Mont. 321, 965 P.2d 231 (citations omitted).
¶13 DUI is an offense prohibiting an individual under the influence of alcohol from
driving or being in “actual physical control of a vehicle.” Section 61-8-401(1), MCA.
We have described “actual physical control” as meaning “existing or present bodily
restraint, directing influence, domination or regulation, of an automobile.” State v.
Ruona, 133 Mont. 243, 248, 321 P.2d 615, 618 (1958); State v. Hudson, 2005 MT 142,
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¶ 13, 327 Mont. 286, 114 P.3d 210 (citation omitted). We have discounted a vehicle’s
capability for movement, reasoning that “[m]ovement of a vehicle is not required for
‘actual physical control.’” State v. Taylor, 203 Mont. 284, 287, 661 P.2d 33, 34 (1983)
(citation omitted). We have thus held that a vehicle stuck in a borrow pit, despite its
temporary immobility, may satisfy the statute. Taylor, 203 Mont. at 287, 661 P.2d at 34-
35.
¶14 Officer Baum observed Sees the Ground sitting and seat belted in the driver’s seat,
keys in the ignition and turned to the “on” position, and the gearshift in “drive.” His
vehicle was stopped partially in a traffic lane. While Sees the Ground’s vehicle may have
been temporarily immobilized, needing to be jump-started, this case is similar to the car
that was temporarily stuck in a borrow pit in Taylor. We conclude the District Court did
not err by denying Sees the Ground’s motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause.
¶15 Whether the District Court erred in denying Sees the Ground’s proposed jury
instruction on the definition of actual physical control of a motor vehicle.
¶16 District courts enjoy “broad discretion” in crafting jury instructions so long as the
instructions “fully and fairly instruct the jury regarding the applicable law.” State v.
Azure, 2008 MT 211, ¶ 13, 344 Mont. 188, 186 P.3d 1269 (citing State v. Miller, 2008
MT 106, ¶ 11, 342 Mont. 355, 181 P.3d 625).
¶17 The State’s Proposed Jury Instruction No. 15 used the entire text of Mont. Pattern
Jury Inst. 10-201 regarding actual physical control, including the optional second
sentence, providing:
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A person is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle if the person is not
a passenger, and is in a position to, and has the ability to, operate the
vehicle in question. A motorist does not relinquish control over a vehicle
simply because it is incapable of starting or moving.
¶18 Sees the Ground offered the same instruction but without the second sentence. We
conclude the District Court did not abuse its discretion by giving the instruction, which
correctly included within the second sentence instances where the vehicle is temporarily
inoperable. See e.g. Taylor, 203 Mont. at 287, 661 P.2d at 34-35.
¶19 Whether the District Court erred in denying Sees the Ground’s motions in limine
to exclude any discussion of HGN and to redact his statement, “There we go again,” on
the DUI processing video.
¶20 A. HGN
¶21 HGN measures the “involuntary jerking of the eyeball resulting from the body’s
attempt to maintain balance and orientation.” State v. Michaud, 2008 MT 88, ¶ 30, 342
Mont. 244, 180 P.3d 636. Because HGN has a “scientific basis,” courts may not admit its
results as evidence for intoxication unless a proper foundation has been laid. Hulse v.
State, 1998 MT 108, ¶ 72, 289 Mont. 1, 961 P.2d 75.
¶22 Officers Baum and Cagle testified that they were trained to administer field
sobriety tests, including the HGN test, as part of the testimony they gave about their
background and training. However, they did not expressly testify to the jury about
administering an HGN test to Sees the Ground or make any connection between HGN
and intoxication. It is doubtful that the jury could have inferred from this testimony, as
Sees the Ground argues, that an HGN test was administered. Assuming, arguendo, that
such an inference could have been made, we conclude it was harmless. Other evidence
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proved intoxication. Sees the Ground was slumped over the wheel of his vehicle, stopped
partially in a traffic lane, smelled of alcohol, slurred his words, failed to properly respond
to general questions, had trouble standing without leaning on his vehicle, and had three
open cans of beer in his vehicle. All of these facts were properly admitted and presented
to the jury and demonstrated intoxication.
¶23 B. Sees the Ground’s Statement
¶24 Admissibility of evidence is left to the “sound discretion” of a district court.
Englin v. Bd. of Co. Commrs., 2002 MT 115, ¶ 38, 310 Mont. 1, 48 P.3d 39. We will
disturb a district court’s decision only when it has “acted arbitrarily without conscientious
judgment or exceeded the bounds of reason.” Englin, ¶ 38. Even if relevant, evidence
may be excluded if the probative value of the offered evidence is “substantially
outweighed” by the propensity for unfair prejudice, M. R. Evid. 403, or if the evidence is
of other crimes or past conduct, which is not admissible to prove the character of a person
to show action in conformity therewith, M. R. Evid. 404(b).
¶25 At the DUI processing center, Sees the Ground stated, “There we go again,”
during the reading of the Implied Consent Advisory. He sought exclusion of that
statement under either Rule 403 or Rule 404(b), but the District Court overruled his
objection because the meaning of the statement could not be definitively discerned. After
reviewing the record, we are unconvinced that the District Court abused its discretion.
Nothing within the statement or its context suggests a clear reference to previous dealings
with law enforcement or with DUIs. The State suggests the statement refers instead to
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“Detective Baum continuing to read the Implied Consent Advisory despite Sees the
Ground’s frequent interruptions.” Cognizant of the statement’s ambiguity, we conclude
that nothing suggests the District Court acted “without conscientious judgment or
exceeded the bounds of reason” in denying Sees the Ground’s motion.
¶26 Affirmed.
/S/ JIM RICE
We concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
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