October 1 2009
DA 08-0404
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2009 MT 323
MICHAEL J. FASBENDER, JOHN W.
HERRIN, and JOHN and JANE DOES
1-25,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
LEWIS AND CLARK COUNTY BOARD OF
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, DEPUTY COUNTY
ATTORNEY, PAUL STAHL, and CHIEF
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER, RON ALLES,
Defendants and Appellees.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District,
In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. BDV 2006-898
Honorable Jeffrey M. Sherlock, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellants:
W. A. (Bill) Gallagher, Gallagher and Associates, Helena, Montana
For Appellees:
Leo J. Gallagher, County Attorney; K. Paul Stahl, III, and Jeff Sealey,
Deputy County Attorneys, Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: July 8, 2009
Decided: October 1, 2009
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Brian Morris delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Michael J. Fasbender, John W. Herrin, and unnamed plaintiffs John and Jane Does 1-
25 (collectively Fasbender), challenged the adoption of interim zoning regulations by the
Lewis and Clark County Board of County Commissioners (Board). Fasbender appeals from
an Order in the First Judicial District, Lewis and Clark County, granting summary judgment
to the Board. We affirm.
¶2 We review the following issues on appeal:
¶3 Did the District Court correctly hold that the notice provided by the Board of its
intent to adopt interim zoning regulations, and the hearing that it conducted, satisfied the
procedural requirements of § 76-2-205, MCA (2005)?
¶4 Did the District Court correctly declare void the Board’s permanent zoning
regulations for failure to comply substantially with the notice provisions of § 76-2-205,
MCA (2005)?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶5 The Board published two separate notices, on August 6, 2006, and August 13, 2006,
of public hearings to discuss zoning in the Helena valley. The Board held a public hearing
on August 23, 2006, and accepted public comment, as required by § 76-2-205(2), MCA. The
Board allowed additional time for public comment. The Board used this additional time to
consider the comments submitted and to review the recommendations of the Lewis and Clark
City-County Consolidated Planning Board (Planning Board).
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¶6 After the hearing on August 23, 2006, the Board passed a resolution of intent to create
a zoning district in the Helena valley and adopt the proposed regulations. The Board
published a single notice of this resolution on September 17, 2006. The Board failed to
publish the second notice the following week, however, as required by § 76-2-205(5), MCA.
The Board eventually approved the zoning district and accompanying zoning regulations on
November 16, 2006.
¶7 Fasbender sent an email to the Board on November 17, 2006, in which he inquired as
to the dates of publication of the public notice of intent. Fasbender’s email prompted the
Board to recognize that it had failed to provide the second statutorily required notice. The
Board determined that this omission prevented it from adopting the zoning regulations.
¶8 The Board immediately proceeded to adopt interim zoning regulations. The interim
regulations essentially mirrored the originally proposed permanent regulations. The Board
published separate notices on November 23, 2006, and December 3, 2006, of a public
hearing on the proposed interim zoning regulations. The Board held a public hearing on
December 12, 2006. The Board adopted the interim zoning regulations at the conclusion of
the hearing even though the Planning Board had not yet reviewed the interim regulations and
the Board had not offered the public a 30-day protest period. The Board also did not adopt a
resolution of intent before approving the interim regulations.
¶9 Fasbender filed suit on December 18, 2006. He challenged the Board’s failure to
follow all of the procedural requirements set forth in § 76-2-205, MCA, in adopting the
interim zoning regulations. Fasbender also alleged that the Board substantially had complied
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with the notice requirements of § 76-2-205, MCA, in its original efforts to adopt the
permanent zoning regulations. Fasbender alleged that the Board erroneously had declared
void the original permanent zoning regulations. The District Court granted summary
judgment in favor of the Board on both issues. Fasbender appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶10 We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Citizen Advoc. for a
Livable Missoula, Inc. v. City Council of City of Missoula, 2006 MT 47, ¶ 16, 331 Mont.
269, 130 P.3d 1259. Summary judgment is appropriate only when “there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact such that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Patterson v. Verizon Wireless, 2005 MT 261, ¶ 9, 329 Mont. 79, 122 P.3d 1193.
¶11 We review a district court’s conclusions of law to determine if they are correct. Steer,
Inc. v. Dept. of Revenue, 245 Mont. 470, 474, 803 P.2d 601, 603 (1990). We review de
novo a district court’s interpretation of statutes. LHC, Inc. v. Alvarez, 2007 MT 123, ¶ 13,
337 Mont. 294, 160 P. 3d 502.
DISCUSSION
¶12 Did the District Court correctly hold that the notice provided by the Board of its
intent to adopt interim zoning regulations, and the hearing that it conducted, satisfied the
procedural requirements of § 76-2-205, MCA (2005)?
¶13 Fasbender argues that § 76-2-205(1)-(6), MCA, requires the Board to go beyond
providing notice and conducting a public hearing in adopting interim zoning regulations.
He contends that § 76-2-205, MCA, also requires the Planning Board to review proposed
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interim zoning regulations. Fasbender claims that after the Planning Board reviews the
proposed interim regulations, the Board must pass a resolution of its intent to adopt the
interim regulations, publish two notices of the intent to pass the resolution, and receive
written protests after notice. He argues that the Board’s failure to take these steps invalidates
the interim zoning regulations.
¶14 Fasbender cites for support this Court’s decisions in Bryant Dev. Ass’n. v. Dagel, 166
Mont. 252, 531 P.2d 1320 (1975), and State ex rel. Christian, Spring, Sielbach & Assoc. v.
Miller, 169 Mont. 242, 545 P.2d 660 (1976). This Court invalidated an interim zoning
regulation in each case due to the failures of the counties to provide notice and a hearing as
required by § 76-2-205, MCA. As a result, Fasbender argues that the interim zoning statute--
§ 76-2-206, MCA--incorporates all of the procedural requirements set forth in § 76-2-205,
MCA. We disagree.
¶15 In neither Bryant, nor Christian, did this Court hold that § 76-2-206, MCA,
incorporates from the permanent zoning statute any procedural requirements beyond notice
and hearing. The Court in Bryant cited the fact that the notice and hearing provisions of the
permanent zoning statute applied with equal force to the interim zoning statute. Bryant, 166
Mont. at 258, 531 P.2d at 1324. The Court voided the county’s adoption of an emergency
interim zoning regulation due to the county’s failure to provide notice and a hearing. Bryant,
166 Mont. at 258, 531 P.2d at 1324.
¶16 Similarly, in Christian, the clerk and recorder had refused to file the landowner’s
certificate of survey due to the county’s recent adoption of an interim zoning regulation.
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Christian, 169 Mont. at 244, 545 P.2d at 661. The Court cited the county’s undisputed
failure to provide notice and a hearing on the interim zoning regulation to support its
decision to invalidate the interim zoning regulation. Christian, 169 Mont. at 244-45, 545
P.2d at 661-62. The landowner’s “fundamental right to notice and the opportunity to be
heard” trumped any short-cuts created by the interim zoning statute. Christian, 169 Mont. at
245, 545 P.2d at 662.
¶17 Here the Board complied with the affected landowners’ “fundamental right to notice
and the opportunity to be heard” in adopting the interim zoning regulations. The Board
published separate notices of the proposed interim zoning regulations on November 23,
2006, and December 3, 2006. The Board held a public hearing on the interim zoning
regulations on December 12, 2006. This Court in Bryant and Christian read only the notice
and hearing requirements of the permanent zoning statute into the interim zoning statute.
Due process requires nothing more.
¶18 The legislature enacted a separate statute--§ 72-2-206, MCA--to address interim
zoning regulations. The interim zoning statute makes no mention of the procedural
prerequisites asserted by Fasbender. The interim zoning regulation statute would be
rendered superfluous if we adopted Fasbender’s view that it required the Board to follow all
of the procedural steps for permanent zoning regulations set forth in § 76-2-205, MCA.
¶19 Did the District Court correctly declare void the Board’s permanent zoning
regulations for failure to comply substantially with the notice provisions of § 76-2-205, MCA
(2005)?
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¶20 The pertinent portion of § 76-2-205(5), MCA, directs that the Board “shall publish
notice of passage of the resolution of intention once a week for 2 weeks” as part of the
process to adopt permanent zoning regulations. The notice must include the boundaries of
the proposed district, the character of the proposed zoning regulations, and the fact that the
public may inspect the proposed zoning regulations at the clerk and recorder’s office.
Section 76-2-205(5)(a)-(c), MCA (2005). The Board’s notice also must indicate that it will
receive written protests for 30 days after first publication of the notice. Section 76-2-
205(5)(d), MCA (2005).
¶21 Fasbender argues that the Board substantially complied with the notice requirements
of § 76-2-205, MCA, when it published a single notice of passage of the resolution of intent
and local newspapers published thirteen articles regarding the proposed zoning between
August 24, 2006, and October 14, 2006. Fasbender points to § 2-3-104(4), MCA, to support
his claim that the newspaper articles contributed to the Board’s compliance with the notice
requirements.
¶22 This statute provides that an agency shall be considered to have complied with the
notice provisions of § 2-3-103, MCA, if a newspaper of general circulation within the
affected area “has carried a news story or advertisement concerning the decision sufficiently
prior to a final decision to permit public comment on the matter.” Section 2-3-104(4), MCA
(2005). Fasbender argues that the Board ignored the applicability of § 2-3-104(4), MCA,
and, in effect, imposed a strict compliance standard. Fasbender contends that other land use
decisions of this Court have applied only a substantial compliance standard.
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¶23 Fasbender correctly notes that this Court has applied a “substantial compliance”
standard to a district court’s review of whether a county has met the procedural requirements
for creating zoning districts. Yurczyk v. Yellowstone Co., 2004 MT 3, ¶ 22, 319 Mont. 169,
83 P.3d 266, citing Petty v. Flathead City Bd. of City Commrs., 231 Mont. 428, 431, 754
P.2d 496, 498-99 (1988). In Yurczyk, a landowner challenged the adoption of a zoning
regulation by the Yellowstone County Board of County Commissioners on the grounds that
the board had failed to clarify that its members were voting in their capacities as board
members, and not as planning and zoning commissioners. Yurczyk, ¶ 23. Section 76-2-107,
MCA, authorizes only board members to adopt zoning regulations. The landowner alleged
that the voting members’ failure to state whether they were voting in their capacities as board
members voided the regulation. Yurczyk, ¶ 22.
¶24 The Court recognized that the record was not entirely clear as to whether the board of
county commissioners had voted in their capacities as board members or in their capacities
as zoning commissioners. The record was clear, however, that the board members had voted
at a board hearing. The Court pointed to the fact that § 76-2-107, MCA, had created this
ambiguous situation by having some board members serve in dual capacities as members of
the board of county commissioners and as members of the zoning commission. Yurczyk,
¶¶ 23-24. The record established that the board substantially had complied with the
requirements of § 76-2-107, MCA, in establishing the zoning regulation. Yurczyk, ¶ 22.
¶25 A review of the statutory requirements and the actions taken by the Board in this case
fail to persuade that the Board complied substantially with § 76-2-205, MCA. The first
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sentence of § 76-2-205(5), MCA, requires the Board to publish notice “once a week for 2
weeks.” The Board published the first notice on September 17, 2006, but failed to publish a
second notice the week of September 24, 2006. The Board published one notice when the
statute explicitly requires two published notices during two consecutive weeks. This effort
fails to rise to the level of substantial compliance. The notice provisions of § 76-2-205,
MCA, contain no ambiguity similar to that found in § 76-2-107, MCA, that survived
challenge in Yurczyk. We cannot equate fifty percent compliance with substantial
compliance.
¶26 The thirteen published newspaper articles certainly pertained to the proposed zoning
regulations. The Board initiated none of these articles, however, and none of the thirteen
articles contained the mandatory requirements of § 76-2-205(5)(a)-(d), MCA. The statute
directs that the notice describe the boundaries of the proposed district, the character of the
proposed regulations, and the notice must explain the fact that the proposed regulations are
on file for public inspection. Section 76-2-205(5)(a)-(c), MCA (2005). The statute also
provides that the notice must contain the fact that the Board shall receive written protests for
30 days. Section 76-2-205(5)(d), MCA (2005). We decline to follow Fasbender’s logic that
newspaper articles and opinion pieces published by persons other than the Board, and
lacking essential elements of the statute, can be used to raise the Board’s efforts to the level
of substantial compliance with § 76-2-205, MCA.
¶27 Fasbender also misplaces reliance on § 2-3-104(4), MCA. Section 2-3-104, MCA,
falls within the scope of § 2-3-103, MCA, the general public participation statute. Section 2-
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3-103, MCA, ensures that state agencies provide the public adequate notice of their proposed
actions and opportunity to participate. A well-settled rule of statutory construction provides,
however, that “the specific prevails over the general.” State v. Smith, 2004 MT 191, ¶ 17,
322 Mont. 206, 95 P.3d 137, citing State v. Feight, 2001 MT 205, ¶ 21, 306 Mont. 312, 33
P.3d 623. Section 76-2-205, MCA, sets forth specific provisions that a board must follow
when it proposes to adopt permanent zoning regulations. These specific notice provisions in
§ 76-2-205, MCA, supersede the general notice provisions contained § 2-3-104, MCA,
designed for state agencies. The District Court correctly determined that the Board had not
complied substantially with § 76-2-205, MCA.
¶28 Affirmed.
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
We Concur:
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ JIM RICE
Justice James C. Nelson, specially concurring.
¶29 I concur in the Court’s Opinion; however, I would overrule Bryant Development Assn.
v. Dagel, 166 Mont. 252, 531 P.2d 1320 (1975), and State ex rel. Christian, Spring, Sielbach
and Assocs. v. Miller, 169 Mont. 242, 545 P.2d 660 (1976), rather than simply distinguishing
those cases. Opinion, ¶¶ 14-17. In my view, both cases were wrongly decided. When one
looks to the plain language of § 16-4711, RCM (the predecessor of § 76-2-206, MCA), it is
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apparent that there is absolutely no language in this statute requiring any notice or hearing
for the adoption of interim zoning maps or regulations. Hence, the Bryant and Christian
Courts’ reading into § 16-4711, RCM, some, but not all, of § 16-4705, RCM1 (i.e., just the
notice and hearing requirements) was as patently violative of § 1-2-101, MCA,2 as is reading
into § 76-2-206, MCA, the notice and hearing provisions of § 76-2-205, MCA. Neither
Bryant nor Christian should continue to stand as precedent to confuse the law in future cases
involving § 76-2-206, MCA.
¶30 Finally, while I agree with the Court’s discussion at ¶¶ 21, 22, and 27 pertaining to
§§ 2-3-103 and -104, MCA, vis-à-vis § 76-2-205, MCA, the Opinion provides no guidance
as to what notice, if any, is required for the adoption of interim zoning maps and regulations
under § 76-2-206, MCA. In this regard, and because § 76-2-206, MCA, contains no specific
notice and hearing requirements (unlike § 76-2-205, MCA), §§ 2-3-103 and -104, MCA, are
applicable. See Jones v. County of Missoula, 2006 MT 2, 330 Mont. 205, 127 P.3d 406.
Moreover, and reading together §§ 2-3-103 and -104, MCA, and another pertinent statute,
§ 7-1-2121, MCA, it appears to me that appropriate and sufficient notice and an opportunity
to be heard were provided in the instant case. That said, in future cases of this sort, I would
1
Section 16-4705, RCM, is the counterpart to § 76-2-205, MCA. Both pertain to the
adoption of nontemporary zoning regulations and boundaries. And, like § 16-4711, RCM,
and § 76-2-206, MCA, which pertain to the adoption of temporary zoning maps or
regulations, the provisions of both are very similar, though not identical.
2
“In the construction of a statute, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and
declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been
omitted or to omit what has been inserted. Where there are several provisions or particulars,
such a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all.”
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hold that for purposes of adopting interim zoning maps or regulations under § 76-2-206,
MCA, the local government must demonstrate that notice and an opportunity to be heard
sufficient to comply with §§ 2-3-103, 2-3-104, and 7-1-2121, MCA, were given in advance
of adoption.
¶31 With these additional points, I concur in the Court’s Opinion.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
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