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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 31,515
5 ANDREW RAMBES,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
8 Stan Whitaker, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM
11 M. Anne Kelly, Assistant Attorney General
12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender
15 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 GARCIA, Judge.
1 {1} Defendant appeals his conviction for second degree criminal sexual penetration
2 of a minor (CSPM) claiming that the evidence was only sufficient to establish third
3 degree CSPM. The State agrees with Defendant’s assertion. We also agree with
4 Defendant because the jury was not asked to find that the Victim (JL) suffered
5 personal injury as a result of Defendant’s actions and because there was insufficient
6 evidence to show that the Victim suffered personal injury. See NMSA 1978, § 30-9-
7 11(D)(3) (2003) (amended 2007). As an alternative offense, the jury also convicted
8 Defendant of fourth degree CSPM. See § 30-9-11(F)(1) (2003). At sentencing, the
9 fourth degree CSPM conviction was vacated as a lower alternative offense to the
10 second degree CSPM conviction. Therefore, we reverse and remand so that the
11 district court can properly sentence Defendant for the alternative offense of fourth
12 degree CSPM.
13 Background
14 {2} The facts of the case “are largely undisputed, only the legal effects of those
15 facts are at issue.” State v. Office of the Public Defender ex rel. Muqqddin, 2012-
16 NMSC-029, ¶ 4, 285 P.3d 622. The parties agree that JL testified that Defendant had
17 sex with her against her will and that her vagina felt sore after having sex with
18 Defendant. She testified that Defendant forcibly removed her pants and laid down on
19 top of her, and she tried to get up and could not. She testified that Defendant pushed
2
1 her hard and her head repeatedly hit the arm of the couch. However, the parties agree
2 that JL did not testify as to any injuries other than the transient vaginal pain she
3 experienced right after penetration.
4 {3} The State concedes that there was no testimony whatsoever that JL suffered
5 physical injuries as a result of Defendant’s actions other than transient vaginal pain
6 shortly after the incident. There was some testimony as to possible manifestations of
7 personal injury such as testimony that JL was depressed, sleepless, and wet the bed.
8 There was also testimony that JL was nervous, anxious, and gained a substantial
9 amount of weight in a very short time. However, the State concedes that there was no
10 testimony tying these psychological and emotional manifestations to Defendant’s
11 actions, because the State did not want Defendant to introduce testimony or evidence
12 suggesting that JL’s brothers had also sexually molested JL or that the manifestations
13 might have been caused by something other than Defendant’s actions.
14 {4} Finally, the nurse from the sexual assault nurse examiner program (SANE)
15 testified that she examined JL after the incident, and JL was upset, fearful, and
16 fidgety. The nurse testified that she did not record a finding of any injury on her
17 chart. At trial, the nurse attempted to change her testimony to state that she observed
18 some potentially injured cells during her examination of JL, but the district court
19 stopped the testimony and the jury was instructed, without objection from the State,
3
1 to disregard the nurse’s testimony that there were physical injuries to JL.
2 {5} The jury was instructed that in order to convict Defendant of second degree
3 CSPM, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) Defendant caused
4 JL to engage in sexual intercourse; (2) Defendant used physical force or physical
5 violence; (3) Defendant’s acts resulted in vaginal pain; and (4) Defendant’s acts were
6 unlawful. Defendant did not object to the instruction even though it varied from the
7 uniform jury instruction in effect at that time.
8 {6} The uniform jury instruction in effect at the time required the State to prove
9 beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant caused the CSPM “through the use of
10 physical force or physical violence” and “Defendant’s acts resulted in [personal
11 injury].” UJI 14-946 NMRA. Personal injury is defined as “bodily injury to a lesser
12 degree than great bodily harm and includes, but is not limited to, disfigurement,
13 mental anguish, chronic or recurrent pain, pregnancy or disease or injury to a sexual
14 or reproductive organ[.]” NMSA 1978, § 30-9-10(D) (2005).
15 {7} Defendant was convicted of second degree CSPM as that term was defined at
16 the time the crimes were allegedly committed as CSPM perpetrated “by the use of
17 force or coercion that results in personal injury to the victim[.]” See § 30-9-11(D)(3)
18 (2003). As an alternative offense, Defendant was also convicted of fourth degree
19 CSPM. See § 30-9-11(F)(1) (2003). The State did not request or submit a lesser
4
1 included instruction for third degree CSPM. See, § 30-9-11(E) (2003). After
2 Defendant was convicted, he moved for a new trial, directed verdict, or other relief,
3 on grounds that the State failed to prove that Defendant caused JL to suffer personal
4 injury as that term is used in Section 30-9-11(D)(3) (2003).
5 {8} Defendant now appears to concede that there was sufficient evidence to
6 establish that he caused JL to engage in sexual intercourse, he used physical force or
7 physical violence, his acts were unlawful, and they resulted in JL experiencing
8 transient vaginal pain. Cf. State v. Smith, 104 N.M. 729, 730, 726 P.2d 883, 884 (Ct.
9 App. 1986) (stating that the sufficiency of the evidence is evaluated by considering
10 the jury instructions which “become the law of the case against which the sufficiency
11 of the evidence is to be measured”). Nonetheless, he contends, and the State agrees,
12 that reversal and remand is required because the testimony and evidence introduced
13 at trial failed to establish personal injury. The parties agree that the evidence was only
14 sufficient to convict Defendant of third degree CSPM or the lower alternative offense
15 of fourth degree CSPM.
16 Discussion
17 {9} We are being asked to determine the meaning of “personal injury” as that term
18 was used in Section 30-9-11(D)(3) (2003). “Statutory construction is a matter of law
19 we review de novo [and] [w]e must take care to avoid adoption of a construction that
5
1 would render the statute’s application absurd or unreasonable or lead to injustice or
2 contradiction.” State v. Nick R., 2009-NMSC-050, ¶ 11, 147 N.M. 182, 218 P.3d 868
3 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
4 {10} As previously stated, personal injury is defined as “bodily injury to a lesser
5 degree than great bodily harm and includes, but is not limited to, disfigurement,
6 mental anguish, chronic or recurrent pain, pregnancy or disease or injury to a sexual
7 or reproductive organ.” Section 30-9-10(D). The definition of personal injury does
8 not explicitly exclude slight injury such as the transient vaginal pain experienced by
9 JL after Defendant committed the CSPM. However, Section 30-9-10(D) does provide
10 examples of what constitutes personal injury such as “disfigurement, mental anguish,
11 chronic or recurrent pain, pregnancy or disease or injury to a sexual or reproductive
12 organ.” Id.
13 {11} In construing a statute, we generally follow the ejusdem generis canon of
14 statutory construction which provides, “that where general words follow an
15 enumeration of persons or things of a particular and specific meaning, the general
16 words are not construed in their widest extent but are instead construed as applying
17 to persons or things of the same kind or class as those specifically mentioned.” State
18 v. Foulenfont, 119 N.M. 788, 791, 895 P.2d 1329, 1332 (Ct. App. 1995) (internal
19 quotation marks and citation omitted); see NMSA 1978, § 12-2A-20 (A)(1), (2)
6
1 (1997) (“In considering the text of a statute or rule . . . and the context in which the
2 statute or rule is applied, the following aids to construction may be considered in
3 ascertaining the meaning of the text: (1) the meaning of a word or phrase may be
4 limited by the series of words or phrases of which it is a part; and (2) the meaning of
5 a general word or phrase following two or more specific words or phrases may be
6 limited to the category established by the specific words or phrases.”). We also apply
7 the rule of lenity which requires us to strictly construe any ambiguity in criminal
8 statutes against the State. See Muqqddin, 2012-NMSC-029, ¶ 58. “Under the rule of
9 lenity, [any] ambiguity must be resolved in favor of Defendant[].” Id.
10 {12} Applying the canon of ejusdem generis and the rule of lenity in interpreting
11 Section 30-9-11(D)(3) (2003) and Section 30-9-10(D) leads us to the conclusion that
12 the evidence does not establish that Defendant committed second degree CSPM
13 because JL’s experience of transient vaginal pain did meet the statutory definition of
14 personal injury. Section 30-9-10(D) uses the words “chronic” and “recurrent” pain
15 which differ from transient pain that resolves shortly after the incident. Furthermore,
16 we are not convinced that transient vaginal pain is comparable to “disfigurement,
17 mental anguish, . . . pregnancy or disease or injury to a sexual or reproductive organ.”
18 Id.
19 {13} Finally, we take note of this Court’s recent opinion in State v. Trujillo, 2012-
7
1 NMCA-092, ¶¶ 1-4, 287 P.3d 344, where this Court considered the defendant’s
2 challenge to his conviction for second degree criminal sexual contact of a minor
3 (CSCM) instead of third degree CSCM. In Trujillo, as in this case, the defendant did
4 not object to the jury instructions or object to the second degree charge until after he
5 was convicted. Id. ¶ 4. At that point, he filed a motion to amend the degree of the
6 charge to third degree CSCM because second degree CSCM only applied to conduct
7 of unlawfully touching the victim’s unclothed intimate body parts, and the defendant
8 was charged with causing a minor to touch the defendant’s unclothed penis. Id. ¶ 4,
9 5, 15; see generally NMSA 1978 § 30-9-13 (2003).
10 {14} In considering the defendant’s challenge, this Court stated that “[r]egardless of
11 whether the issue is framed as an illegal sentence or a legally insufficient jury
12 instruction, our inquiry is the same: whether [the d]efendant’s conduct, causing [the
13 victim] to touch [the d]efendant’s unclothed penis, as reflected in the jury instruction,
14 is second or third degree CSCM under Section 30-9-13.” Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-092,
15 ¶ 16. This Court then proceeded to consider the merits of the defendant’s contention
16 that the charge should have been amended to third degree CSCM. Id. ¶ 1, 16-22.
17 {15} In Trujillo, the jury instructions provided that the State had to prove that the
18 defendant caused the victim to touch the defendant’s unclothed penis, and this Court
19 found there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s conviction based upon that
8
1 instruction. Id. ¶¶ 5-7; cf. Smith, 104 N.M. at 730, 726 P.2d at 884. This Court then
2 looked at the statutory definition of second degree CSCM which consists of “criminal
3 sexual contact of the unclothed intimate parts of a minor perpetrated . . . on a child
4 under thirteen years of age[.]” Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-092, ¶ 17; see § 30-9-13(B)(1).
5 This Court found that the defendant’s actions actually described third degree CSCM.
6 Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-092, ¶¶ 18-22; see § 30-9-13(C). We then held that “the plain
7 language of Section 30-9-13(B) indicates that the Legislature intended to increase
8 penalties for only one type of CSCM, touching the unclothed intimate parts of a minor
9 . . . [and] [s]econd degree CSCM as defined in Section 30-9-13(B) is limited to
10 instances in which a defendant touches or applies force to the unclothed intimate parts
11 of a minor.” Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-092, ¶ 21-22. This Court determined that the
12 evidence showing that the defendant caused the victim to touch his unclothed intimate
13 parts is only a third degree CSCM and is remanded for the entry of a conviction for
14 third degree CSCM and resentencing. Id. ¶¶ 22-23.
15 {16} After applying our rules of statutory construction and being guided by our
16 recent opinion in Trujillo, we reverse Defendant’s conviction for second degree
17 CSPM and remand for resentencing on Defendant’s conviction for the lower
18 alternative offense of fourth degree CSPM. See State v. Villa, 2004-NMSC-031, ¶¶ 8-
19 18, 136 N.M. 367, 98 P.3d 1017 (recognizing that the state may not pursue
9
1 resentencing for a lesser included offense where the jury was not instructed on that
2 lesser offense at trial); State v. Haynie, 116 N.M. 746, 748, 867 P.2d 416, 418 (1994)
3 (allowing resentencing for a lesser offense where the jury was instructed on the lesser
4 included offense at trial). In light of our decision to reverse and remand to resentence
5 Defendant for the fourth degree CSPM alternative conviction, we do not consider
6 Defendant’s other arguments presented for review.
7 CONCLUSION
8 {17} Based upon the foregoing, we reverse Defendant’s conviction for second degree
9 CSPM and remand this matter to the district court so that Defendant may be
10 resentenced pursuant to his alternative conviction for fourth degree CSPM.
11 {18} IT IS SO ORDERED.
12 _______________________________
13 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
14 WE CONCUR:
15 _____________________________
16 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
17 _____________________________
18 M. MONICA J. ZAMORA, Judge
10
State v. Rambes
Combined Opinion