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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 31,393
5 DANIEL BRISENO,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
8 Mark T. Sanchez, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 William Lazar, Assistant Attorney General
11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender
14 Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 SUTIN, Judge.
1 Defendant Daniel Briseno appeals his conviction for shoplifting (over $500)
2 and raises five issues on appeal. We will address each issue in turn. Based on the
3 facts and arguments presented to the district court, we find no error. Accordingly, we
4 affirm.
5 Fundamental Error and Jury Instruction Defining “Possession”
6 Defendant claims that Instruction No. 5, defining “possession,” “affirmatively
7 instructed the jury that the property was stolen” thereby taking away an element from
8 the jury’s consideration. Defendant did not object to the instruction in the district
9 court, so this issue was not preserved. Defendant raises it for the first time on appeal
10 as a matter of fundamental error.
11 “Because [the d]efendant failed to preserve any error with respect to the
12 definition of possession, we review only for fundamental error.” State v. Barber,
13 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 8, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633; see also Rule 12-216(B)(2)
14 NMRA (“This rule shall not preclude the appellate court from considering
15 jurisdictional questions or, in its discretion, questions involving . . . fundamental
16 error[.]”). “The doctrine of fundamental error applies only under exceptional
17 circumstances and only to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” Barber, 2004-NMSC-
18 019, ¶ 8.
2
1 We start our analysis of whether the definition of “possession” given to the
2 jury rose to the level of fundamental error at the same place as our analysis would start
3 for reversible error. Id. ¶ 19. First, “[w]e . . . determine whether a reasonable juror
4 would have been confused or misdirected by the jury instruction.” Id.
5 “Fundamental-error analysis then requires a higher level of scrutiny.” Id. “If we find
6 error, our obligation is to review the entire record, placing the jury instructions in the
7 context of the individual facts and circumstances of the case, to determine whether the
8 [d]efendant’s conviction was the result of a plain miscarriage of justice.” Id. (internal
9 quotation marks and citation omitted).
10 The jury was given the following jury instruction as Instruction No. 3, patterned
11 after UJI 14-1610 NMRA that sets forth the essential elements for shoplifting.
12 For you to find the defendant guilty of Shoplifting, the State must
13 prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt each of the
14 following elements of the crime:
15 1. The defendant took possession of an air compressor;
16 2. This merchandise had a market value over $500;
17 3. At the time he took this merchandise, the defendant
18 intended to take it without paying for it;
19 4. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 4[th] day of
20 January[] 2010.
3
1 Instruction No. 5 stated, in part, that “A person is in possession of stolen
2 property when, on the occasion in question, he knows what it is, he knows it is on his
3 person or is in his presence and he exercises control over it.” Pursuant to UJI 14-130
4 NMRA, the “possession” instruction is required to identify the “name of object.” In
5 this case, the “name of object” was erroneously identified as “stolen property,” instead
6 of “an air compressor.”
7 In addition to the uniform jury instructions setting forth the essential elements
8 of shoplifting and defining “possession,” the jury was also given UJI 14-6001 NMRA,
9 as Instruction No. 1.
10 The law governing this case is contained in instructions that I am
11 about to give you. It is your duty to follow the law as contained in these
12 instructions. You must consider these instructions as a whole. You must
13 not pick out one instruction or parts of an instruction and disregard
14 others. A copy of these instructions will be given to you when you begin
15 your deliberations.
16 We review the instructions as a whole and note that the first element of the
17 shoplifting instruction required the jury to decide whether “[t]he defendant took
18 possession of an air compressor” beyond a reasonable doubt. See UJI 14-1610. In
19 addition to finding that Defendant possessed an air compressor, the jury was required
20 to make an independent finding that Defendant “intended to take it without paying for
21 it[.]” See id. After reviewing the instructions as a whole, we conclude that the jury
22 was properly instructed on all the elements of shoplifting. The jury was not
4
1 affirmatively instructed that the air compressor was “stolen,” despite the fact that the
2 “possession” instruction erroneously identified the object as “stolen property.” See
3 UJI 14-130.
4 It is unlikely that a reasonable juror would have been confused by the jury
5 instructions. However, even if a juror might have been misdirected by the jury
6 instruction defining “possession,” the use of the term “stolen property” does not rise
7 to the level of a miscarriage of justice. We are satisfied that the jury correctly
8 followed the instructions, drew reasonable inferences from the evidence, and
9 convicted Defendant of shoplifting after it made its own determination that an air
10 compressor had been stolen. See State v. Gonzales, 113 N.M. 221, 230, 824 P.2d
11 1023, 1032 (1992) (“The jury is presumed to follow the court’s instructions.”); see
12 also Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶¶ 7, 26-32 (holding that a jury instruction on the
13 charge of possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute that did not include
14 the definition of “possession” did not constitute fundamental error); State v. Traeger,
15 2001-NMSC-022, ¶ 23, 130 N.M. 618, 29 P.3d 518 (holding that when the jury
16 instructions were read together, the error in the jury instructions did not constitute
17 fundamental error); State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶¶ 8-9, 11, 14-15, 128
18 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176 (holding that omission of “unlawfulness” from instruction on
19 elements of deliberate-intent, first degree murder was not fundamental error).
5
1 Out-of-Court Identification and In-Court Identification of Defendant
2 Two days after the shoplifting incident, Detective Rodney Porter showed Roger
3 Dudley, the warehouse manager of Apache Sales, a photograph of Defendant. Mr.
4 Dudley told Detective Porter that the man in the photograph was the same person who
5 stole the air compressor from Apache Sales on January 4, 2010. Defendant argues,
6 with no citations to the record as to where this argument was preserved, that this out-
7 of-court identification was impermissibly suggestive. Defendant further argues that
8 Mr. Dudley’s in-court identification should have been excluded because it was tainted
9 by the prior suggestive show-up, and as a result, his federal and state due process
10 rights were violated.
11 Although Defendant argues that he preserved this issue, the issue of
12 suggestiveness of the show-up identification was not raised below. Defendant argued
13 only that the photograph should not be admitted into evidence or referred to as a “mug
14 shot.” Defense counsel also objected to Mr. Dudley’s and Detective Porter’s in-court
15 identifications based on a lack of testimonial foundation. The suggestiveness issue,
16 however, was not preserved.
17 In the alternative, Defendant argues that this issue should be considered under
18 a fundamental error analysis. “A fundamental error occurs where there has been a
19 miscarriage of justice, the conviction shocks the conscience, or substantial justice has
6
1 been denied.” State v. Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ¶ 52, 145 N.M. 733, 204 P.3d 748.
2 As we discuss later, in this case, there was no error, let alone fundamental error. Mr.
3 Dudley’s in-court identification was reliable and admissible.
4 “In the absence of exigent circumstances, an out-of-court identification
5 procedure using only one suspect or photograph is impermissibly suggestive.” State
6 v. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 57, 147 N.M. 542, 226 P.3d 641. When the indicia of
7 reliability are sufficient to outweigh the suggestiveness, however, the evidence is
8 admissible. State v. Johnson, 2004-NMCA-058, ¶ 16, 135 N.M. 567, 92 P.3d 13; see
9 also State v. Gilliam, 83 N.M. 325, 326, 491 P.2d 1080, 1081 (Ct. App. 1971)
10 (recognizing that the procedure of showing only one photograph to a witness is
11 suspect in and of itself; nevertheless, concluding that the in-court identification of the
12 defendant was admissible).
13 To assess reliability, courts look at the totality of circumstances and consider
14 five factors.
15 Those factors are (1) the witness’s opportunity to view the perpetrator at
16 the time of the crime, (2) the witness’s degree of attention at the time of
17 the crime, (3) the accuracy of the witness’s pre-identification description,
18 (4) the certainty of the witness, and (5) the time elapsed between the
19 crime and the identification.
20 Johnson, 2004-NMCA-058, ¶ 13.
7
1 During the trial, Mr. Dudley identified Defendant as the man he “was talking
2 face-to-face with” at Apache Sales on January 4, 2010. Although Defendant was
3 wearing a baseball cap, they interacted apparently in close proximity to each other
4 while they were discussing and loading the air compressor. Additionally, Mr. Dudley
5 noted that Defendant was wearing sunglasses, but he removed them and put them in
6 his mouth while they were talking. Mr. Dudley had ample opportunity to observe
7 Defendant. Likewise, Mr. Dudley paid close attention to Defendant, believing that he
8 was a customer, while Defendant told him the story about the compressor and his
9 uncle.
10 Two days after the incident, Mr. Dudley gave Detective Porter a description of
11 the shoplifter and his vehicle, consistent with Defendant’s appearance and
12 Defendant’s vehicle. Detective Porter showed Mr. Dudley a photograph of
13 Defendant, and Mr. Dudley identified him as the person who stole the air compressor.
14 Seven months later, Mr. Dudley confidently identified Defendant in court as the man
15 that he assisted at Apache Sales. Mr. Dudley did not need a photograph to refresh his
16 memory, and the pretrial photograph was never even mentioned. See Gilliam, 83 N.M
17 at 326, 491 P.2d at 1081 (holding that in-court identification was admissible after the
18 victim made an independent in-court identification, without relying upon photographs
19 shown to her, and testifying that she saw defendant face-to-face during the robbery).
8
1 Based on the totality of circumstances, we hold that Mr. Dudley’s in-court
2 identification of Defendant was sufficiently reliable to outweigh the suggestiveness
3 of any photograph shown to Mr. Dudley two days after the incident, approximately
4 seven months before trial. Therefore, the district court did not err by admitting Mr.
5 Dudley’s in-court identification.
6 Moreover, Detective Porter testified that the first time he watched the
7 surveillance video, he immediately recognized the man and identified him as
8 Defendant. Detective Porter testified that he knows Defendant “on sight,” he knows
9 what Defendant drives, and he believed that Defendant was the individual in the
10 video. Defendant does not challenge Detective Porter’s identification, which
11 corroborates Mr. Dudley’s identification.
12 The mere fact that Detective Porter showed Mr. Dudley a photograph of
13 Defendant two days after the shoplifting occurred did not amount to fundamental
14 error. Defendant’s conviction does not shock the conscience.
15 Evidence Obtained From Vehicle
16 Defendant asserts that the district court erred in admitting the shipping tag that
17 Detective Porter found in the trunk of the car that Defendant was driving. On appeal,
18 he claims that the tag was obtained during an unreasonable search and seizure that
19 violated the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II,
9
1 Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution. Defendant did not raise a separate state
2 constitutional argument below. See State v. Leyva, 2011-NMSC-009, ¶ 50, 149 N.M.
3 435, 250 P.3d 861 (clarifying that, to preserve a claim under Article II, Section 10, a
4 defendant must “[plead] that his right to be free from an unreasonable search and
5 seizure was violated under both the Fourth Amendment and Article II, Section 10 and
6 [develop] a factual record in his motion and at the suppression hearing”).
7 Defendant objected below to the admission of the shipping tag, arguing that
8 there were no exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless search. Detective
9 Porter, however, testified multiple times that Defendant gave him consent to search
10 the vehicle. This testimony was not contradicted below by Defendant or by defense
11 counsel. Where consent is given, neither a warrant nor exigent circumstances are
12 necessary. See State v. Weidner, 2007-NMCA-063, ¶ 6, 141 N.M. 582, 158 P.3d 1025
13 (recognizing that consent is an exception to the warrant requirement). Accordingly,
14 the district court properly admitted the shipping tag, and no Fourth Amendment
15 violation occurred.
16 Defendant also asserts that the evidence obtained from the vehicle was more
17 prejudicial than probative, and therefore, should not have been admitted. Defendant
18 fails to articulate how the evidence was more prejudicial than probative. Defendant
19 does not tell this Court how this issue was preserved. Even if it were preserved, “[w]e
10
1 review the admission of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard and will not
2 reverse in the absence of a clear abuse.” State v. Sarracino, 1998-NMSC-022, ¶ 20,
3 125 N.M. 511, 964 P.2d 72.
4 The tag was relevant because the video showed Defendant removing a tag from
5 the air compressor and placing the tag in the trunk of his vehicle. The air compressor
6 that was stolen had a Honda motor, and the tag obtained from the trunk was the same
7 type of tag attached to Honda motors. We are not persuaded that the district court
8 erred by admitting the shipping tag into evidence.
9 Untimely Disclosure of the Store’s Surveillance Video
10 Defendant argues that the shoplifting charge against him should have been
11 dismissed on June 15, 2010. His case was originally scheduled for a jury trial during
12 the week of June 15-18, 2010. During a pretrial conference on June 14, 2010, and on
13 the morning of June 15, 2010, defense counsel informed the court that he was still
14 waiting for a copy of the store’s surveillance video from the State, and without that
15 video, defense counsel was not prepared to go forward. The trial was continued to the
16 August 10-13, 2010, docket to allow the parties sufficient time to resolve pending
17 discovery issues.
18 On June 15, 2010, defense counsel informed the court that once he received the
19 discovery, he “may” need to file a motion. He did not object to the continuance or
11
1 request a dismissal as the proper remedy. Nevertheless, on August 11, 2010, prior to
2 the commencement of the jury trial, defense counsel renewed his previous motion
3 “from a technical standpoint[,]” stating “that the case should have been dismissed on
4 June 15.”
5 Defendant did not argue that dismissal was the proper remedy during the June
6 15, 2010, hearing; therefore, this argument was not preserved below. See Rule 12-
7 216(A) NMRA (describing preservation requirements for appellate review).
8 Moreover, shortly before the trial, defense counsel acknowledged that he had received
9 the video on or about June 22, 2010, and that he was ready to proceed with trial.
10 During the trial, the State introduced the surveillance video as Exhibit 1,which
11 included footage from three different security cameras. The video was admitted
12 without objection. When asked for his position on admitting the video, defense
13 counsel responded “no objection, your honor, this has been previously given to the
14 defendant.” Similarly, four still photographs taken from the video were admitted into
15 evidence without objection from the defense.
16 Defendant now claims that the district court erred in denying his motion to
17 dismiss and allowing the State to use the surveillance video and still photographs from
18 the video because the State’s disclosure of this evidence was untimely. Defendant
19 asserts that the shoplifting charge against him should have been dismissed, or in the
12
1 alternative, the State should have been required to go forward without this evidence.
2 Defendant claims that he was prejudiced by the late disclosure because defense
3 counsel did not have sufficient time to get an expert to dispute that he was the
4 individual depicted in the video. None of these arguments were raised below. Even
5 if Defendant preserved these issues, they lack merit. In light of the continuance,
6 Defendant had ample opportunity to have the video analyzed and suffered no
7 prejudice.
8 Sufficiency of the Evidence of Shoplifting
9 Defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
10 for shoplifting. Specifically, Defendant argues that the defense disputed that
11 Defendant was the individual in the surveillance video, and the State failed to prove
12 that the shipping tag found in his vehicle belonged to the missing air compressor.
13 “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the
14 light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and
15 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” Cunningham, 2000-
16 NMSC-009, ¶ 26. “The relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in
17 the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
18 the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (alteration,
19 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
13
1 The State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant took
2 possession of an air compressor on or about January 4, 2010, which had a market
3 value over $500, and at the time he took the air compressor, he intended to take it
4 without paying for it. See UJI 14-1610; NMSA 1978, § 30-16-20(A)(1), (B)(3)
5 (2006).
6 During the trial, Mr. Dudley testified that he went to the parking lot after the
7 owner’s wife said there was a man loading a compressor in the back end of a car and
8 confronted him, asked him what he was trying to do, and asked if he needed help.
9 Defendant proceeded to tell Mr. Dudley that “his uncle had left the compressor up
10 there to be returned” and that his uncle had purchased it no more than a week ago. It
11 was identified as a Maxxus air compressor, with a Honda motor and a twenty-gallon
12 tank. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Dudley discovered that Apache Sales had not sold that
13 type of air compressor since 2008. Apache Sales had two of those air compressors on
14 the showroom floor before Defendant arrived, and only one compressor remained
15 after Defendant left.
16 The dealer cost of each compressor was either $700 or $965. The compressors
17 were originally priced for retail sale at either $1700 or $1750. That price had been
18 reduced to $900. Under no circumstances would either compressor be sold for less
19 than the dealer cost.
14
1 Defendant never attempted to pay for the air compressor. Instead, Defendant
2 told Mr. Dudley that Defendant’s uncle had tried to return the compressor, but he had
3 forgotten the receipt, so the uncle left it by the fence of Apache Sales and had asked
4 Defendant to pick it up. Defendant had told Detective Porter that he had attempted
5 to return the air compressor to Apache Sales for a friend. The store’s surveillance
6 video was shown to the jury. The video showed Defendant removing the air
7 compressor from the store, attempting to load it into his car, removing a tag from the
8 air compressor, and placing the tag into the trunk of his vehicle. The tag found in the
9 trunk of Defendant’s car was the same type of tag attached to Honda motors.
10 Based on this evidence, we hold that a rational jury could have found the
11 essential elements of shoplifting beyond a reasonable doubt. We do “not weigh the
12 evidence or substitute [our] judgment for that of the fact[-]finder as long as there is
13 sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” State v. Mora, 1997-NMSC-060, ¶ 27, 124
14 N.M. 346, 950 P.2d 789, abrogated on other grounds as recognized by Kersey v.
15 Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683. In this case, there was
16 sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s conviction.
17 Conclusion
18 For these reasons, we affirm Defendant’s shoplifting conviction.
19 IT IS SO ORDERED.
15
1 __________________________________
2 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
3 WE CONCUR:
4 _______________________________
5 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
6 _______________________________
7 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
16