IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: _______________
Filing Date: April 17, 2013
Docket No. 31,631
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE,
COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES,
(AFSCME) COUNCIL 18, AFL-CIO, CLC,
AFSCME LOCAL 1888, AFSCME LOCAL
3022, AFSCME LOCAL 624, and AFSCME
LOCAL 2962,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
THE CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE,
Defendant-Appellant,
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Clay P. Campbell, District Judge
Youtz & Valdez, P.C.
Shane C. Youtz
Stephen Curtice
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellees
City of Albuquerque
David Tourek, City Attorney
Rebecca E. Wardlaw, Assistant City Attorney
Michael I. Garcia, Assistant City Attorney
Gregory S. Wheeler, Assistant City Attorney
Samantha Hults, Assistant City Attorney
Rachel Trafican, Assistant City Attorney
Albuquerque, NM
Conklin, Woodcock & Ziegler, P.C.
Robin A. Goble
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Albuquerque, NM
for Appellant
OPINION
FRY, Judge.
{1} The City of Albuquerque (the City) appeals the district court’s order granting
multiple chapters of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
(the Unions) injunctive relief. The district court ordered the City to honor expired collective
bargaining agreements (CBAs) until new CBAs were successfully negotiated pursuant to the
Public Employee Bargaining Act’s (PEBA) “evergreen provision.” See NMSA 1978,
Section 10-7E-18(D) (2003). The City argued, in part, that its Labor-Management Relations
Ordinance (LMRO), Albuquerque, N.M., Ordinances ch. 3, art. 2, §§ 3-2-1 to -18 (1974, as
amended through 2002), was entitled to grandfather status under NMSA 1978, Section 10-
7E-26(A) (2003), and therefore exempt from compliance with the PEBA’s evergreen
provision. Because we agree with the City and conclude that the City’s collective bargaining
procedures are exempt from compliance with the evergreen provision, we reverse.
BACKGROUND
{2} The relationship between the City and the Unions is governed by the City’s LMRO.
The LMRO was enacted in 1974 and was most recently amended in 2002. See Albuquerque,
N.M., Ordinances, §§ 3-2-1 to -18. The LMRO includes impasse resolution procedures, but
it does not require that an expired CBA remain in effect until a successor CBA is reached.
See id. § 3-2-14.
{3} On June 30, 2011, a number of CBAs between the City and the Unions expired.
Despite negotiations, the parties were unable to reach agreement on successor CBAs. Once
the CBAs expired, the City notified the Unions that it would no longer honor a provision of
the CBAs that required the City to compensate union members for union business conducted
during city work time. The City stated that it would, however, grant union representatives
leave without pay so that they could continue to represent employees in grievance meetings,
hearings, or arbitrations and that it would “offer other arrangements to accommodate
efficient management/labor relations.”
{4} The Unions sought injunctive relief, seeking to compel the City to comply with the
expired CBAs until the parties had successfully negotiated successor agreements. The
Unions argued that the PEBA’s evergreen provision required the expired CBAs to remain
in effect until new agreements were reached. Section 10-7E-18(D) (“In the event that an
impasse continues after the expiration of a contract, the existing contract will continue in full
force and effect until it is replaced by a subsequent agreement.”). The district court agreed
with the Unions and granted the Unions’ motion for injunctive relief, requiring the City to
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abide by the terms of the previous CBAs. The City now appeals.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
{5} Whether collective bargaining procedures with grandfather status under Section 10-
7E-26(A) are required to comply with the PEBA’s evergreen provision is an issue of
statutory construction, which we review de novo. City of Albuquerque v. Montoya, 2012-
NMSC-007, ¶ 12, 274 P.3d 108. “In construing a statute, our charge is to determine and give
effect to the Legislature’s intent.” Marbob Energy Corp. v. N.M. Oil Conservation Comm’n,
2009-NMSC-013, ¶ 9, 146 N.M. 24, 206 P.3d 135. “We will construe the entire statute as
a whole so that all the provisions will be considered in relation to one another.” Regents of
Univ. of N.M. v. N.M. Fed’n of Teachers, 1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 28, 125 N.M. 401, 962 P.2d
1236. Statutes must also be construed so that “no part of the statute is rendered surplusage
or superfluous,” In re Rehab.of W. Investors Life Ins. Co., 100 N.M. 370, 373, 671 P.2d 31,
34 (1983), and we will not “read into a statute . . . language which is not there.” Burroughs
v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 88 N.M. 303, 306, 540 P.2d 233, 236 (1975).
The PEBA’s Grandfather Clause
{6} Consistent with its purpose to guarantee public employees the right to organize and
collectively bargain with their employers, the PEBA contains several provisions and
procedures to ensure an orderly, harmonious, and efficient collective bargaining process for
public employers and employees. NMSA 1978, § 10-7E-2 (2003). But the PEBA also
includes an exemption for public employers, like the City, that adopted a system of
procedures for collective bargaining prior to October 1, 1991. The applicable grandfather
clause states:
A public employer other than the state that prior to October 1, 1991[,]
adopted by ordinance, resolution or charter amendment a system of
provisions and procedures permitting employees to form, join or assist a
labor organization for the purpose of bargaining collectively through
exclusive representatives may continue to operate under those provisions and
procedures. Any substantial change after January 1, 2003[,] to any
ordinance, resolution or charter amendment shall subject the public employer
to full compliance with the provisions of Subsection B of Section 26 . . . of
the [PEBA].
Section 10-7E-26(A).
{7} Our Supreme Court has delineated a two-part test for determining when a public
employer’s procedures are entitled to grandfather status under the predecessor version of
Section 10-7E-26(A). Regents, 1998-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 34-35 (construing PEBA, Section 10-
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7D-26(A) (repealed 1999) (current version at Section 10-7E-26(A)). Tracking the language
of the grandfather clause, the test requires that (1) a public employer has in place “a system
of provisions and procedures permitting employees to form, join or assist any labor
organization for the purpose of bargaining collectively through exclusive representatives”
and (2) the public employer adopted the system of procedures before October 1, 1991. City
of Deming v. Deming Firefighters Local 4521, 2007-NMCA-069, ¶ 9, 141 N.M. 686, 160
P.3d 595 (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted) (applying the Regents,
1998-NMSC-020, ¶ 34, test to the re-enacted PEBA grandfather clause under Section 10-7E-
26(A)). This test is narrowly construed and applies to specific provisions of the public
employer’s system of procedures rather than to the policy as a whole. Regents, 1998-
NMSC-020, ¶ 35. “In other words, portions of an employer’s collective-bargaining system
may fail this two-part test while the remainder may qualify for grandfather status.” Id.
The District Court’s Decision
{8} The district court concluded that the PEBA’s evergreen provision applies regardless
of the LMRO’s grandfather status. Although the district court’s reasoning is not entirely
clear, it appears that the court was persuaded by the Unions’ argument that non-compliance
with the PEBA’s evergreen clause would result in the City’s being able to unilaterally
impose new conditions of employment without those conditions having been the result of
a good faith collective bargaining process. According to the Unions on appeal, this
unilateral control is entirely inconsistent with the basic rights guaranteed by the PEBA,
which was designed “to guarantee public employees the right to organize and bargain
collectively with their employers, to promote harmonious and cooperative relationships
between public employers and public employees and to protect the public interest by
ensuring, at all times, the orderly operation and functioning of the state and its political
subdivisions.” Section 10-7E-2. Therefore, they argue, regardless of whether the City
enjoys grandfather status under the PEBA, the PEBA nonetheless imposes on the City’s
collective bargaining procedures a requirement that the expired CBAs remain in effect until
new agreements are reached.
{9} As an initial matter, we are not persuaded that the absence of an evergreen provision
in the LMRO fundamentally violates the PEBA. The LMRO does not permit the City to
unilaterally impose conditions of employment once a CBA has expired. Instead, the LMRO
includes provisions for impasse resolution through mediation and voluntary binding
arbitration. These provisions ensure that the Unions are participants in the determination of
employment conditions even after a CBA has expired. This is consistent with the PEBA’s
overarching purpose.
{10} Furthermore, the Legislature’s inclusion of a two-section grandfather clause indicates
its intent that certain public employers should be exempt from compliance with every
requirement of the PEBA. The first section of the clause, Subsection A (quoted above in
Paragraph 6), specifically provides that a public employer, other than the state, which has
enacted a collective bargaining system prior to October 1, 1991, “may continue to operate
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under those provisions and procedures” despite the requirements of the PEBA. Section 10-
7E-26(A). The second section of the grandfather clause, Subsection B, by contrast, requires
public employers that adopted their collective bargaining systems after October 1, 1991, to
include in those systems additional provisions and procedures in order to be otherwise
exempt from the PEBA. See Section 10-7E-26(B)(1) to (9). Among the provisions that must
be included are “impasse resolution procedures equivalent to those set forth in [Section 10-
7E-18].” Section 10-7E-26(B)(8). The evergreen provision at issue is among Section 10-7E-
18’s designated impasse resolution procedures.
{11} These two subsections of the grandfather clause guide us in interpreting the PEBA
as a whole and establish that the Legislature could not have intended the PEBA’s evergreen
clause to apply to all public-employer collective bargaining systems, regardless of
grandfather status, as the Unions argue and as the district court held. Had the Legislature
intended to impose the PEBA’s impasse resolution procedures, including the evergreen
provision, on all public employee bargaining procedures regardless of grandfather status,
there would be no reason to distinguish between public employers that enacted their systems
before October 1, 1991, and those that enacted their systems after that date. By requiring
the latter to include an evergreen provision and by exempting the former from that
requirement, the Legislature indicated that it did not intend the evergreen provision to be
mandatory in all cases.
{12} We therefore reject the Unions’ argument that the City must comply with the PEBA’s
evergreen clause regardless of the City’s grandfather status. The Unions’ alternative
argument is that, although the City enacted its LMRO prior to October 1, 1991, the City’s
LMRO is not entitled to grandfather status because, in the absence of an evergreen clause,
the LMRO violates the grandfather clause’s requirement for “bargaining collectively.” We
must determine whether the Legislature intended to extend grandfather status to an LMRO
like the City’s that does not include an evergreen provision.
Legislative Intent and the Grandfather Clause
{13} We find guidance in our recent decision in American Federation of State, County and
Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Council 18 v. City of Albuquerque, 2013-NMCA-012, 293
P.3d 943 (AFSCME Council 18), cert. granted, 2013-NMCERT-001 ___ P.3d ___. In that
case, the unions argued that the city’s impasse procedures were not binding, as required by
the PEBA, and, therefore, that the LMRO “[did] not satisfy the ‘collective bargaining’
requirement for grandfather status.”1 Id. ¶¶ 12-13. This is similar to the argument the
Unions make in the present case to the effect that the absence of an evergreen provision in
1
Although the unions in AFSCME Council 18 also argued that the absence of an
evergreen provision precluded the city from attaining grandfather status, see 2013-NMCA-
012, ¶¶ 12-13, this Court appeared to limit its holding to the absence of binding-impasse
arbitration. Id. ¶¶ 19, 20, 23.
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the LMRO is inconsistent with the notion of collective bargaining. We rejected the unions’
argument in AFSCME Council 18 because it “attache[d] an additional requirement to the
PEBA’s grandfather clause” by “demand[ing] that we evaluate the effectiveness of the
LMRO as an avenue for collective bargaining.” Id. ¶ 14. We concluded that the PEBA’s
grandfather clause does not include this requirement because it “requires only that the
system adopted permit ‘employees to form, join or assist a labor organization for the purpose
of bargaining collectively through exclusive representatives’.” Id. (quoting Section 10-7E-
26(A)). The PEBA defines “collective bargaining” as “the act of negotiating between a
public employer and an exclusive representative for the purpose of entering into a written
agreement regarding wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment.” NMSA
1978, Section 10-7E-4(F) (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). It says nothing about
the relative effectiveness of the procedures adopted. See City of Deming, 2007-NMCA-069,
¶¶ 22-24 (stating that application of the grandfather clause is not dependent on an evaluation
of the quality or effectiveness of the collective bargaining procedures).
{14} This analysis applies equally to the absence of an evergreen provision. According
to the Unions, the LMRO’s failure to include an evergreen provision constitutes ineffective
“collective bargaining” and, as a result, the City does not qualify for grandfather status. But,
as we said in AFSCME Council 18, the grandfather clause does not include a requirement
of effectiveness, and we will not read one into it. See City of Deming, 2007-NMCA-069, ¶
23 (“We do not give effect to or embrace legislative intent if we add language to a statute
that the [L]egislature did not adopt.”).
{15} In AFSCME Council 18, this Court also relied on the history of the PEBA, whose
original version included “an effectiveness component” in the language of its grandfather
clause. 2013-NMCA-012, ¶ 15. However, the Legislature removed this language when it
reenacted the PEBA in 2003, id., and we inferred from this “that the Legislature intended
that a public employer’s system of provisions and procedures permitting collective
bargaining would not be subject to that type of [effectiveness] scrutiny to achieve
grandfather status.” Id.
{16} In addition, as we noted above and as we pointed out in AFSCME Council 18, the
Legislature made a distinction between public employers, other than the state, that adopted
their collective bargaining systems before October 1, 1991, and those that adopted those
systems after October 1, 1991. Id. ¶ 17. The latter employers must include in their
collective bargaining systems “impasse resolution procedures equivalent to those set forth
in Section 18 . . . of the [PEBA],” which procedures include the evergreen provision at issue.
Section 10-7E-26(B)(8). However, the Legislature specifically did not impose these
requirements on employers, like the City, that enacted their systems before October 1, 1991.
Section 10-7E-26(A). Therefore, we conclude here, as we did under similar circumstances
in AFSCME Council 18, that the Legislature did not intend that a public employer like the
City must include an evergreen provision in its collective bargaining procedures in order to
achieve grandfather status.
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{17} We agree with the Unions that the PEBA’s impasse resolution procedures, including
the evergreen provision, would likely provide a more effective avenue for a favorable
resolution to the current impasse. But that does not require us to disregard the clear
legislative direction that grandfathered systems of collective bargaining under Section 10-
7E-26(A) be exempt from compliance with these evergreen procedures. Cf. Regents, 1998-
NMSC-020, ¶ 25 (“A grandfather clause preserves something old, while the remainder of
the law of which it is a part institutes something new. A grandfather clause may have the
effect of relieving an entity from submitting to new restrictions, or the clause may have the
reverse effect of permitting the entity to avoid broadening the scope of its activities.”).
{18} Because of our disposition on this issue, we need not address the City’s remaining
arguments concerning the expired CBAs’ alleged conflict with the Anti-Donation clause of
Article IX, Section 14, of the New Mexico Constitution, or their alleged violation of the
Bateman Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 6-6-11 to -18 (1897, as amended through 1999).
CONCLUSION
{19} For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s order granting the Unions
preliminary and permanent injunctions requiring the City to honor the expired CBAs
pending successful negotiation of successor CBAs.
{20} IT IS SO ORDERED.
____________________________________
CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
I CONCUR:
____________________________________
MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge (specially concurring).
GARCIA, Judge (specially concurring).
{21} I agree with the majority’s position that language in AFSCME Council 18, 2013-
NMCA-012, ¶¶ 12-17 and City of Deming, 2007-NMCA-069, ¶¶ 21-24, appear to control
our decision in this case. I write to specially concur because in AFSCME Council 18, I
asked our Supreme Court to re-address City of Deming and the grandfather status issue
where the City’s LMRO did not contain any final impasse resolution procedure that was
binding on the City. AFSCME Council 18, 2013-NMCA-012, ¶¶ 30-32 (Garcia, J., specially
concurring). Because certiorari was granted by the Supreme Court in AFSCME Council 18
and remains pending at this time, I believe that our ruling in this case could be nullified by
the outcome of that appeal. See id.
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____________________________________
TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
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