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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: June 1, 2012
4 NO. 32,836
5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 Plaintiff-Appellant,
7 v.
8 CONTESSA HERRING,
9 Defendant-Appellee.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
11 William G.W. Shoobridge, District Judge
12 Gary K. King, Attorney General
13 James W. Grayson, Assistant Attorney General
14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 Liane E. Kerr, LLC
17 Liane E. Kerr
18 Albuquerque, NM
1 for Appellee
2 DECISION
3 MAES, Chief Justice.
4 {1} This case is before us on interlocutory appeal from the Fifth Judicial District.
5 We are asked to review the conduct of a detective from the Hobbs Police Department
6 (Detective) when he informed Contessa Herring (Defendant) of her Miranda rights.
7 It is undisputed that Defendant’s interview with Detective was a custodial
8 interrogation and that Detective read Defendant her Miranda warnings prior to the
9 interrogation. Although Defendant said she understood her rights following
10 Detective’s reading of her Miranda rights, she claims that the State did not meet its
11 burden of demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that she knowingly,
12 intelligently, and voluntarily waived her rights. We hold that there was sufficient
13 evidence from which the district judge could have found that Detective’s reading of
14 Defendant’s rights was too rapid and garbled for comprehension and affirm the
15 suppression of Defendant’s statement.
16 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
17 {2} On the night of the incident, Detective interviewed Defendant in a standard
18 interview room at the Hobbs police station. Defendant waited alone in the
19 interrogation room for about thirty-eight minutes before Detective entered. When
20 Detective entered the room, he introduced himself, asked Defendant her name, and
21 informed her that she was not under arrest. Detective then told Defendant that he
22 needed to read Defendant statements from a card before asking her some questions.
2
1 Defendant asked, “My Miranda rights?” Detective said “uh-huh” and told her she had
2 probably seen Miranda rights given on television. Defendant responded, “Yeah.”
3 {3} Detective proceeded to read Defendant her Miranda rights from the Miranda
4 warning card he kept in his pocket. At the end of the recitation, he asked Defendant
5 if she understood “that.” Defendant said, “I understand.” Defendant then talked to
6 Detective about the incident for almost five hours. During the interview, Defendant
7 admitted that prior to her son’s death, she had slapped him twice and punched him in
8 the head with a closed fist.
9 {4} The State charged Defendant with “knowingly, intentionally, and without
10 justification, tortur[ing], cruelly confin[ing] or cruelly punish[ing] a child under 12
11 years of age, resulting in the death of [the child], contrary to Sections 30-6-1D(2), F,
12 NMSA 1978.” Julian Herring (Child), was Defendant’s three-year-old son.
13 {5} Before trial Defendant filed a motion to suppress her statement from the night
14 of the incident, claiming that she had not knowingly and voluntarily waived her right
15 to remain silent during the interview. Defendant claimed that the Detective “read the
16 warnings to [her] from a card so quickly as to be almost unintelligible (entire reading
17 approximately 17 seconds) and totally garbled the last advice to [her] that ‘you do not
18 have to talk to me, but if you do, you have the right to stop talking at any time.”’
19 {6} Detective testified at the suppression hearing. A video recording of Detective’s
20 custodial interrogation of Defendant, a transcript of the interrogation procured by
21 Defendant, and a copy of Miranda warning card that Detective carried in his pocket
3
1 were all entered into evidence. In the Order Suppressing Statement, the district judge
2 made the following findings:
3 6. [Detective] read the warning from a pocket sized card very rapidly,
4 completing the reading in only a matter of seconds;
5 7. The stenographic court reporter who transcribed the DVD of the
6 warning given to [Defendant] did not understand the language of the
7 warnings on the DVD to match the language of the advice of rights card
8 used by [Detective];
9 8. The [c]ourt had to listen to the DVD of the warning given to
10 [Defendant] three times, the final time with the [c]ourt reading a copy [of
11 Detective’s] advice of rights card along with the DVD, before the actual
12 warnings could be deciphered;
13 9. The warnings were read so rapidly as to be garbled to such an extent
14 that [Defendant] was not advised that she had the right to refuse to talk
15 to [Detective] at any time and to stop talking at any time during the
16 interrogation.
17 As a result of these findings, the district judge concluded that Defendant “did not
18 make a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of her rights pursuant to the
19 requirements of the New Mexico Constitution and the United States Constitution,
20 because she was not advised of such rights in a manner in which she could [have
21 understood] them,” and therefore ordered that Defendant’s statement to Detective be
22 suppressed.
23 {7} The State appealed the district judge’s suppression ruling to the Court of
24 Appeals. See NMSA 1978, § 39-3-3(B)(2) (1972) (“In any criminal proceeding in
25 district court an appeal may be taken by the state to the supreme court or court of
4
1 appeals, as appellate jurisdiction may be vested by law in these courts: within ten
2 days from a decision or order of a district court suppressing or excluding evidence .
3 . . .”). Because intentional child abuse resulting in the death of a child under the age
4 of twelve carries a potential sentence of life imprisonment, the Court of Appeals
5 transferred the appeal to this Court pursuant to NMSA 1978, § 34-5-10 (1966). See
6 State v. Smallwood, 2007-NMSC-005, ¶ 11, 141 N.M. 178, 152 P.3d 821. (“[W]e
7 conclude that the legislature intended for us to have jurisdiction over interlocutory
8 appeals in situations where a defendant may possibly be sentenced to life
9 imprisonment or death.”)
10 DISCUSSION
11 {8} When conducting a custodial interrogation, law enforcement officials “must
12 advise a suspect that he [or she] has a right to remain silent, that any statement he [or
13 she] does make may be used as evidence against him [or her], and that he [or she] has
14 a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.” State v. Martinez,
15 1999-NMSC-018, ¶ 13, 127 N.M. 207, 979 P.2d 718 (quoting Miranda v. Arizona,
16 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original).
17 “Before statements obtained during a custodial interrogation may be introduced at
18 trial, the State must demonstrate a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of [his
19 or her Miranda] rights by a preponderance of the evidence.” State v. Gutierrez, 2011-
20 NMSC-024, ¶ 7, 150 N.M. 232, 258 P.3d 1024 (internal quotation marks and citation
21 omitted). When reviewing a claim that the admission of a police confession violates
22 a defendant’s constitutional rights, we “review the [district judge’s] findings of fact
5
1 for substantial evidence and review de novo the ultimate determination of whether a
2 defendant validly waived his or her Miranda rights prior to police questioning. In
3 determining whether a waiver of rights is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, we
4 assess the totality of circumstances.” State v. Barrera, 2001-NMSC-014, ¶ 23, 130
5 N.M. 227, 22 P.3d 1177. In assessing the totality of the circumstances, we look at
6 factors such as “the mental and physical condition, background, experience, and
7 conduct of the accused, as well as the conduct of the police, in determining whether
8 the State has successfully carried its burden in demonstrating a knowing and voluntary
9 waiver,” indulging in every reasonable presumption against waiver. Martinez, 1999-
10 NMSC-018, ¶ 14 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
11 {9} Each Justice reviewed the DVD recording of Defendant’s custodial interview
12 the night of the incident. We note that after being taken to the police station,
13 Defendant waited in a video-wired interrogation room for thirty-eight minutes.
14 During this time Defendant was recorded sitting, rocking back and forth, sobbing, and
15 praying. Defendant kept saying, “Please God, let my baby be ok.” Defendant is also
16 recorded leaving the interrogation room five times during the thirty-eight minute
17 waiting period. Defendant repeatedly asked, either the officers or herself, how long
18 she was going to have to wait, begging to get back to her baby. At one point during
19 this time, Defendant left the room and upon her immediate return, threw up in a
20 nearby trash can. It is apparent from the video that Defendant was both mentally and
21 physically distraught from the time she entered the police station.
6
1 {10} When Detective finally entered the interrogation room, he talked to Defendant
2 very slowly, saying, “You know, [Defendant], that you’re not under arrest, right? I’m
3 just here to talk to you and see what’s going on.” Then, after reminding Defendant
4 for the second time that she was not under arrest, Detective proceeded to read
5 Defendant her Miranda rights. Unlike the slow and unhurried pace in which
6 Detective initially talked to Defendant, Detective read Defendant’s rights in a hurried
7 and garbled manner. Additionally, while testifying at the suppression hearing,
8 Detective read the same rights at a slightly slower pace, approximately three seconds
9 slower than when he read them to Defendant during the interview.
10 {11} Because we indulge in every presumption against waiver, we agree with the
11 district judge that Detective read Defendant her rights in a garbled manner. It appears
12 as if Detective merely wanted to get the “legal technicality” out of the way, rather than
13 ensuring that Defendant understood her rights.
14 CONCLUSION
15 {12} Looking at the totality of the circumstances, the State did not meet its burden
16 of making a prima facie case that Defendant knowingly waived her rights because
17 Detective, who had before him an accused mother, anxious and distraught to know the
18 status of her child, proceeded to rapidly recite Defendant’s rights to her, thereby
19 failing to effectively communicate the potential ramifications of her waiver.
20 Accordingly, Defendant did not make a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver.
21 We affirm the district judge’s order suppressing Defendant’s statement and remand
22 for further proceedings.
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1 {13} IT IS SO ORDERED.
2 __________________________________
3 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice
4 WE CONCUR:
5 _________________________________
6 PATRICIO M. SERNA, Justice
7 _________________________________
8 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice
9 _________________________________
10 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
11 _________________________________
12 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
8