State v. May

Certiorari Denied, June 25, 2010, No. 32,426

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2010-NMCA-071

Filing Date: May 7, 2010

Docket No. 28,763

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JAMES MAY,

Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY
Thomas A. Rutledge, District Judge

Gary K. King, Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
Ralph E. Trujillo, Assistant Attorney General
Albuquerque, NM

for Appellee

Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C.
Robert E. Tangora
Santa Fe, NM

for Appellant

OPINION

KENNEDY, Judge.

{1} In this case, we consider whether the district court properly enhanced the sentence
of Defendant James May. In 2007, Defendant was found guilty of several crimes, including
Possession of a Firearm by a Felon in violation of NMSA 1978, Section 30-7-16 (2001). At
sentencing, the district court enhanced his sentence by four years under the habitual offender

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statute. NMSA 1978, § 31-18-17(B) (2003). In doing so, the district court cited two 1991
federal felony convictions (the 1991 convictions) for Possession with Intent to Distribute
Less Than 5 Grams of Methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. Section 841 (1991)
(current version 2009) and Carrying a Firearm During a Drug Trafficking Crime in violation
of 18 U.S.C. Section 924(c)(1) (1990) (current version 2006); the district court also cited
another 2005 state felony conviction with which we are not concerned in this case.

{2} Defendant interprets the federal conviction for violation of Section 924(c)(1) as an
enhancement of Section 841 and not as a separate felony. As such, he argues that this single
felony was improperly used twice: once to form the basis for his felon in possession of a
firearm conviction, and again to support his enhancement as a habitual offender. See State
v. Haddenham, 110 N.M. 149, 153-54, 793 P.2d 279, 283-84 (Ct. App. 1990) (holding that
a single prior felony conviction may not be used to fulfill both a predicate felony and
constitute an enhancement under the habitual offender statute).

{3} Our review of federal case law leads us to conclude that Section 924(c)(1) constitutes
a separate felony offense for which a defendant may be convicted independently of Section
841. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s enhancement of Defendant’s sentence.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{4} On May 16, 2007, Defendant was charged under a criminal information alleging four
counts: the felony charge of Possession of a Firearm by a Felon and three misdemeanor
offenses. After Defendant entered a guilty plea to the charges, the State filed a supplemental
criminal information alleging he should be sentenced as a habitual offender under Section
31-18-17 and enhanced by an additional four years. The State’s pleading alerted the district
court to the following convictions at issue here:

On September 6, 1991, in Cause No. 91-223JB-01, in the United States
District Court for the District of New Mexico, . . . Defendant was convicted
of the felony crimes of Possession with intent to Distribute less than 5 grams
of Methamphetamine, and Carrying a Firearm During a Drug Trafficking
Crime.

Defendant objected to the four-year enhancement as improper and requested a status
conference. The district court was not persuaded. In its Amended Judgment and Sentence,
it concluded that because Defendant’s 1991 federal convictions involved two separate
felonies, he had been convicted on three occasions before, and his sentence should be
enhanced by four years. Accordingly, because the habitual offender statute allows a four-
year enhancement based upon two prior felonies from “separate transactions or
occurrences,” it appears that the district court used one 1991 conviction to form the predicate
felony for the felon in possession charge and the other, along with the undisputed 2005
conviction, to form the basis for enhancement under the habitual offender statute. Section
31-18-17(B).

{5} In this appeal, Defendant reasserts his objection and argues he was illegally

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sentenced for two reasons. First, he argues that because Section 924(c)(1) was an
enhancement and not a separate felony it was improperly used to support both his conviction
for felon in possession and enhancement under Section 31-18-17(B). Second, he argues that
Section 924(c)(1) does not constitute a “prior felony conviction” under the habitual offender
statute because it is not a felony in the State of New Mexico under Section 31-18-17(D).

{6} The parties dispute whether Defendant properly preserved his arguments, but because
Defendant argues his sentence was illegal and violates double jeopardy, preservation is
irrelevant. This Court may consider illegal sentences and double jeopardy violations for the
first time on appeal. State v. Shay, 2004-NMCA-077, ¶ 6, 136 N.M. 8, 94 P.3d 8 (a
defendant may always challenge an illegal sentence for the first time on appeal); State v.
Harris, 101 N.M. 12, 14-15, 677 P.2d 625, 627-28 (Ct. App. 1984) (“A sentence that is not
authorized is an illegal sentence.”). Because the analysis we engage in today involves purely
legal questions, our review is de novo. See State v. Stanford, 2004-NMCA-071, ¶ 4, 136
N.M. 14, 94 P.3d 14; see State v. Jensen, 1998-NMCA-034, ¶ 6, 124 N.M. 726, 955 P.2d
195 (filed 1997) (the legality of a sentence may be considered for the first time on appeal
because it implicates a jurisdictional issue); see also State v. Martinez, 2007-NMCA-160,
¶ 5, 143 N.M. 96, 173 P.3d 18 (double jeopardy arguments may be raised for the first time
on appeal).

NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-17

{7} Under New Mexico’s habitual offender statute, the court may enhance a Defendant’s
sentence by four additional years if it finds he has “incurred two prior felony convictions that
were parts of separate transactions or occurrences.” Section 31-18-17(B). A “prior felony
conviction” is defined as either “a prior felony committed within New Mexico,” Section 31-
18-17(D)(1), or a felony in which

(a) the conviction was rendered by the court of another state, a United
States, a territory of the United States or the commonwealth of Puerto
Rico;

(b) the offense was punishable, at the time of conviction, by death or
a maximum term of imprisonment of more than one year; or

(c) the offense would have been classified as a felony in this state at
the time of conviction.

Section 31-18-17(D)(2)(a)-(c) (emphasis added). In Harris, this Court concluded that the
habitual offender statute is satisfied when the State proves both Subsection (a) and either
Subsection (b) or (c). Harris, 101 N.M. at 19, 677 P.2d at 632. Thus, the operation of
Section 31-18-17(D)(2) requires only two elements.

{8} It is also well established in this that the state may not use the same prior felony
conviction twice in the context of the same sentencing. For example, the state is forbidden
from using a single conviction, once to fulfill an essential element of a crime, and then again

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to enhance a defendant’s sentence under the habitual offender statute. Id. Such duplication
offends double jeopardy unless the Legislature has clearly expressed its intent otherwise.
See Haddenham, 110 N.M. at 151-52, 154, 793 P.2d at 281-82, 284. It is true that the state
may split two crimes committed on the same date and use each for a different purpose, but
each must be “a separate and distinct crime with different elements.” State v. Hubbard, 113
N.M. 538, 542, 828 P.2d 971, 975 (Ct. App. 1992); see State v. Calvillo, 112 N.M. 140, 142,
812 P.2d 794, 796 (Ct. App. 1991) (holding that double jeopardy does not prohibit a court
from using two convictions to enhance under two separate statutes as long as the predicate
crimes are separate incidents of criminal conduct; it does not matter that both arose from the
same judgment and sentence). Factually, this is the situation presented in this case and, as
a result, we reject Defendant’s argument.

18 U.S.C. Section 924(c)(1)

{9} Section 924(c)(1) is a commonly-charged federal statute that proscribes the use of
firearms during drug trafficking and violent crimes. The version in effect at the time
Defendant was convicted provides:

Whoever, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking
crime (including a crime of violence or drug trafficking crime which provides
for an enhanced punishment if committed by the use of a deadly or dangerous
weapon or device) for which he may be prosecuted in a court of the United
States, uses or carries a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided
for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to
imprisonment for five years, and if the firearm is a short-barreled rifle, short-
barreled shotgun or semi-automatic assault weapon to imprisonment for ten
years, and if the firearm is a machinegun, or a destructive device, or is
equipped with a firearm silencer or firearm muffler, to imprisonment for
thirty years.

Id. (footnote omitted). The dispute between Defendant and the State over this provision is
understandable. At first blush, the language of Section 924(c)(1) does not clearly indicate
whether it denotes a separate crime or a sentence enhancement. Fortunately, it is
unnecessary for us to determine its meaning for ourselves, as the legislative intent behind
Section 924(c)(1) has been closely analyzed by the United States Supreme Court and various
other federal courts on several occasions. These holdings unanimously conclude that Section
924(c)(1) creates a separate, distinct crime. For instance, in United States v. Rodriguez-
Moreno, 526 U.S. 275, 276 (1999), the Supreme Court considered the question of proper
venue with regard to prosecution under Section 924(c)(1). In doing so, it analyzed Section
924(c)(1) closely, variously referring to it as an “offense,” a “violation,” a “crime,” and an
act for which the defendant suffered a “conviction.” Rodriguez-Moreno, 526 U.S. at 278-81.
Indeed, that entire opinion contemplates Section 924(c)(1) as a crime in and of itself, not as
an enhancement. For example:

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 To prove the charged Section 924(c)(1) violation in this case, the
Government was required to show that respondent used a firearm, that he
committed all the acts necessary to be subject to punishment for kidnaping
(a crime of violence) in a court of the United States, and that he used the gun
“during and in relation to” the kidnaping . . . . In sum, we interpret Section
924(c)(1) to contain two distinct conduct elements—as is relevant to this
case, the “using and carrying” of a gun and the commission of a kidnaping.

Rodriguez-Moreno, 526 U.S. at 280 (footnote omitted). One year later, the Court again
interpreted Section 924(c)(1), this time in the context of whether the words “machine gun”
were intended to create a crime separate from the two basic elements of a Section 924(c)(1)
offense. Castillo v. United States, 530 U.S. 120, 121-22 (2000). Like Rodriguez-Moreno,
the entire Castillo opinion proceeds from the assumption that Section 924(c)(1) represents
a distinct crime, one in which the state must prove that defendant (1) used a gun, and (2)
used it while engaging in drug trafficking or a violent crime. As the Court observed, “The
first part of the opening sentence [of Section 924(c)(1)] clearly and indisputably establishes
the elements of the basic federal offense of using or carrying a gun during and in relation to
a crime of violence.” Id. at 124. “[T]he use or carrying of a firearm is itself a separate
substantive crime.” Id. at 126; see United States v. Pearson, 203 F.3d 1243, 1267-68 (10th
Cir. 2000) (analyzing Section 924(c)(1) as a separate offense for which a defendant receives
a separate punishment). As Justice Scalia has written,

Everyone agrees that 18 U.S.C. Section 924(c)(1) describes a separate crime
entitling those who are charged to the constitutional protections that
accompany criminal convictions. Indeed, the undisputed fact that each of the
elements of Section 924(c)(1) must be submitted to a jury and found beyond
a reasonable doubt, combined with the fact that many courts were mistaken
as to what those elements consisted of, has created considerable juridical
chaos in recent years.

Monge v. California, 524 U.S. 721, 739-40 (1998) (Scalia, J., dissenting on other grounds).

{10} United States v. Smallwood, 293 F. Supp. 2d 631 (E.D. Va. 2003), presents an
illustrative factual scenario. In that case, the defendant entered a guilty plea to drug
trafficking and was later charged by the United States under Section 924(c)(1). He argued
that because of his earlier guilty plea, it was improper for him to face a subsequent Section
924(c)(1) charge. Smallwood, 293 F. Supp. 2d at 643. The district court rejected the
defendant’s argument. The court found he was properly charged because the underlying
drug trafficking offense was separate and distinct from the behavior proscribed by Section
924(c)(1). In other words, the underlying drug trafficking offense simply constitutes an
element of Section 924(c)(1). “[Section] 924(c) itself,” the court observed, “creates a
distinct offense.” Smallwood, 293 F. Supp. 2d at 643. A defendant “may be prosecuted for

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a [Section] 924(c) violation, even though he has already been successfully prosecuted for the
predicate drug offense.” Smallwood, 293 F. Supp. 2d at 644. In fact, it makes no difference
whether the drug trafficking “prosecution has already occurred, has yet to occur, or is
occurring contemporaneously with the [Section] 924(c) prosecution.” Smallwood, 293 F.
Supp. 2d at 643.

{11} Based on the federal courts’ consistent interpretation of Section 924(c)(1) as a
separate crime, we reject Defendant’s argument that his sentence was improperly enhanced
under New Mexico’s habitual offender statute. At the time of his sentencing in this case,
Defendant possessed three previous felony convictions. Defendant’s 1991 convictions
resulted in two of these, one for using a firearm during a drug trafficking offense under
Section 924(c)(1), and the other for drug trafficking under Section 841. In 2005, he was
convicted of another felony offense, which is undisputed. As we stated above, in this case,
it seems the district court relied on one of the 1991 convictions to meet an element of the
felon in possession charge and used the remaining two felonies to enhance Defendant’s
sentence under the habitual offender statute. § 31-18-17(B). Such an allocation was proper.
Moreover, because the 1991 convictions were separate crimes, splitting them does not
violate double jeopardy as Defendant suggests. In Hubbard, we held that the state may split
two crimes committed together as long as each is “a separate and distinct crime with
different elements.” 113 N.M. at 542, 828 P.2d at 975. It is true that Defendant’s 1991
convictions share a common element—that of trafficking in drugs. It is also true that the
same act satisfied an element in both convictions. It does not follow, however, that double
jeopardy is offended. Section 924(c)(1) requires an element that Section 841 does not—the
use of a firearm. We therefore hold that the two are separate and distinct under Hubbard.

{12} Finally, assuming Section 924(c)(1) is a separate felony, Defendant argues it does
not constitute a “prior felony conviction” under our habitual offender statute because it
would not be considered a felony in New Mexico. See § 31-18-17(D)(2)(c). We need not
answer this question. As stated above, in order to constitute a “prior felony conviction”
under our habitual offender statute, the state is required to prove only (a) that the conviction
was rendered by a court of the United States and (b) that it was punishable by imprisonment
of more than one year. Section 31-18-17(D)(2). In Harris, this Court concluded that
because Subsections (b) and (c) are joined by the conjunction “or,” satisfaction of either
fulfills one of two essential elements. Harris, 101 N.M. at 19, 677 P.2d at 632.
Accordingly, even if we presume without deciding that Defendant’s actions under Section
924(c)(1) would not be classified as a felony in New Mexico, we would still hold that the
requirements of the habitual offender statute were met. See § 31-18-17(D)(2). Subsection
(a) was satisfied because Defendant’s sentence was rendered by a court of the United States,
see Section 31-18-17(D)(2)(a), and Subsection (b) was satisfied because Defendant’s
conviction under Section 924(c)(1) was punishable by a sentence of more than one year.
See Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 138 (1995) (observing that Section 942(c)(1)
“imposes a 5-year minimum term of imprisonment upon a person who ‘during and in relation
to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a firearm.’”) (omission
in original). Thus, because the requirements of Section 31-18-17(D)(2) were met,

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Defendant’s conviction under Section 924(c)(1) was properly classified as a “prior felony
conviction” under the habitual offender statute and used to enhance his sentence.

CONCLUSION

{13} For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s four-year enhancement of
Defendant’s sentence under Section 31-18-17.

{14} IT IS SO ORDERED.

____________________________________
RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge

____________________________________
TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

Topic Index for State v. May, Docket No. 28,763

CL CRIMINAL LAW
CL-CL Controlled Substances

CA CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CA-DG Double Jeopardy
CA-ES Enhancement of Sentence
CA-FE Firearm Enhancement
CA-HC Habitual Criminal

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