State v. Coleman

1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated
4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does
5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

8 Plaintiff-Appellee,

9 v. NO. 28,118

10 KENNETH COLEMAN,

11 Defendant-Appellant.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
13 Denise Barela Shepherd, District Judge

14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Andrea Sassa, Assistant Attorney General
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellee

18 Law Works L.L.C.
19 John A. McCall
20 Albuquerque, NM

21 for Appellant

22 MEMORANDUM OPINION

23 ROBLES, Judge.
 1 Kenneth Coleman (Defendant) appeals his conviction of trafficking cocaine by

2 possession with the intent to distribute, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-31-

3 20(A)(3) (2006). Defendant’s claims of error include that (1) he was denied a fair trial

4 due to the makeup of the jury pool; (2) the district court erred in denying a

5 continuance; (3) evidence should have been suppressed due to the State’s failure to

6 comply with discovery; (4) it was error to deny his motion to reveal the identity of a

7 confidential informant; (5) the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress

8 evidence due to an illegal search; and (6) the evidence was insufficient to support his

9 conviction. We conclude that Defendant’s arguments lack merit and, accordingly, we

10 affirm.

11 I. BACKGROUND

12 At Defendant’s trial in May 2007, two police officers and one chemist testified

13 for the State. Detective Kevin Wyckoff of the Albuquerque Police Department

14 testified that, on November 9, 2005, he spoke with an informant, who stated that there

15 was a party occurring at a particular motel in Rooms 127 and 410. The detective also

16 testified that Defendant was there, and the police “might want to look at the subject.”

17 Further, the informant indicated that there was drug activity at the party. The

18 detective proceeded to the motel the same day with “six or seven” plain-clothed

19 officers to investigate and see if they had the right location and to start surveillance.

2
 1 Once there, surveillance was established in the parking lot, and the two motel rooms

2 were observed for approximately two hours. During that time, Defendant was

3 observed going between the two rooms “eight or nine times.” There were ten separate

4 individuals or groups on ten separate occasions who were also observed parking their

5 vehicles, going inside one of the rooms for “two or three minutes,” and then driving

6 away.

7 Detective Wyckoff testified that, in his training and experience, Defendant’s

8 behavior was consistent with drug trafficking. At some point, the decision was made

9 to make contact with Defendant. Defendant was intercepted by the detective and two

10 other officers upon exiting one of the rooms, presumably while he was on his way to

11 the other room. The detective stated that he heard Special Agent King ask Defendant

12 if he could conduct a pat-down and then heard Defendant’s response of consent before

13 the detective left him and went upstairs in order to investigate one of the rooms and

14 make contact with the individuals inside. One of the individuals in one of the rooms

15 told the detective that there was a bag of marijuana that belonged to Defendant. Upon

16 learning this, the detective made his way back to Defendant and placed him under

17 arrest. The detective then contacted and requested the presence of Officer Michael

18 Werner, who was wearing a uniform and driving a marked car.

3
 1 Officer Werner testified that, upon his arrival at the motel, multiple individuals,

2 including Defendant, were in handcuffs, and there were “a lot of activities going on.”

3 Eventually, the officer was asked to transport Defendant to the police substation. The

4 officer explained that, although he assumed that Defendant had been searched

5 previously, he always conducted an additional search of suspects before placing them

6 in the back of his police car for transport. The officer’s reasoning for conducting an

7 additional search of suspects was three-fold: (1) to prevent dangerous situations with

8 suspects having weapons; (2) to prevent suspects from harming themselves in an

9 attempt to destroy evidence; and (3) as a favor to suspects who may have contraband

10 on them, to prevent them from acquiring another charge. See NMSA 1978, § 30-22-

11 14 (1976) (“Bringing contraband into places of imprisonment.”). The officer testified

12 that “due to the high increase of illegal narcotics being held within an individual’s

13 anus area, I ask if they have any drugs hidden [i]n this area.” Defendant told the

14 officer that he did have drugs hidden in that area and, in response, the officer took

15 Defendant into one of the rooms, uncuffed him, and asked him if he would remove the

16 drugs. “[Defendant] simply reached down his pants and removed an item from his

17 anus area, and it fell to the ground.” The item removed was a clear plastic bag that

18 was later confirmed to be crack cocaine.

4
 1 On January 27, 2006, Defendant was charged by grand jury indictment with

2 trafficking cocaine by possession with the intent to distribute, contrary to Section 30-

3 31-20(A)(3), as a result of his November 9, 2005 arrest. At the time of his trial,

4 Defendant had been indicted and had charges pending in six other cases, which are not

5 the focus of this appeal. In a September 2006 memorandum to the district court, the

6 district attorney’s office requested a three-month extension pursuant to Rule 5-604

7 NMRA because two consolidated plea offers were made and rejected in regard to

8 Defendant’s seven pending cases, and defense counsel had withdrawn. The extension

9 was granted, and Defendant’s new counsel entered his appearance in October 2006.

10 A third plea offer was made and rejected in November, and a six-month extension was

11 granted to May 30, 2007 by our Supreme Court. Defendant’s trial on this case began

12 on May 8, 2007. The State filed a notice to enhance the penalty for Defendant’s

13 trafficking conviction to a first-degree offense because he was a “second [or]

14 subsequent” time trafficking offender, Section 30-31-20(B)(2), and a fourth-time

15 habitual offender, NMSA 1978, Sections 31-18-19, -20 (1983). Following his

16 conviction, Defendant was sentenced to eighteen years incarceration and two years

17 parole upon release. Additional facts will be developed as needed.

18 II. DISCUSSION

5
 1 In turn, we address Defendant’s six claimed points of error. Because we

2 conclude that no error occurred, we affirm Defendant’s conviction.

3 Issue One: Claims of Error Regarding Jury Selection

4 In a single paragraph in his brief, Defendant claims that he was denied a fair

5 trial because (1) the jury pool included one African-American who was excused for

6 cause, and (2) the jury pool did not include a representative sampling of individuals

7 who were his age of thirty-nine years or younger. Defendant admits that this issue

8 was not preserved, and there is no request to review the issue for fundamental error.

9 It appears from the record that the juror in question stated that she used to work in a

10 jail, and she thought she would be biased and unfair toward Defendant. Moreover, it

11 was the defense who asked the juror to be stricken for cause because she “said that she

12 could not be fair, and she said that a couple of times.” There is no mention of race

13 that this Court can find during the jury selection process, nor any indication that race

14 was a consideration. Likewise, age of the prospective jurors does not appear to be

15 mentioned. Based on the record, there is no way for this Court to determine the ages

16 of those in the jury pool, or those actually selected for the panel. Because of the lack

17 of development, preservation, and ability of this Court to review the issue, we decline

18 to do so.

19 Issue Two: Motion to Continue

6
 1 The outcome of a motion to continue is within the discretion of the district court

2 and, accordingly, this Court will not reverse that discretion absent a clear showing of

3 abuse and the burden of demonstrating which lies with the defendant. State v.

4 Salazar, 2007-NMSC-004, ¶ 10, 141 N.M. 148, 152 P.3d 135. Beyond demonstrating

5 an abuse of discretion, a defendant must also demonstrate that the abuse caused an

6 injury to the defendant. Id.

7 On March 28, 2007, the district court set this case for trial on May 7, 2007.

8 During the week of the trial in this case, Defendant was also scheduled for trial in

9 another matter stemming from an arrest five months before his arrest in this case. On

10 April 13, 2007, the State filed a motion for a definite trial setting on this case, noting

11 that the rule would run on May 30, and all offers to resolve this case by plea

12 agreement had been rejected. However, on April 26, the State filed a stipulated Rule

13 5-604 petition to the Supreme Court, noting that Defendant was scheduled for two

14 trials in the same week and, the other case, which was older, would likely go to trial.

15 The Supreme Court denied the motion on May 1, 2007.

16 On the morning of May 7, 2007, the district court stated that it could not

17 continue the case because the court’s docket was filled for the rest of the month. The

18 district court also noted that Defendant’s other trial, which was scheduled for the same

19 week, would not have a Rule 5-604 violation until September. The State informed

7
 1 Defendant and the district court that it only intended to call the two officers who

2 previously had been interviewed by the defense. Additionally, the State noted that

3 Defendant had not filed a motion for reconsideration to the Supreme Court and, if the

4 defense wished to have the current case postponed, the State would stipulate to the

5 motion for a continuance and to an extension under Rule 5-604. When asked by the

6 district court whether the defense was going to petition the Supreme Court for an

7 extension, the defense counsel stated: “No. We are prepared to proceed at this time

8 with what we do have.”

9 On appeal, Defendant argues that the three individuals who testified at trial

10 were only interviewed “a few days before the trial.” The other five eyewitness

11 officers who failed to appear for interviews and other civilian witnesses had not been

12 interviewed and/or located. Defendant’s essential argument is that his defense counsel

13 was unprepared for trial given the short notice of denial of the Rule 5-604 petition,

14 and defense counsel was preparing for trial on his other case. In retort, the State

15 argues that this issue is not preserved by nature of the fact that Defendant stated that

16 he would not pursue a motion to reconsider with the Supreme Court and that he was

17 “prepared to proceed at this time with what we do have.” In the alternative, the State

18 argues that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying a continuance

8
 1 because it had no discretion due to the Supreme Court’s denial of the Rule 5-604

2 petition and the district court’s full docket.

3 In reviewing a district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to continue, this

4 Court reviews several factors:

5 [The] length of the requested delay, the likelihood that a delay would
6 accomplish the movant’s objectives, the existence of previous
7 continuances in the same matter, the degree of inconvenience to the
8 parties and the court, the legitimacy of the motives in requesting the
9 delay, the fault of the movant in causing [the] need for the delay, and the
10 prejudice to the movant in denying the motion.

11 State v. Stefani, 2006-NMCA-073, ¶ 9, 139 N.M. 719, 137 P.3d 659 (second alteration

12 in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To the extent that

13 Defendant argues that this issue was preserved, and the district court still had

14 discretion to continue the trial even though it had a full docket and the rule was set to

15 run within days, we nonetheless concluded there was no abuse of discretion. Before

16 rejecting the State’s offer to postpone the case so that a motion for reconsideration

17 could be filed with the Supreme Court, the district court stated: “For purposes of the

18 record, . . . this case has been pending since March 13, 2006. [Defense counsel]

19 entered on this case on October 11, 2006. It has been set for plea and trial in

20 November 6, 2006; January, 10, 2007; March 28, 2007; and then today’s date.”

21 Defense counsel confirmed that the State’s three witnesses had been

22 interviewed prior to the suppression hearing. On appeal, Defendant claims that Agent

9
 1 King, who did not show for his pretrial interview because he was transferred to work

2 in Arizona, may have testified that he removed the narcotics from Defendant’s person

3 and, therefore, the defense would have been able to attack the credibility of Detective

4 Wyckoff and Officer Werner. Likewise, Defendant claims that the short notice of trial

5 forced him to interview the witnesses just days before the motions hearing and the

6 trial and because no transcript was generated from the interviews, he was unable to

7 impeach witnesses at the suppression hearing. Finally, Defendant states that other

8 civilian witnesses were not located, interviewed, or subpoenaed, and the interviews

9 of the detective and the officer supported the theory that another individual was

10 actually dealing the marijuana.

11 The record reveals that, during the suppression motion, defense counsel stated

12 that transcripts of the pretrial interviews had not been made. However, defense

13 counsel had heard the tapes and taken notes. Defense counsel argued to the district

14 court that Detective Wyckoff stated in his pretrial interview that Agent King was the

15 individual who removed the drugs from Defendant’s person, and Officer Werner’s

16 story was that he had obtained the drugs. During cross-examination of the officer in

17 regards to statements the informant had made, defense counsel did attempt to play the

18 tape of the pretrial interview. However, the district court stated that defense counsel

19 had not pointed to any portion of the pretrial interview that was inconsistent with what

10
 1 had already been stated by the detective on the stand. The district court did offer

2 defense counsel an opportunity to listen again to his tape recordings of the detective’s

3 interview during a recess to which defense counsel responded that a recess was “[n]ot

4 required” and that he thought he could conduct the cross-examination effectively.

5 Later, the district court did allow defense counsel to play the pretrial interview in the

6 context of impeachment of the detective as to who had removed the drugs from

7 Defendant’s person. It would appear from the record that the detective’s story was

8 that the agent, while conducting the consent pat-down, observed a part of a plastic bag

9 sticking out of Defendant’s waistband “in between the buttocks area.” The agent did

10 not remove the bag, but did inform the detective about it. We conclude that the

11 relevant testimony was developed by defense counsel during the suppression motion

12 without transcripts. Likewise, we see no contradiction in the stories told by the

13 detective and the officer that would demonstrate prejudice or implies it was, in fact,

14 the agent that removed the drugs from Defendant’s person. See Salazar,

15 2007-NMSC-004, ¶ 10 (“[The d]efendant must establish not only an abuse of

16 discretion, but also that the abuse was to the injury of the defendant.” (internal

17 quotation marks and citation omitted)).

18 In regards to the missing civilian witnesses, Defendant has not cited where this

19 issue was argued to the district court as a reason that a continuance was needed.

11
 1 Although Defendant did argue that witness interviews of the police officers had not

2 been conducted as a reason to suppress evidence for the State’s failure to comply with

3 discovery, this is a separate issue from a motion to continue because civilian

4 testimony was needed to prepare a defense. Defendant argued to the district court that

5 the three officers who did not show for pretrial interviews, including Agent King,

6 should not be allowed to testify at trial. The district court ruled that should either

7 party decide to call any of the officers who did not show for pretrial interviews, they

8 first must be available for a pretrial interview. None of those officers testified.

9 Because this Court is unable to locate where Defendant specifically argued that

10 civilian witness testimony had not been acquired, and a continuance for this reason

11 was needed, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion. See Rule 12-

12 213(A)(4) NMRA (stating that briefs submitted to this Court “shall contain a

13 statement of the applicable standard of review, the contentions of the appellant[,] and

14 a statement explaining how the issue was preserved in the court below, with citations

15 to authorities, record proper, transcript of proceedings or exhibits relied on”)

16 (emphasis added); State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 44, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829

17 (filed 1998) (holding that appellate courts will not search the record to find whether

18 an issue was preserved where the defendant did not refer the court to appropriate

19 transcript references).

12
 1 Issue Three: Suppression of Evidence for Failure to Comply With Discovery

2 This Court defers to the district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence

3 and will not reverse unless there has been an abuse of discretion. See State v.

4 Woodward, 121 N.M. 1, 4, 908 P.2d 231, 234 (1995). Our review of the application

5 of the law to the facts is conducted de novo. See State v. Attaway, 117 N.M. 141, 145,

6 870 P.2d 103, 107 (1994), modified on other grounds by State v. Lopez, 2005-NMSC-

7 018, 138 N.M. 9, 116 P.3d 80.

8 Defendant argues that without the testimony of Agent King or the other

9 witnesses, his defense was impaired, and the district court erred in failing to suppress

10 evidence and dismiss for failure to provide witness interviews. On December 8, 2006,

11 Defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence for failure to comply with discovery.

12 On the morning of May 7, 2007, Defendant filed his second motion to suppress for

13 failure to comply with discovery and stated to the district court that the State had

14 provided pretrial interviews of three witnesses. However, Defendant requested that

15 the case be dismissed for failure to provide witness interviews and, in the alternative,

16 that the testimony of the officers who did not show for pretrial interviews be

17 suppressed. At the motion hearing, the State noted that plea negotiations were

18 ongoing into March 2007 and, when it finally appeared that Defendant would not be

19 entering a plea, it was the State that initiated discussions about witness interviews.

13
 1 Moreover, the State chronicled its efforts to contact the defense in order to schedule

2 witness interviews by producing multiple electronic mail correspondences, which

3 were admitted into evidence. The district court denied Defendant’s motion to

4 suppress for failure to comply with discovery but, as pointed out under the previous

5 section, ruled that should either party decide to call any of the officers who did not

6 show for pretrial interviews, they first must be made available for a pretrial interview

7 before their testimony. The only individuals who testified at trial were available for

8 pretrial interviews. As discussed in the previous section, the district court was aware

9 of Defendant’s arguments concerning the officers who were not available for

10 interviews. Likewise, the district court heard Defendant’s arguments about police

11 officers’ contradictions in pretrial interviews and the need for the missing officers’

12 statements. Defendant did not demonstrate to the district court and has not

13 demonstrated to this Court, as explained in the previous section that the missing

14 officers were needed to square an inconsistency, nor that Defendant was prejudiced

15 by their absence. See State v. Duran, 107 N.M. 603, 608, 762 P.2d 890, 895 (1988)

16 (stating that it is the defendant’s burden to establish prejudice by an error in trial),

17 superseded by rule as stated in State v. Gutierrez, 1998-NMCA-172, 126 N.M. 366,

18 969 P.2d 970. We reiterate that this point was underscored by defense counsel’s

19 statement that “[w]e are prepared to proceed at this time with what we do have.”

14
 1 Defendant is asking this Court to speculate on the potential of unheard testimony,

2 which is a request we will not do, considering that it is Defendant’s burden to

3 demonstrate an abuse of discretion and that such abuse injured Defendant by affecting

4 the ultimate outcome of his trial. State v. Holly, 2009-NMSC-004, ¶ 28, 145 N.M.

5 513, 201 P.3d 844) (“[T]he defendant has the burden to demonstrate prejudice.”). On

6 appeal, a defendant cannot complain of an error which has not prejudiced him. We

7 conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant’s

8 motion.

9 Issue Four: Identity of the Confidential Informant

10 Under Rule 11-510(A) NMRA, the State has the “privilege to refuse to disclose

11 the identity of a person who has furnished information relating to or assisting in an

12 investigation of a possible violation of law to a law enforcement officer or member

13 of a legislative committee or its staff conducting an investigation.” However, if it

14 appears that an informant can “give testimony that is relevant and helpful to the

15 defense,” and there is a “reasonable probability” that the informant can give the

16 testimony, and the State continues to elect not to disclose the informant’s identity, the

17 district court on motion “shall dismiss the charges to which the testimony would

18 relate.” Rule 11-510(C)(2). We review the denial of a motion to reveal the identity

19 of an informant for an abuse of discretion. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 39.

15
 1 It is Defendant’s contention that the informant’s identity and information was

2 relevant to “whether there was a proper basis for surveilling . . . Defendant.”

3 Specifically, Defendant argues that Detective Wyckoff had earlier stated that the

4 informant had merely indicated where Defendant was, but did not indicate whether he

5 was selling drugs. Defendant argues that the detective later changed his story by

6 stating that the informant told him that Defendant was “up to the same old thing.” The

7 detective testified that he took the informant’s statements to mean “drug activity.”

8 Essentially, it is Defendant’s assertion that what the informant told the detective was

9 critical to whether “the officers [had] any information to support an investigation.”

10 We do not agree.

11 Detective Wyckoff testified that based on the surveillance observations from

12 the parking lot of Defendant moving from room to room and the short stays of ten

13 separate parties to the same rooms, he suspected that there was drug dealing occurring

14 at the motel. Further, the detective stated that contact was made with Defendant based

15 on his movements and the activity of the other people. This Court is unaware of any

16 requirement that there must be a proper basis for a police officer to sit in a parking lot.

17 To the extent that Defendant advocates the application of the Aguilar-Spinelli test to

18 verify the credibility/veracity of the informant and the basis of the informant’s

19 knowledge, we note that “[t]he Aguilar-Spinelli analysis applies only to hearsay

16
 1 contained in an affidavit in support of a search warrant.” State v. Lovato, 117 N.M.

2 68, 69, 868 P.2d 1293, 1294 (Ct. App. 1993). No warrant was obtained in this case,

3 and Defendant has failed to show how the informant’s identity would be relevant or

4 helpful to his defense.

5 Issue Five: The Search

6 “The issue of suppression . . . raises a mixed question of law and fact and our

7 review on appeal is de novo.” State v. Duffy, 1998-NMSC-014, ¶ 62, 126 N.M. 132,

8 967 P.2d 807, modified on other grounds by State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, 141

9 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828. “[T]he State bears the burden of proving facts that justify

10 a warrantless search and seizure.” State v. Martinez, 1997-NMCA-048, ¶ 9, 123 N.M.

11 405, 940 P.2d 1200.

12 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Detective Wyckoff testified that based

13 on Defendant’s actions, the decision was made to make contact with Defendant. The

14 detective conceded that Defendant was detained at that point. Upon learning that the

15 marijuana belonged to Defendant, the decision was made to place him under arrest.

16 Before being transported by Officer Werner, Defendant was asked if he had drugs on

17 him to which Defendant replied that he did and voluntarily removed the drugs.

18 Defendant testified that he never gave consent for a search, and he never voluntarily

19 produced any item from his person. The district court concluded that Defendant’s

17
 1 detention was lawful, the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop and detain him, and

2 the information the officers received provided probable cause to arrest Defendant,

3 pursuant to which he voluntarily removed cocaine from his person.

4 Defendant first contends that Detective Wyckoff’s pretrial testimony conflicts

5 with his trial testimony. Essentially, Defendant argues that the detective stated that,

6 during the suppression motion, a pat-down is for any type of evidence, whereas, at

7 trial, the detective stated that a pat-down is for weapons. This argument fails to

8 address how the initial detention, subsequent arrest, or voluntary removal of the

9 narcotics was unlawful.

10 Defendant next argues that there was no indication that he had a weapon at the

11 time he was searched by Officer Werner. Citing to State v. Paul T., 1999-NMSC-037,

12 ¶¶ 12-14, 128 N.M. 360, 993 P.2d 74, Defendant states that it was error not to

13 suppress the drugs. This has no merit. The officer testified that Defendant voluntarily

14 removed the drugs from his own person after being asked if he had any drugs.

15 However, Defendant was under arrest at this time, and officers have broad leeway to

16 search an individual following an arrest so long as methods are established to ensure

17 the individual’s privacy interests and dignity. State v. Williams, 2010-NMCA-030,

18 ¶ 9, 148 N.M. 160, 231 P.3d 616, cert. granted, ___-NMCERT-___, ___ N.M. ___,

19 ___ P.3d ___ (No. 32,263, Apr. 1, 2010). This Court has previously recognized that

18
 1 even an arrestee still has privacy interests in his person and searches must be justified

2 under the circumstances. Id. Unlike this Court’s conclusion in Williams, here, the

3 officer testified (1) his reasons for searching Defendant, (2) the area searched in

4 relation to the information before the officer, (3) the location of the search, and (4) the

5 manner in which the search occurred. See id. ¶¶ 13, 16 (analyzing the reasonableness

6 of intimate searches incident to arrest by weighing the searches’ justification, scope,

7 manner, and location). To the extent that Defendant challenges the justification for

8 the search by stating that there was no indication that he had any weapons, we

9 conclude that the officer’s testimony specifically outlined three reasons why he

10 searched Defendant. See, e.g., Martinez, 1997-NMCA-048, ¶ 7 (“Even a handcuffed

11 arrestee may be foolhardy enough to try to seize a nearby firearm.”). Moreover, we

12 conclude that the totality of circumstances surrounding this particular search were

13 reasonable and, on balance, Defendant’s privacy interests were respected while the

14 State’s interests were exercised.

15 Defendant’s argument based on Paul T. is likewise unconvincing. Paul T.

16 involved a juvenile curfew violator whose pockets were searched pursuant to being

17 placed in custody prior to being placed in a police car for transport. 1999-NMSC-037,

18 ¶¶ 5-6. Here, Defendant was not a juvenile, and the search was while he was under

19
 1 full arrest before he was to be taken to a police substation and not merely after he was

2 taken into custody and was going to be driven home.

3 Finally, it is argued that the State failed to produce a consent to search form,

4 even though both Detective Wyckoff and Officer Werner both alleged that Defendant

5 had freely consented to being searched. This Court is aware of no rule that requires

6 the State to produce a consent to search form in order for police officers to be allowed

7 to search pursuant to an arrest. Defendant cites no law to help us in this matter, and

8 we therefore conclude that where no citation is made, a diligent search by counsel was

9 unable to locate law that supports this proposition. See In re Adoption of Doe, 100

10 N.M. 764, 765, 676 P.2d 1329, 1330 (1984).

11 Issue Six: Sufficiency of the Evidence

12 Finally, Defendant claims that the evidence produced at trial was insufficient

13 to support his conviction.

14 Substantial evidence review requires analysis of whether direct or
15 circumstantial substantial evidence exists and supports a verdict of guilt
16 beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential for
17 conviction. We determine whether a rational factfinder could have found
18 that each element of the crime was established beyond a reasonable
19 doubt.

20 State v. Kent, 2006-NMCA-134, ¶ 10, 140 N.M. 606, 145 P.3d 86 (citations omitted).

21 On appeal, the appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the

20
 1 verdict, resolving all conflicts and indulging all reasonable inferences in favor of the

2 verdict. State v. Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 765-66, 887 P.2d 756, 759-60 (1994).

3 In order to be convicted, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable

4 doubt that (1) Defendant had cocaine in his possession; (2) Defendant knew it was

5 cocaine or believed that it was cocaine; (3) Defendant intended to transfer the cocaine

6 to another individual; and (4) this occurred in New Mexico on or about November 9,

7 2005. See § 30-31-20(A)(3).

8 Defendant notes that the evidence produced at trial created discrepancies

9 regarding the amount of crack cocaine collected. Detective Wyckoff identified the

10 quantity as .16 ounces, while the State’s chemist identified the amount he tested as

11 being 1.37 grams. However, the detective testified that he could not convert grams

12 to ounces, there was simply “more than four crack rocks” in the bag, and it “was more

13 than personal use.” The State’s chemist did not contradict this testimony. Regardless,

14 it is for the fact finder to weigh the testimony and, under our standard of review, the

15 question is simply whether evidence was presented that would support a conviction.

16 State v. Baca, 1997-NMSC-059, ¶ 14, 124 N.M. 333, 950 P.2d 776 (“[S]ubstantial

17 evidence means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate

18 to support a conclusion; . . . all disputed facts are resolved in favor of the successful

21
 1 party[; and] the appellate court will not weigh the evidence[.]” (internal quotation

2 marks and citation omitted)).

3 Defendant’s final argument is that no testimony developed the chain of custody

4 of the narcotics, and it was unknown “whether the cocaine presented in evidence was

5 the same cocaine allegedly retrieved from . . . Defendant or whether anyone could

6 connect Defendant’s alleged cocaine to the alleged search of . . . Defendant’s person.”

7 The State argues that the admission of evidence is within the discretion of the district

8 court, and the crack cocaine was admitted into evidence without objection. We view

9 the State’s argument as acknowledging that claims of insufficient evidence to support

10 a conviction may be made for the first time on appeal, State v. Stein, 1999-NMCA-

11 065, ¶ 9, 127 N.M. 362, 981 P.2d 295, but Defendant should not be allowed to

12 collaterally attack the discretion of the district court in admitting evidence when no

13 objection was made below, and no ruling was invoked. See State v. Varela, 1999-

14 NMSC-045, ¶ 25, 128 N.M. 454, 993 P.2d 1280 (preserving an argument for appeal

15 requires a timely objection that specifically notifies the district court of the error

16 claimed and invokes a ruling thereon). We conclude that the evidence presented was

17 sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that the crack cocaine in evidence was the

18 same crack cocaine that Defendant had on his person on November 9, 2005.

22
 1 The record shows that the State’s chemist testified first, and the crack cocaine

2 was admitted into evidence without objection. Detective Wyckoff testified that, as the

3 case agent, he learned that a bag of crack cocaine was recovered from Defendant. The

4 detective stated that he field-tested and tagged the crack cocaine into evidence, and

5 the bag was surrendered by Defendant to Officer Werner. The detective also testified

6 he saw the bag removed from Defendant’s anus area, and the bag in evidence was the

7 same “[t]o the best of my recollection.” “Questions concerning a possible gap in the

8 chain of custody affects the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.” State v.

9 Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896. We conclude that the

10 jury heard sufficient testimony, such that they could reasonably infer that the crack

11 cocaine removed from Defendant was the same the detective tagged into evidence and

12 the State’s chemist tested. The crack cocaine was admitted into evidence without

13 objection at trial.

14 III. CONCLUSION

15 We affirm Defendant’s conviction for the above reasons.

16 IT IS SO ORDERED.

17 _______________________________
18 ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge

23
1 WE CONCUR:

2 _________________________________
3 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

4 _________________________________
5 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge

24