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New Mexico Compilation
Commission, Santa Fe, NM
'00'04- 16:01:38 2011.06.05
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 2011-NMCA-051
Filing Date: April 4, 2011
Docket No. 29,537
FARMERS INSURANCE COMPANY
OF ARIZONA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CHRISTINE SANDOVAL
and MELISSA CARTER,
Defendants-Appellants.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Theresa M. Baca, District Judge
O’Brien & Ulibarri, P.C.
Daniel J. O’Brien
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellee
Whitener Law Firm, P.A.
Thomas M. Allison
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellants
OPINION
WECHSLER, Judge.
{1} In this appeal, we must determine whether an insurer is entitled to offset an injured
insured’s award of underinsured motorist (UIM) benefits by a tortfeasor’s liability policy
limits when the insured receives an amount less than policy limits due to a contractual
exclusion for punitive damages. In light of the remedial purpose of NMSA 1978, Section
66-5-301 (1983), we conclude that the insurer’s offset is limited to the amount of money
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actually received by the insured from the tortfeasor. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment
of the district court.
BACKGROUND
{2} The facts are undisputed. On March 19, 2006, Christine Sandoval and Melissa Carter
(collectively, Defendants) were involved in an automobile accident with Shawna Chavez,
who was driving while intoxicated. As a result of the accident, Sandoval incurred medical
expenses in the amount of $2194.74, lost wages in the amount of $444.48, and pain and
suffering. Carter incurred medical expenses in the amount of $2213, lost wages in the
amount of $1000, and pain and suffering.
{3} Defendants sought compensatory and punitive damages from Mid-Century Insurance
Company (Mid-Century), which insured Chavez’s vehicle for liability coverage in the
amount of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident. However, the Mid-Century policy
explicitly excluded punitive damages from liability coverage. Because Defendants’
compensatory damages are less than $25,000 each, it is anticipated that they will settle their
claims against Mid-Century for an amount less than policy limits.
{4} Defendants filed a UIM claim against Farmers Insurance Company of Arizona
(Farmers), which insured Carter’s vehicle for $30,000 per person and $60,000 per accident.
Defendants each sought $30,000 in punitive damages, alleging that Chavez was underinsured
with respect to punitive damages. Farmers determined that Defendants were entitled to UIM
benefits in the amount of $5000 each, which it calculated by offsetting the policy limits of
Defendants’ UIM coverage ($30,000) by the policy limits of the Mid-Century policy
($25,000). Defendants did not dispute that Farmers was entitled to an offset, but claimed
that this offset must be based on the amount of money actually received by Defendants in
settlement of their claims, rather than the liability limits of the Mid-Century policy.
{5} Farmers filed a declaratory judgment action in district court to determine the amount
of its offset under Section 66-5-301 and the UIM policy. Farmers and Defendants each
moved for summary judgment. The district court granted Farmers’ motion and denied
Defendants’ motion. Defendants appeal, claiming that an insurer’s offset is “limited to the
amount of liability proceeds actually available to the injured insureds when that amount is
less than the amount of [UIM] coverage.”
STANDARD OF REVIEW
{6} “Summary judgment is proper when the material facts are undisputed and the only
remaining issues are questions of law.” Bird v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
2007-NMCA-088, ¶ 7, 142 N.M. 346, 165 P.3d 343. We review a district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo. Self v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 1998-NMSC-046, ¶ 6, 126
N.M. 396, 970 P.2d 582.
2
STATUTORY OFFSET
{7} We begin our analysis with Section 66-5-301(B), which was “designed to expand
insurance coverage to protect the public from damage or injury caused by other motorists
who were not insured [or were underinsured] and could not make the impaired party whole.”
Marckstadt v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2010-NMSC-001, ¶ 15, 147 N.M. 678, 228 P.3d 462
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Because we liberally interpret the statute
in order to implement its remedial purpose, language in the statute that provides for an
exception to uninsured coverage should be construed strictly to protect the insured.” Romero
v. Dairyland Ins. Co., 111 N.M. 154, 156, 803 P.2d 243, 245 (1990) (citation omitted). “To
that end, the only limitations on protection are those specifically set out in the statute itself:
that the insured be legally entitled to recover damages and that the negligent driver be
uninsured” or underinsured. Schmick v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 103 N.M. 216, 219,
704 P.2d 1092, 1095 (1985).
{8} Given the remedial purpose of the statute, our Supreme Court has held that
“uninsured motorist coverage includes coverage for punitive damages.” Stewart v. State
Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 104 N.M. 744, 746, 726 P.2d 1374, 1376 (1986). Punitive
damages, which derive from actual damages, “‘are as much a part of the potential award
under the uninsured motorist statute as damages for bodily injury, and therefore they cannot
be contracted away.’” Manzanares v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2006-NMCA-104, ¶ 5, 140 N.M.
227, 141 P.3d 1281 (quoting Stinbrink v. Farmers Ins. Co., 111 N.M. 179, 180, 803 P.2d
664, 665 (1990)). Accordingly, “an insured may recover punitive damages from his insurer
if he would be legally entitled to recover them from the uninsured tortfeasor.” Stewart, 104
N.M. at 747, 726 P.2d at 1377.
{9} However, the amount of punitive damages recovered through an insured’s UIM
carrier may not be commensurate with the amount of punitive damages for which a tortfeasor
is liable. This is so because “the Legislature, in defining [a UIM], set the . . . maximum on
the amount an insured can collect from his [UIM] carrier.” Schmick, 103 N.M. at 222, 704
P.2d at 1098. Specifically, an insured’s recovery is limited to the aggregate amount of
uninsured motorist coverage purchased for the insured’s benefit reduced by the statutory
offset inherent in Section 66-5-301. See Schmick, 103 N.M. at 223, 704 P.2d at 1099;
Manzanares, 2006-NMCA-104, ¶ 9 (holding that an insured cannot recover punitive
damages in excess of UIM coverage minus the insurer’s offset).
{10} In this case, we must determine the amount of Farmers’ statutory offset. In Schmick
and its progeny, the insureds actually received an amount equal to the liability limits of the
tortfeasor and, therefore, the courts did not directly address the question before us. See, e.g.,
Am. States Ins. Co. v. Frost, 110 N.M. 188, 189, 793 P.2d 1341, 1342 (1990); Fasulo v. State
Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 108 N.M. 807, 808, 780 P.2d 633, 634 (1989); Schmick, 103 N.M.
at 218, 704 P.2d at 1094; State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Jones, 2006-NMCA-060, ¶ 2,
139 N.M. 558, 135 P.3d 1277; Manzanares, 2006-NMCA-104, ¶ 2; Martinez v. Allstate Ins.
Co., 1997-NMCA-100, ¶ 3, 124 N.M. 36, 946 P.2d 240. Accordingly, language in those
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cases stating that an insurer’s offset should be measured by the tortfeasor’s “liability
coverage” or, alternately, by the “liability proceeds” received by the insured, is not
dispositive. See Fernandez v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 115 N.M. 622, 627, 857 P.2d 22,
27 (1993) (“The general rule is that cases are not authority for propositions not considered.”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
{11} Section 66-5-301(B) provides that “uninsured motorist coverage . . . shall include
underinsured motorist coverage.” Under the statute, an “underinsured motorist” is “an
operator of a motor vehicle with respect to the ownership, maintenance or use of which the
sum of the limits of liability under all bodily injury liability insurance applicable at the time
of the accident is less than the limits of liability under the insured’s [UIM] coverage.” Id.
Farmers claims that the statute “creates and defines UIM insurance in terms of the
tortfeasor’s full liability coverage only,” and, therefore, “UIM payments must be offset by
the full liability limits of the tortfeasor’s policy.” Defendants respond that, to effectuate the
remedial purpose of the statute, the insurer’s offset must be limited to the amount of liability
proceeds actually received by the insured.
{12} Because it is unclear whether a valid contractual exclusion for punitive damages,
such as the one at issue in this case, reduces the “limits of liability” under the tortfeasor’s
policy under Section 66-5-301(B), we consider the statute to be ambiguous. We thus turn
to the purpose of the statute in order to discern the Legislature’s intent. See Wilson v.
Denver, 1998-NMSC-016, ¶ 36, 125 N.M. 308, 961 P.2d 153 (“In order to discern the intent
of the Legislature when interpreting an ambiguous statute, we resort to well-accepted rules
of statutory construction, always striving to select the rationale that most likely accomplishes
the legislative purpose[,]or best fills a void not addressed by the Legislature.” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)).
{13} As previously explained, the purpose of Section 66-5-301
is to assure that, in the event of an accident with an underinsured vehicle, an
insured motorist entitled to compensation will receive at least the sum certain
in underinsurance coverage purchased for his or her benefit. To the extent
the amount of other available insurance proceeds from responsible
underinsured tortfeasors does not equal or exceed the amount of coverage
purchased, the UIM carrier must satisfy the difference.
Fasulo, 108 N.M. at 811, 780 P.2d at 637. In this case, $30,000 in UIM coverage has been
purchased for each Defendant’s benefit. To assure that Defendants receive at least this sum
certain in coverage, we conclude that Farmers’ offset is limited to the amount of liability
proceeds actually received by Defendants from Mid-Century.1
1
We note that the amount of punitive damages to which Defendants are entitled has
not yet been determined. For the purposes of this appeal, we assume that Defendants are
4
{14} We find support for our conclusion in Gonzales v. Millers Casualty Insurance Co.
of Texas, 923 F.2d 1417 (10th Cir. 1991), and State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.
v. Valencia, 120 N.M. 662, 905 P.2d 202 (Ct. App. 1995), which considered whether the
UIM benefits of multiple claimants whose total damages exceeded the liability coverage of
the tortfeasor’s policy should be calculated based on the tortfeasor’s policy limits, or the
amount of liability proceeds actually received by the claimants. The Tenth Circuit Court of
Appeals and this Court both concluded “that New Mexico’s uninsured/underinsured motorist
statute should be liberally construed to implement the purpose of the statute” and that
“restricting an insured to the policy limits of the tort-feasor’s liability coverage, ‘rather than
the liability proceeds actually available to a given insured [under his or her own policy]
would tend to produce the illogical . . . situation the legislators sought to avoid.’” Valencia,
120 N.M. at 665, 905 P.2d at 205 (quoting Gonzales, 923 F.2d at 1422) (alterations in
original). As a result,
in multiple-claimant situations, insured motorists who are covered under an
uninsured/underinsured motorist policy and who suffer from injuries
resulting from an automobile accident are entitled to collect up to the limit
of their underinsurance policy to the extent that their damages exceed the
amounts that the tort-feasor’s insurer has previously paid to them.
Id.
{15} In oral argument before this Court, Farmers argued that Gonzales and Valencia are
factually distinguishable from this case because Defendants seek punitive damages, which
“generally evoke less compelling concerns” than compensatory damages. Manzanares,
2006-NMCA-104, ¶ 10. In Manzanares, the plaintiff received a “total recovery of $60,000”
for bodily injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Id. ¶ 2. The tortfeasors’ policies
excluded recovery for punitive damages and, therefore, the plaintiff submitted a claim to her
own insurer for UIM benefits. Id. ¶¶ 2-3. The limit of the plaintiff’s UIM coverage was
$30,000, but the plaintiff argued that “the tortfeasors should be deemed ‘uninsured’ or
‘partially uninsured’ [rather than] ‘underinsured’[] for purposes of punitive damages.” Id.
¶¶ 3, 6.
{16} We rejected the plaintiff’s invitation to draw a distinction between punitive damages
and compensatory damages in Manzanares, noting that “New Mexico has characterized
punitive damages as deriving from actual damages.” Id. ¶ 5. Indeed, a claimant “is
generally entitled to recover punitive damages under [the claimant’s] UIM coverage”
precisely “because they are a part of [the claimant’s] bodily injury claim.” Id. Accordingly,
we held that the plaintiff’s UIM carrier was entitled to an offset in the amount of $60,000,
entitled to recover at least $30,000 in punitive damages. See Schmick, 103 N.M. at 222, 704
P.2d at 1098 (noting that an insured cannot recover more than his total damages in UIM
benefits).
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regardless of whether the tortfeasors were uninsured or underinsured, or whether the
tortfeasors’ policies excluded payment for punitive damages. Id. ¶ 9. To the extent that the
plaintiff asked this Court to create “a special exception” to the offset provisions for punitive
damages, we rejected her claim. Id. ¶ 10. We observed that it would be “illogical to create
a special rule that allows offset of UIM coverage for bodily injury damages, but does not
allow offset for punitive damages,” because “punitive damages generally evoke less
compelling concerns.” Id.
{17} Farmers’ reliance on Manzanares does not translate to this case. In Manzanares, we
expressly refused to distinguish between punitive damages and compensatory damages in
the context of a UIM claim because punitive damages “stem from bodily injury damages.”
Id. Although we noted that “punitive damages generally evoke less compelling concerns[,]”
we did so in response to the plaintiff’s request to make a special exception to the offset
provision for punitive damages only. Id. As in Manzanares, we refuse to formulate a
special rule in this case simply because Defendants seek to recover punitive damages, rather
than compensatory damages, under their UIM policy.
{18} Moreover, “[w]e must take care to avoid adoption of a construction that would render
the statute’s application absurd or unreasonable or lead to injustice or contradiction.” State
v. Nick R., 2009-NMSC-050, ¶ 11, 147 N.M. 182, 218 P.3d 868 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted). If we were to construe Section 66-5-301 to permit an offset in the
amount of a tortfeasor’s policy limits, even though the injured insured recovered less than
policy limits, it would lead to an anomalous result. Specifically, an injured insured would
be entitled to a greater recovery if he or she was in an automobile accident with a totally
uninsured driver, rather than an underinsured driver. “We doubt the [L]egislature intended
such a result when it enacted the U[I]M statute, and we doubt that our case law interpreting
the statute anticipated or would allow such an anomaly.” Jones, 2006-NMCA-060, ¶ 29
(refusing to allow a UIM carrier a contractual offset because the injured insured would be
entitled to a greater recovery if she had been hit by an uninsured driver, rather than an
underinsured driver); see Schmick, 103 N.M. at 221, 704 P.2d at 1097 (declaring a
contractual exclusion void because the injured insured would be entitled to a greater
recovery of UIM benefits if she had been hit by an uninsured driver, rather than an
underinsured driver). Accordingly, we decline to construe the statute in such an absurd
manner.
CONTRACTUAL OFFSET
{19} Farmers next claims that it is entitled to a contractual offset in the amount of the
tortfeasor’s liability limits under the plain language of the UIM policy, which provides that
“[t]he amount of [u]ninsured [m]otorist [c]overage we will pay . . . shall be reduced by the
amount of any other bodily injury coverage available to any party held to be liable for the
accident.” (Emphasis omitted.) Farmers argues that $25,000 in liability coverage was
“available” under the Mid-Century policy and, therefore, Defendants’ UIM benefits may be
reduced by this amount. Defendants respond that coverage for punitive damages was not
6
“available” under the Mid-Century policy, only coverage for compensatory damages.
Alternatively, Defendants claim that the contractual offset is void because it violates the
remedial legislative policy underlying Section 66-5-301.
{20} “Once uninsured motorist coverage is purchased, the insurance consumer is entitled
to secure the full extent of the benefit which the law requires to be offered. Attempts by
insurers to reduce this benefit by exclusion clauses are repugnant to the public policy of
protecting persons injured in automobile accidents.” Boradiansky v. State Farm Mut. Auto.
Ins. Co., 2007-NMSC-015, ¶ 10, 141 N.M. 387, 156 P.3d 25 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). Thus, contractual exclusions that conflict with the mandatory requirements
of Section 66-5-301 are void. Boradiansky, 2007-NMSC-015, ¶ 10; see Schmick, 103 N.M.
at 218, 704 P.2d at 1093 (holding that Section 66-5-301 “will be read into the [insurance]
policies and, to the extent that the policy provisions conflict with the statute, the statute
prevails”).
{21} Under Section 66-5-301, an injured insured whose total damages exceed the liability
proceeds received from the tortfeasor is entitled to recover the difference from the insured’s
UIM carrier, at least up to the limits of his UIM coverage. Accordingly, Farmers’
contractual offset is void to the extent that it purports to limit Defendants’ recovery of UIM
benefits to an amount less than the limits of their UIM coverage ($30,000 each), minus an
offset in the amount of the liability proceeds actually received by Defendants under the Mid-
Century policy.
CONCLUSION
{22} We conclude that Farmers’ offset is limited to the amount of liability proceeds
actually received by Defendants under the Mid-Century policy. Accordingly, we reverse the
judgment of the district court granting Farmers’ motion for summary judgment.
{23} IT IS SO ORDERED.
______________________________________
JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
WE CONCUR:
______________________________________
CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
______________________________________
MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
Topic Index for Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz. v. Sandoval, Docket No. 29,537
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AE APPEAL AN ERROR
AE-SR Standard of Review
IN INSURANCE
IN-ID Insurance Code
IN-IC Insurance Contract
IN-UM Uninsured or Underinsured Motorist
RE REMEDIES
RE-CO Credits and Offsets
RE-ID Indemnification
RE-PU Punitive Damages
ST STATUTES
ST-IP Interpretation
ST-LI Legislative Intent
ST-RC Rules of Construction
8