1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see
2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please
3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other
4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the
5 filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 30,514
10 MICHAEL DAVID RIVERA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY
13 John A. Dean, Jr., District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General
17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender
20 Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender
21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 WECHSLER, Judge.
1 Defendant Michael Rivera appeals his conviction for aggravated driving while
2 under the influence of an intoxicating liquor (DWI) in violation of NMSA 1978,
3 Section 66-8-102(A), (D)(3) (2008) (amended 2010). Defendant raises five issues on
4 appeal: whether (1) the district court erred in permitting the State to introduce
5 testimonial statements of a non-testifying forensic analyst through the in-court
6 testimony of a supervisor, who did not perform or observe the laboratory analysis
7 described in the statements; (2) the district court erred in finding that reasonable
8 suspicion justified the officer in stopping Defendant’s vehicle; (3) the district court
9 erred in not finding the traffic stop pretextual; (4) the State presented sufficient
10 evidence to convict Defendant of DWI; and (5) Defendant did not receive effective
11 assistance of counsel. We affirm.
12 BACKGROUND
13 On March 13, 2009, at approximately 11:30 pm, Officer TJ Brown, who had
14 been with the Bloomfield Police Department for seven years, was on routine patrol in
15 Bloomfield, New Mexico. While on patrol, he observed a vehicle with two occupants
16 driving through a neighborhood on North First Street. Officer Brown’s attention was
17 drawn to the vehicle because (1) it pulled into the apartment complex with two
18 occupants and then got back onto the road with two people still in the vehicle; (2) the
19 vehicle was traveling about five miles an hour under the speed limit, whereas most
2
1 people drove over the speed limit on that road; and (3) the vehicle was weaving within
2 its lane. Officer Brown suspected the driver of the vehicle to be driving while under
3 the influence. Officer Brown testified that he noticed the vehicle driving through a
4 neighborhood on a road that ran parallel to U.S. 64, the main road through town,
5 instead of taking U.S. 64. In Officer Brown’s experience, people avoid using the main
6 road in an effort to avoid coming into contact with him.
7 Officer Brown knew that Officer Michael Carey was on duty in Aztec, the
8 adjacent city, and called him on his cell phone and told him that he was following a
9 suspicious vehicle. Officer Brown was concerned, but he wanted more than just
10 reasonable suspicion to support a traffic stop. Officer Brown followed the vehicle in
11 a police-issued unmarked Ford Expedition for about three miles. When he reached
12 Aztec, he saw Officer Carey and signaled to him that they were approaching. Officer
13 Brown pulled into the median to turn around. As he was doing so, he saw
14 Defendant’s vehicle swerve halfway over the white line and into the shoulder of the
15 road. Officer Brown told Officer Carey what he had just observed. Officer Brown
16 activated the camera on his vehicle, but the lighting conditions and the road grade
17 were such that one could not distinguish the white line and the vehicle on the video
18 recording.
19 Officer Carey testified that his duties were to patrol the city, to investigate
3
1 crimes, and to make traffic stops for infractions. Officer Carey was in a marked patrol
2 unit, wore his full uniform, and displayed his badge of office. Officer Carey testified
3 that on the evening of March 13, 2009, Officer Brown called him and told him that he
4 had observed a suspicious vehicle and that it had crossed the white line. Officer Carey
5 stopped the vehicle for crossing the white line. Officer Carey approached the driver
6 side of the vehicle and immediately smelled alcohol coming from within the vehicle.
7 Defendant claimed that he had not been drinking. Officer Carey observed that
8 Defendant had watery eyes and slightly slurred speech. He testified that he had
9 received training in DWI investigations, including the administration of field sobriety
10 tests, and had conducted over one hundred DWI investigations. He administered three
11 tests to Defendant: the one-leg stand test; the walk-and-turn test; and the finger
12 dexterity test. He did not believe that he asked Defendant if he had any physical
13 disabilities that would impair his ability to perform the tests. He testified that
14 Defendant appeared to have a lazy eye. According to Officer Carey, Defendant failed
15 to properly perform the walk-and-turn test in that he did not count aloud, did not touch
16 heel to toe, stopped on the ninth step of the test, had to be told to turn and return, and
17 stepped off the line. He testified that during the one-leg stand test Defendant
18 exhibited two signs of intoxication: he used his hands for balance and put his foot
19 down after beginning the test. During two of the three times that the officer had
4
1 Defendant perform the finger dexterity test, Defendant did not count correctly and
2 then did not correctly count with the designated finger.
3 Based on Defendant’s physical appearance, the strong odor of alcohol, and his
4 performance on the field sobriety tests, Officer Carey placed Defendant under arrest
5 for DWI. Officer Carey advised Defendant of the Implied Consent Act (ICA)
6 advisory. Defendant refused to give a breath sample and began to argue with Officer
7 Carey. Officer Carey obtained a search warrant for a sample of Defendant’s blood
8 and transported Defendant to the hospital. Defendant stated that he was not going to
9 let them take his blood and would fight them. Defendant resisted the nurse’s efforts
10 to insert the needle for the drawing of the blood sample and resisted even more when
11 an assisting officer tried to hold him. Officer Carey threatened to use his taser and
12 Defendant then allowed the blood sample to be drawn.
13 CONFRONTATION CLAUSE AND FUNDAMENTAL ERROR
14 Defendant argues that the admission of Form 705 of the New Mexico
15 Department of Health Scientific Laboratory Division (SLD) into evidence violated his
16 rights under the confrontation clause. He asserts on appeal that his timely hearsay
17 objection was sufficient to preserve this argument. Alternatively, Defendant argues
18 that the admission of Form 705 rose to the level of fundamental error.
19 “To preserve a question for review[,] it must appear that a ruling or decision by
5
1 the district court was fairly invoked.” Rule 12-216(A) NMRA. An objection must be
2 made with “sufficient specificity to alert the mind of the trial court to the claimed
3 error” to invoke the ruling of the court upon a question or issue. State v. Lopez, 84
4 N.M. 805, 809, 508 P.2d 1292, 1296 (1973). Defendant’s objections regarding the
5 admission of Form 705 into evidence, while timely, were insufficient in terms of
6 specificity.
7 At trial, the State called Gerasimos Razatos, who works for the SLD
8 Toxicology Bureau as a drug screening supervisor. The district court recognized him
9 as an expert. Razatos testified that in this particular case he was also the reviewer of
10 the blood alcohol analysis performed by Amy Egbert, that he double checked
11 everything to make sure that all standard operating procedures were followed, and that
12 there were no transcription errors. Razatos testified that he then signed off on the
13 form to indicate that the work was performed in accordance with laboratory
14 regulations. The State moved Form 705 into evidence, and Defendant objected on
15 hearsay grounds. The court overruled the objection.
16 Defendant did not base his objection on confrontation clause grounds, and,
17 instead, he objected to the testimony at issue on hearsay grounds. In State v. Lucero,
18 104 N.M. 587, 591, 725 P.2d 266, 270 (Ct. App. 1986), we held that the defendant did
19 not preserve a confrontation clause issue by objecting on hearsay grounds. See State
6
1 v. Silva, 2008-NMSC-051, ¶ 10, 144 N.M. 815, 192 P.3d 1192 (holding that a
2 confrontation clause claim will not be preserved for appeal unless the objection during
3 trial is made with sufficient specificity). Therefore, Defendant’s hearsay objection did
4 not properly preserve his confrontation clause issue, and we review only for
5 fundamental error. See id. ¶ 11.
6 “A fundamental error occurs where there has been a miscarriage of justice, the
7 conviction shocks the conscience, or substantial justice has been denied.” State v.
8 Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ¶ 52, 145 N.M. 733, 204 P.3d 748. This Court may also
9 “conclude that a fundamental error has been committed upon a determination that a
10 trial court’s error was of such magnitude that it affected the trial outcome.” Id.
11 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The jury found Defendant guilty of
12 aggravated DWI under an impairment theory. To support Defendant’s conviction, the
13 State presented evidence demonstrating that Defendant’s driving was impaired such
14 that he was driving under the speed limit, weaving within his lane and out of his lane;
15 he smelled strongly of alcohol; his eyes were watery; his speech was slurred; he had
16 poor balance during the field sobriety tests; he was unable to follow the field sobriety
17 test instructions; he refused to comply with the ICA; and he was combative at the
18 hospital. Based on this evidence, we cannot say that Defendant’s conviction
19 “shock[ed] our conscience,” and, therefore, we decline to conclude that a fundamental
7
1 error has occurred. See id.
2 REASONABLE SUSPICION AND PRETEXTUAL STOP
3 Standard of Review
4 Defendant argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress
5 the evidence obtained as a result of the traffic stop arguing that both officers lacked
6 reasonable suspicion at the inception of the stop, or, alternatively, that if reasonable
7 suspicion existed, the stop was pretextual under State v. Ochoa (Ochoa II), 2009-
8 NMCA-002, 146 N.M. 32, 206 P.3d 143.
9 Because suppression of evidence is a mixed question of law and fact, we apply
10 a two-part review to a district court’s decision regarding a motion to suppress. See
11 State v. Jason L., 2000-NMSC-018, ¶ 10, 129 N.M. 119, 2 P.3d 856. We determine
12 “whether the law was correctly applied to the facts, viewing them in a manner most
13 favorable to the prevailing party.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
14 In doing so, we defer to the district court’s findings of facts to the extent they are
15 supported by substantial evidence. Id. We “review the application of the law to these
16 facts, including determinations of reasonable suspicion, under a de novo standard of
17 review.” State v. Patterson, 2006-NMCA-037, ¶ 13, 139 N.M. 322, 131 P.3d 1286.
18 Reasonable Suspicion
8
1 Defendant argues that Officer Brown admitted that he did not see any traffic
2 violations for the entire time he followed Defendant through Bloomfield and it was
3 not until Office Brown was turning around as Defendant approached Aztec, that he
4 saw Defendant’s vehicle swerve half way out of its lane of traffic and onto the
5 shoulder of the road. Defendant notes that the jury found Officer Brown’s testimony
6 was not credible, because it acquitted Defendant of the failure to maintain traffic lane
7 charge. Finally, Defendant asserts that Officer Carey, the arresting officer, did not see
8 any violation whatsoever. Thus, according to Defendant, both officers lacked
9 reasonable suspicion to justify the seizure of Defendant, and the district court should
10 have suppressed the evidence illegally gained from this stop.
11 Defendant was “seized” at the moment when Officer Carey stopped
12 Defendant’s vehicle. See State v. Duran, 2005-NMSC-034, ¶ 33, 138 N.M. 414, 120
13 P.3d 836 (holding that “[o]nce a motorist is stopped, he or she is seized under the
14 Fourth Amendment because his or her freedom is curtailed by official police action”),
15 overruled on other grounds by State v. Leyva, 2011-NMSC-009, 149 N.M. 435, 250
16 P.3d 861. We therefore address whether the officer had reasonable suspicion to seize
17 Defendant at the inception of the stop. See Duran, 2005-NMSC-034, ¶ 34.
18 An “[i]nvestigatory detention is permissible when there is a reasonable and
19 articulable suspicion that the law is being or has been broken.” Jason L., 2000-
9
1 NMSC-018, ¶ 20 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Reasonable
2 suspicion is defined as “a particularized suspicion, based on all the circumstances that
3 a particular individual, the one detained, is breaking, or has broken, the law.” Id.
4 “Reasonable suspicion must be based on specific articulable facts and the rational
5 inferences that may be drawn from those facts.” State v. Flores, 1996-NMCA-059,
6 ¶ 7, 122 N.M. 84, 920 P.2d 1038. “Unsupported intuition and inarticulable hunches
7 are not sufficient.” Jason L., 2000-NMSC-018, ¶ 20 (internal quotation marks and
8 citation omitted).
9 Looking at the totality of the circumstances, Officer Brown had a particularized
10 suspicion that Defendant was breaking, or had broken, the law at the inception of the
11 traffic stop. Our Supreme Court has stated that a police officer may stop a vehicle if
12 the officer has an objectively reasonable suspicion that the motorist has violated a
13 traffic law. State v. Vandenberg, 2003-NMSC-030, ¶ 21, 134 N.M. 566, 81 P.3d 19.
14 In this case, Officer Brown’s observation of Defendant’s vehicle swerving half way
15 out of its lane of traffic and onto the shoulder of the road supported a reasonable belief
16 that the driver failed to maintain his lane, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-7-317
17 (1978). Officer Brown immediately reported his observation of Defendant’s traffic
18 violation to Officer Carey. Officer Carey relied on Officer Brown’s observation and
19 stopped Defendant for driving out of his lane of traffic. Officer Carey’s stop of
10
1 Defendant was reasonable because an officer may reasonably rely on information
2 from another officer that a crime has been, or is being, committed. State v. Ochoa
3 (Ochoa I), 2008-NMSC-023, ¶ 21, 143 N.M. 749, 182 P.3d 130. Defendant’s
4 weaving within his lane of traffic, driving under the speed limit, avoiding the main
5 thoroughfare through Bloomfield, and driving half way over the white line also
6 provided the officers with reasonable suspicion to believe that as a result of
7 consuming alcohol or drugs, Defendant was less able to the slightest degree to safely
8 operate a vehicle. See § 66-8-102(A).
9 Thus, at the point Defendant was seized, Officer Brown already had observed
10 specific articulable facts that, when viewed objectively, would lead to reasonable
11 suspicion that Defendant had broken the law based on observing a traffic code
12 violation and suspicion of DWI. State v. Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 35, 146 N.M.
13 70, 206 P.3d 579 (holding that reasonable suspicion existed for a traffic stop when the
14 officer had observed the defendant violate the turn signal statute); Vandenberg, 2003-
15 NMSC-030, ¶ 21 (stating that reasonable suspicion existed for a traffic stop based on
16 the defendant’s speeding in a construction zone); State v. Prince, 2004-NMCA-127,
17 ¶ 11, 136 N.M. 521, 101 P.3d 332 (determining that reasonable suspicion existed for
18 a traffic stop when the officer observed the defendant driving in excess of the speed
19 limit).
11
1 Pretextual Stop
2 Defendant also contends that the traffic stop was illegal because it was
3 pretextual under Ochoa II. He argues that Officer Brown “wanted to launch a DWI
4 investigation, and used the failure to maintain traffic lane as the means to do so.” The
5 district court concluded that Officer Brown’s decision to initiate a traffic stop based
6 on Defendant’s crossing the line into the shoulder was not a pretext to investigate a
7 DWI.
8 In Ochoa II, a narcotics officer was investigating a residence for drug activity
9 and the presence of the defendant’s vehicle at the residence. Id. ¶ 44. The narcotics
10 officer did not issue traffic citations as a part of his duties. Id. He testified that he
11 wanted to identify and question the defendant. Id. The narcotics officer called a
12 uniformed patrol officer on the radio to see if a patrol officer would pull the defendant
13 over. Id. On the sole basis of the radio call, the patrol officer followed the defendant
14 for approximately thirteen blocks and stopped him. Id. The windows on the
15 defendant’s vehicle were tinted and, as a result, the patrol officer could not determine
16 whether the defendant was wearing a seat belt. Id. Nevertheless, because of the
17 narcotics officer’s report, the patrol officer stopped the defendant. Id. After the patrol
18 officer arrested the defendant because he immediately recognized the defendant as
19 having warrants for his arrest, the narcotics officer approached the defendant and
12
1 began questioning him about drug activity at the residence. Id.
2 This Court departed from federal constitutional law in Ochoa II and held that
3 pretextual traffic stops violate Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution.
4 Ochoa II, 2009-NMCA-002, ¶ 1. We defined a pretextual traffic stop as a “detention
5 supportable by reasonable suspicion or probable cause to believe that a traffic offense
6 has occurred, but is executed as a pretense to pursue a hunch, a different more serious
7 investigative agenda for which there is no reasonable suspicion or probable cause.”
8 Id. ¶ 25 (internal quotation marks omitted). In determining whether a traffic stop is
9 pretextual, we explained that the district court should first determine whether there
10 was reasonable suspicion or probable cause for the stop and then decide if the officer’s
11 actual motive for the stop was unrelated to the justification for the stop. Id. ¶ 40.
12 “The defendant has the burden of proof to show pretext based on the totality of the
13 circumstances” and, “[i]f the defendant has not placed substantial facts in dispute
14 indicating pretext, then the seizure is not pretextual.” Id. However, “[i]f the
15 defendant shows sufficient facts indicating the officer had an unrelated motive that
16 was not supported by reasonable suspicion or probable cause, then there is a rebuttable
17 presumption that the stop was pretextual,” and the burden shifts to the state to prove
18 that the officer would have stopped the defendant even without the alternate motive.
19 Id. We explained that the facts relevant to the totality of the circumstances may
13
1 include, but are not limited to:
2 whether the defendant was arrested for and charged with a crime
3 unrelated to the stop; the officer’s compliance or non-compliance with
4 standard police practices; whether the officer was in an unmarked car or
5 was not in uniform; whether patrolling or enforcement of the traffic code
6 were among the officer’s typical employment duties; whether the officer
7 had information, which did not rise to the level of reasonable suspicion
8 or probable cause, relating to another offense; the manner of the stop,
9 including how long the officer trailed the defendant before performing
10 the stop, how long after the alleged suspicion arose or violation was
11 committed the stop was made, how many officers were present for the
12 stop; the conduct, demeanor, and statements of the officer during the
13 stop; the relevant characteristics of the defendant; whether the objective
14 reason articulated for the stop was necessary for the protection of traffic
15 safety; and the officer’s testimony as to the reason for the stop.
16 Id. ¶ 41.
17 In this case, having already decided that the district court properly found that
18 there was reasonable suspicion for the traffic stop based on traffic violations, we now
19 address whether Defendant met his burden of showing pretext by presenting
20 “sufficient facts indicating the officer had an unrelated motive that was not supported
21 by reasonable suspicion or probable cause.” Id. ¶ 40.
22 Defendant argues that the following facts establish pretext: (1) as in Ochoa II,
23 the first police officer radioed another police officer to pull the driver over; (2) also
24 as in Ochoa II, the second officer did not see the alleged traffic violation; and (3) the
25 first officer did not see any traffic violations the entire time he followed Defendant
26 through Bloomfield, but believed Defendant was driving while under the influence.
14
1 An analysis of the Ochoa II pretext indicators supports the district court’s rejection
2 of Defendant’s pretext claim.
3 The first Ochoa II factor is “whether . . . [D]efendant was arrested for and
4 charged with a crime unrelated to the stop.” Id. ¶ 41. Officers are not precluded from
5 observing and following an individual based on their speculation or hunch regarding
6 potential criminal activity, so long as they do so within the confines of constitutional
7 protections. Officer Brown did not stop Defendant immediately based on his initial
8 observations of Defendant’s suspicious behavior and instead followed Defendant to
9 investigate further. Officer Brown’s initial observations regarding Defendant being
10 under the influence were substantiated by his further observation of Defendant
11 committing a traffic violation, which he communicated immediately to Officer Carey.
12 Defendant was charged with aggravated DWI; failure to maintain traffic lane; driving
13 while license suspended or revoked; and driving without insurance. Even if
14 Defendant’s charges were not directly related to the stop, they were offenses
15 subsequently discovered during Defendant’s encounter with the officers. Defendant’s
16 erratic driving was not unrelated to the subsequent discovery of his other charges.
17 Leyva, 2011-NMSC-009, ¶ 23 (holding that “[a]n officer may expand the scope of a
18 traffic stop beyond the initial reason for the stop and prolong the detention if the
19 driver’s responses and the circumstances give rise to a reasonable suspicion that
15
1 criminal activity unrelated to the stop is afoot” (internal quotation marks and citation
2 omitted)).
3 The second factor is “the officer’s compliance or non-compliance with standard
4 police practices[.]” Ochoa II, 2009-NMCA-002, ¶ 41. No testimony was elicited to
5 suggest that either officer failed to comply with standard police practices.
6 The third and fourth factors are “whether the officer was in an unmarked car or
7 was not in uniform” and “whether patrolling or enforcement of the traffic code [was]
8 among the officer’s typical employment duties[.]” Id. On the night in question,
9 Officer Brown testified that he was conducting routine patrol in his unmarked
10 assigned unit. Enforcement of the traffic code fell within his employment duties.
11 The fifth factor is “whether the officer had information, which did not rise to
12 the level of reasonable suspicion or probable cause, relating to another offense[.]”
13 Id. Officer Brown’s observations stated in his testimony provide both officers with
14 reasonable suspicion to believe Defendant was driving while under the influence.
15 Specifically, the information included: (1) Defendant was consistently driving five
16 miles per hour below the speed limit; (2) Defendant was weaving within his lane of
17 traffic; (3) Defendant was taking a side road out of town that ran parallel to the main
18 road; and (4) Defendant drove half way out of his lane of traffic and onto the shoulder.
19 Once Defendant was stopped, the reason behind Defendant’s erratic driving became
16
1 apparent. Defendant exhibited familiar signs of intoxication and failed the three
2 sobriety tests administered by Officer Carey.
3 The sixth and seventh factors are “the manner of the stop, including how long
4 the officer trailed . . . [D]efendant before performing the stop, how long after the
5 alleged suspicion arose or violation was committed the stop was made, how many
6 officers were present for the stop” and “the conduct, demeanor, and statements of the
7 officer during the stop[.]” Id. Officer Brown testified that he followed Defendant for
8 approximately three miles, during which time he observed Defendant weave within
9 his lane of traffic, drive under the speed limit, and drive his vehicle half way out of
10 his lane and onto the shoulder. Although Officer Brown believed that Defendant was
11 driving while under the influence, he further testified that he waited to pull Defendant
12 over until he had probable cause and not just reasonable suspicion. Officers Carey
13 and Brown were present during the traffic stop. However, unlike the facts in Ochoa
14 II, there was no evidence that either Officer Brown or Carey questioned Defendant
15 about matters unrelated to his driving.
16 The eighth factor concerns Defendant’s “relevant characteristics.” Id.
17 Defendant had a strong odor of alcohol, his eyes were watery, and his speech was
18 slightly slurred. This factor demonstrates the reasonableness of the decision to
19 conduct a DWI investigation.
17
1 The ninth factor is “whether the objective reason articulated for the stop was
2 necessary for the protection of traffic safety.” Id. Defendant’s erratic driving posed
3 a danger to himself and to others on the roadway.
4 The tenth factor is the “officer’s testimony as to the reason for the stop.” Id.
5 Officer Carey stopped Defendant for failure to maintain his lane. Officer Brown
6 wanted Defendant stopped to investigate why Defendant failed to maintain his lane
7 of traffic and to investigate his reasonable suspicion that Defendant was driving while
8 under the influence of intoxicating alcohol or drugs. Unlike the facts in Ochoa II,
9 there was no evidence that Officer Carey was asked to perform a stop of Defendant’s
10 vehicle so that a matter unrelated to Defendant’s erratic driving could be investigated.
11 The totality of the circumstances in this case indicates that there was no
12 unrelated motive; rather, the motive throughout the entire encounter was a belief that
13 Defendant was under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Therefore, the officer’s initial
14 motive for following the vehicle matched the “objective existence of reasonable
15 suspicion.” Cf. id. ¶¶ 40, 43-46 (holding a stop to be pretextual when the stop was
16 initiated to investigate the defendant’s involvement in drug activity, a motive
17 unrelated to the seatbelt violation that was the objective justification for the stop).
18 Accordingly, Defendant has failed to establish a rebuttable presumption that the stop
19 was pretextual.
18
1 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
2 Standard of Review
3 Defendant next argues that the State presented insufficient evidence that
4 Defendant was driving while impaired by alcohol. In reviewing a claim of insufficient
5 evidence, this Court must determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct
6 or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
7 with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v. Duran, 2006-NMSC-
8 035, ¶ 5, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
9 Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
10 adequate to support a conclusion.” State v. Wildgrube, 2003-NMCA-108, ¶ 3, 134
11 N.M. 262, 75 P.3d 862 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In applying
12 this standard, this Court “review[s] the evidence in the light most favorable to the
13 guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the
14 evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 29, 144 N.M.
15 305, 187 P.3d 170 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In reviewing the
16 evidence, the relevant question is whether “any rational jury could have found each
17 element of the crime to be established beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Garcia,
18 114 N.M. 269, 274, 837 P.2d 862, 867 (1992). The reviewing court does not
19
1 substitute its judgment for that of the jury: “[c]ontrary evidence supporting acquittal
2 does not provide a basis for reversal because the jury is free to reject [the d]efendant’s
3 version of the facts.” State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d
4 829. Nor will this Court “evaluate the evidence to determine whether some
5 hypothesis could be designed which is consistent with a finding of innocence.” State
6 v. Graham, 2005-NMSC-004, ¶ 13, 137 N.M. 197, 109 P.3d 285 (internal quotation
7 marks and citation omitted).
8 Defendant was convicted of DWI under Section 66-8-102(A), which reads “[i]t
9 is unlawful for a person who is under the influence of intoxicating liquor to drive a
10 vehicle within this state.” Our case law and our Supreme Court’s Uniform Jury
11 Instruction have phrased this statutory language as follows:
12 A person is under the influence of intoxicating liquor if as a result of
13 drinking liquor [the driver] was less able to the slightest degree, either
14 mentally or physically, or both, to exercise the clear judgment and steady
15 hand necessary to handle a vehicle with safety to [the driver] and the
16 public.
17 State v. Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-109, ¶ 6, 131 N.M. 355, 36 P.3d 446 (alteration in
18 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
19 This Court has upheld convictions under the foregoing standard in cases
20 analogous to the one at hand. See State v. Soto, 2007-NMCA-077, ¶¶ 3, 4, 34, 142
21 N.M. 32, 162 P.3d 187 (holding that there was sufficient evidence of DWI under the
20
1 impaired-to-the-slightest-degree standard even though the officers observed no
2 irregular driving, the defendant’s behavior was not irregular, he was cooperative, and
3 no field sobriety tests were conducted, given that the defendant “had red, bloodshot,
4 and watery eyes, as well as slurred speech and a very strong odor of alcohol on his
5 breath[,]” the defendant admitted drinking, the officers observed several empty cans
6 of beer where the defendant had been, and the officer opined that the defendant was
7 intoxicated); State v. Gutierrez, 1996-NMCA-001, ¶ 4, 121 N.M. 191, 909 P.2d 751
8 (holding that there was sufficient evidence to convict under Section 66-8-102(A)
9 when the defendant “was weaving into other traffic lanes; [the d]efendant narrowly
10 missed hitting a truck; [the d]efendant smelled of alcohol and had bloodshot, watery
11 eyes; [the d]efendant failed three field sobriety tests; [the d]efendant admitted drinking
12 alcohol and smoking marijuana; and the officers believed that [the d]efendant was
13 intoxicated”); State v. Ruiz, 120 N.M. 534, 535, 540, 903 P.2d 845, 846, 851 (Ct. App.
14 1995) (upholding the district court’s conclusion that there was sufficient evidence of
15 DWI under the impaired-to-the-slightest-degree standard when the defendant's vehicle
16 weaved out of its lane, the defendant had watery, bloodshot eyes, smelled of alcohol,
17 had slurred speech, admitted drinking, and performed field sobriety tests with mixed
18 results), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Martinez, 2007-NMSC-025, 141
19 N.M. 713, 160 P.3d 894.
21
1 Defendant argues that Officer Carey did not see any traffic violations
2 whatsoever and that Officer Brown followed Defendant for miles through Bloomfield
3 and into Aztec and did not observe any traffic violations. Additionally, Defendant
4 argues that Officer Brown’s testimony that Defendant swerved into the shoulder as
5 they were entering Aztec was not credible, as evidenced by the jury’s acquittal, and
6 that none of the other observations testified to by Officer Brown were illegal or
7 dangerous. Moreover, Defendant argues that the officers’ testimony describing
8 Defendant’s performance on the field sobriety tests and his driving are of minimal
9 probative value on the issue of impairment because they are equally consistent with
10 not being impaired. Thus, Defendant argues that the evidence presented was
11 insufficient to prove Defendant’s driving was impaired to the slightest degree.
12 As we have discussed, the district court had before it Officer Brown’s and
13 Officer Carey’s observations of Defendant's erratic driving, his appearance, and his
14 behavior. The jury heard evidence that Defendant was initially weaving within his
15 lane of traffic, driving five miles under the posted speed limit, and drove his vehicle
16 half way out of his lane of traffic into the shoulder and back. The jury also heard
17 evidence that Defendant exhibited the familiar signs of intoxication that included
18 having a strong odor of alcohol, watery eyes, and slurred speech. The jury considered
19 the evidence about Defendant’s poor performance of the field sobriety tests, that he
22
1 refused to comply with the ICA, and that he was combative at the hospital.
2 Given the evidence, the factfinder could rely on common knowledge and
3 experience to determine whether Defendant was under the influence of alcohol. See
4 State v. Baldwin, 2001-NMCA-063, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 705, 30 P.3d 394 (pointing out
5 that a factfinder can rely on “human experience” in deciding whether a defendant was
6 under the influence and could “drive an automobile in a prudent manner”). This Court
7 recognizes that it is for the factfinder to resolve any conflict in the testimony of
8 witnesses and to determine where the weight and credibility lay. State v. Salas, 1999-
9 NMCA-099, ¶ 13, 127 N.M. 686, 986 P.2d 482.
10 Viewing all the evidence in the record in a light most favorable to the verdict,
11 a rational jury could draw reasonable inferences that Defendant was the driver of the
12 vehicle and that he was less able “to the slightest degree . . . to exercise the clear
13 judgment . . . necessary to handle a vehicle.” Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-109, ¶ 6 (internal
14 quotation marks and citation omitted). The jury resolved conflicts in the evidence and
15 questions of credibility in favor of guilt, thereby rejecting Defendant’s argument that
16 he was driving safely. Defendant’s conviction of DWI is supported by sufficient
17 evidence in the record.
18 INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
19 In a separate hearing on December 15, 2009, Defendant informed the court of
23
1 some of the issues he was having with his attorney, including disclosure of what he
2 believed to be privileged information. The court did not find that Defendant’s rights
3 had been violated. During the trial on January 12, 2010, defense counsel informed the
4 court that he and Defendant were having a disagreement about whether to play the
5 DVD from Officer Brown’s dashboard camera. Defendant believed that because it did
6 not show that he was unable to maintain his lane, the jury would see that the officer
7 did not have probable cause to stop him. The court explained that probable cause is
8 not a jury question and that the question of probable cause had been decided at the
9 suppression hearing. The court ultimately decided that it was a tactical decision for
10 defense counsel to make. Prior to sentencing, Defendant and defense counsel
11 informed the court that Defendant was dissatisfied with his counsel.
12 The framework for evaluating a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is
13 well established. Following Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), we
14 require Defendant to show, first, that his counsel’s performance was deficient and,
15 second, that this deficiency prejudiced his defense. Lytle v. Jordan, 2001-NMSC-016,
16 ¶ 25, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666. The burden remains with Defendant to establish
17 each element. Id. When an ineffective assistance claim is first raised on direct appeal,
18 we evaluate the facts that are part of the record. Cf. State v. Telles, 1999-NMCA-013,
19 ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 593, 973 P.2d 845 (“Without a record, we cannot consider [the
24
1 d]efendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal.”). If facts
2 necessary to a full determination are not part of the record, an ineffective assistance
3 claim is more properly brought through a habeas corpus petition, although an
4 appellate court may remand a case for an evidentiary hearing if the defendant makes
5 a prima facie case of ineffective assistance. See State v. Martinez, 1996-NMCA-109,
6 ¶ 25, 122 N.M. 476, 927 P.2d 31; State v. Swavola, 114 N.M. 472, 475, 840 P.2d
7 1238, 1241 (Ct. App. 1992). In this case, there is no need to remand the case because
8 all of the facts necessary to evaluate the claim are part of the record on appeal.
9 Defense counsel’s performance is deficient if “counsel’s representation fell
10 below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Lytle, 2001-NMSC-016, ¶ 26
11 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In determining whether a particular
12 counsel’s performance was deficient, an appellate court should presume that the
13 performance fell within a “wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id.
14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Indeed, if on appeal we can conceive
15 of a reasonable trial tactic which would explain the counsel’s performance, we will
16 not find ineffective assistance.” State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 21, 132 N.M.
17 657, 54 P.3d 61.
18 Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is based on three grounds.
19 First, Defendant asserts that trial counsel was ineffective because counsel failed to
25
1 introduce and show the jury the DVD introduced during the suppression hearing as
2 State’s Exhibit 1. Defendant claims that the DVD from the dashboard camera did not
3 show any traffic violations by Defendant, as admitted by Officer Brown. When the
4 issue of the DVD arose at trial, defense counsel informed the district court that he
5 reviewed the video, that the video was vague and ambivalent, and that he did not
6 believe the video would help Defendant. The record supports the finding that defense
7 counsel’s conduct was based on strategy, thus this claim is insufficient to support
8 Defendant’s position. See id.
9 The second ground upon which Defendant bases his ineffective assistance of
10 counsel claim concerns the fact that counsel did not explore the inconsistencies within
11 the officers’ testimony, including the distance between the two cities, the location
12 where Officer Carey was waiting, and the location of the stop. However, Defendant
13 has not cited record evidence to support how the officers’ testimony was inconsistent.
14 See Santa Fe Exploration Co. v. Oil Conservation Comm’n, 114 N.M. 103, 108, 835
15 P.2d 819, 824 (1992) (stating that we will not consider arguments based on factual
16 allegations that are unsupported by citation to the record). Thus, we decline to
17 consider this argument.
18 The third ground upon which Defendant bases his ineffective assistance of
19 counsel claim is that defense counsel did not call Defendant’s witnesses regarding the
26
1 preliminary hearing. The decision to call a witness is a matter of trial tactics and
2 strategy. State v. Harrison, 2000-NMSC-022, ¶ 63, 129 N.M. 328, 7 P.3d 478.
3 Therefore, a prima facie case has not been established as to this claim.
4 Finally, Defendant asserts that his trial attorney was unable to provide effective
5 representation because the attorney-client relationship had broken down, as evidenced
6 by the record. Defendant has not shown how the break down in the attorney-client
7 relationship prejudiced his defense. A prima facie case of ineffective assistance of
8 counsel is not shown on mere speculation of prejudice. See In re Ernesto M., Jr.,
9 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318 (“An assertion of prejudice is
10 not a showing of prejudice.”).
11 CONCLUSION
12 For the foregoing reasons, this Court affirms Defendant’s convictions.
13 IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 _______________________________
15 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
27
1 WE CONCUR:
2 __________________________________
3 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
4 _________________________________
5 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
28