1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
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6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. No. 30,204
10 MARCELLO SILVA, JR.,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY
13 Sandra A. Grisham, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Margaret McLean, Assistant Attorney General
16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Liane E. Kerr
19 Albuquerque, NM
20 for Appellant
21 MEMORANDUM OPINION
22 SUTIN, Judge.
23 Defendant Marcello Silva, Jr. appeals a conviction of one count of aggravated
24 stalking based on violation of a protective order, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-
1 3A-3.1 (1997). Defendant argues that (1) the State improperly commented on his
2 silence during its rebuttal argument, thereby depriving him of due process and
3 improperly shifting the burden of proof; (2) the district court erroneously denied his
4 requested jury instruction; (3) the court erred in allowing the victim to testify as to
5 past conduct; (4) the court erred in allowing a police officer to testify as an expert;
6 (5) there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction; and (6) the court erred
7 in ordering Defendant to pay child support as part of the terms of probation. We hold
8 that the State’s comment during rebuttal argument was a permissible response to
9 Defendant’s closing argument; the jury instruction offered by Defendant was not
10 supported by the evidence, therefore its rejection was proper; the district court did not
11 abuse its discretion in allowing the testimony of Victim or of the officer; there was
12 sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s conviction; and the district court was
13 acting within its discretion by ordering Defendant to pay child support as part of the
14 terms of probation. We affirm.
15 BACKGROUND
16 This case arose from phone calls made by Defendant to R.O. (Victim) in May
17 and June 2008, during which Defendant made repeated threats to Victim, including
18 threats to kill her. Defendant and Victim, who were not married, had known each
19 other for seven years and had three children together. The district court issued an
2
1 order of protection in January 2007 following an incident of Defendant holding a
2 knife to Victim’s throat. At a subsequent hearing, which Defendant attended, the
3 order of protection was made permanent. According to the order of protection,
4 Defendant was not permitted to contact Victim except in the case of a medical
5 emergency involving the children. An attachment to the order of protection granted
6 full temporary custody to Victim, for the duration of Defendant’s incarceration,
7 expired in July 2007.
8 Some of the recorded telephone calls Defendant had made to Victim were
9 played for the jury. Additionally, Victim testified as to the comments made by
10 Defendant during the phone calls. Defendant’s comments included telling Victim that
11 she could not keep his children from him and that she better watch herself if she knew
12 what was good for her. Defendant also made explicit threats to kill or shoot Victim
13 and referenced a “thirty-thirty,” which Victim knew to be a gun, and which comments
14 she interpreted as threats to her life.
15 I. Prosecutor’s Rebuttal Comment
16 Defendant did not present any witnesses or evidence at trial. In closing
17 argument, his counsel presented the theory of Defendant’s case, which was that
18 Defendant did not know the order of protection was in effect when he made the phone
19 calls. Defense counsel urged the jury to find that, based on the fact that the
3
1 attachment expired in July 2007, one might easily be confused into thinking that the
2 entire order had expired at that time. Defense counsel further argued that the State
3 failed to meet its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant
4 knowingly violated the order of protection. The phone calls at issue did not contain
5 any such acknowledgment of the order of protection by either party, and Defendant’s
6 counsel argued that, as a result, they did not establish Defendant’s knowledge.
7 In rebuttal, the prosecution asked the members of the jury to rely on what they
8 heard from witnesses and reminded the jurors that they had been instructed not to base
9 their verdict on speculation, guess, or conjecture. The prosecution stated that there
10 was not one scintilla of evidence that Defendant did not know that the order of
11 protection was in place. Defense counsel objected to this latter comment, the
12 objection was overruled, and the State reiterated its argument that there was no
13 evidence that Defendant did not know that the order of protection was in place when
14 he made the phone calls.
15 Two days after his trial ended, Defendant moved the district court for a new
16 trial. In support of this motion, Defendant argued that the State’s comment that
17 Defendant had presented “not one scintilla of evidence” of a “knowing violation” was
18 an impermissible comment on his silence at trial. Defendant also argued that the
19 comment constituted improper burden shifting when Defendant has no burden of
4
1 proof in a criminal trial. In denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial, the district
2 court found that the State’s remark was made in response to the argument made by
3 Defendant’s counsel that, because defense counsel did not understand the end date of
4 the order of protection upon first reading, neither did Defendant. The district court
5 also found that the prosecutor’s argument had been “that the only evidence of
6 knowledge before the jury was that . . . [D]efendant was present at the hearing, was
7 served with the order, and that the order . . . [had] not expire[d].” The district court
8 found that the comment, rather than constituting a remark on Defendant’s silence, was
9 made to emphasize that the only competent evidence before the jury was that
10 Defendant had knowledge of the order of protection. On appeal, Defendant renews
11 the arguments made in his motion for a new trial.
12 The district court is “in the best position to assess the impact of any
13 questionable comment” and is therefore afforded “broad discretion in managing
14 closing argument.” State v. Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 25, 147 N.M. 351, 223 P.3d
15 348. The jury verdict and the district court’s judgment will be reversed “[o]nly in the
16 most exceptional circumstances[.]” Id. Whether a prosecutor’s remarks constituted
17 an impermissible comment on a defendant’s silence is a question of constitutional law,
18 which we review de novo. See State v. DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶¶ 4-6, 139 N.M.
19 211, 131 P.3d 61.
5
1 “The Fifth Amendment protects a defendant’s decision not to testify at trial
2 from prosecutorial comment.” Id. ¶ 12. In determining whether a prosecutor’s
3 remarks were a comment on a defendant’s silence, we consider “whether the language
4 used was manifestly intended to be or was of such a character that the jury would
5 naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the accused’s exercise of his or
6 her right to remain silent.” Id. ¶ 8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
7 “As a general rule, a reference by the prosecution to the defendant’s silence will be
8 reversible error.” State v. Henry, 101 N.M. 266, 267, 681 P.2d 51, 52 (1984).
9 Defendant relies on two cases in which our Supreme Court found the
10 prosecutors’ comments to be impermissible comments on the defendants’ silence.
11 Those cases are State v. Gutierrez, 2007-NMSC-033, 142 N.M. 1, 162 P.3d 156, and
12 DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011. In Gutierrez, the Court held that a prosecutorial comment
13 on the defendant’s refusal to submit to a polygraph test was an impermissible
14 comment on his right to silence and thereby constituted reversible error. 2007-
15 NMSC-033, ¶¶ 17, 37. In DeGraff, the prosecutor made repeated references to the
16 fact that the defendant did not contact police immediately after he allegedly killed
17 someone in self-defense. 2006-NMSC-011, ¶¶ 3-5. The prosecutorial comments
18 suggested to the jury that the defendant used the three-week interval between the
19 killing and his statement to police to fabricate a story. Id. ¶ 5. The Court concluded
6
1 that the prosecutor’s comments regarding the defendant’s failure to make a statement
2 to police immediately after the incident and in the three weeks that followed was a
3 comment on both pre- and post-arrest silence. Id. ¶ 10. The DeGraff Court
4 determined, however, that the prosecutor’s comments did not rise to fundamental error
5 and therefore affirmed the defendant’s convictions. Id. ¶ 40.
6 Unlike the prosecutors in Gutierrez and DeGraff, here, the prosecutor did not
7 comment directly on Defendant’s silence. Nor are we persuaded that “the language
8 used was manifestly intended to be or was of such a character that the jury would
9 naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the accused’s exercise of his or
10 her right to remain silent.” DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 8 (internal quotation marks
11 and citation omitted). Rather, in our view, the prosecutor’s comment was permissible
12 as it was responsive to defense counsel’s argument and explicit reference to the
13 absence of proof that Defendant knew the order of protection was still in place. See
14 Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 33 (explaining that “we are least likely to find error where
15 the defense has opened the door to the prosecutor’s comments by its own argument
16 or reference to facts not in evidence” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
17 By pointing out that the State did not present evidence that Defendant knew the order
18 of protection was in place when he made the phone calls, defense counsel opened the
19 door for a direct rebuttal to that comment, which was that there was also no evidence
7
1 proving that Defendant thought the order had expired. See id. ¶ 23 (stating that a
2 prosecutor responding to defense counsel’s closing argument is an appropriate use of
3 rebuttal). Therefore, we reject Defendant’s assertion that the prosecutor’s remark, that
4 there was not one scintilla of evidence to prove that Defendant did not know the order
5 of protection was in effect, constituted an impermissible comment on his silence.
6 II. Jury Instruction
7 Defendant’s second argument on appeal is that the district court erred in
8 denying his requested instruction on the elements of aggravated stalking. We review
9 the district court’s rejection of Defendant’s submitted jury instruction de novo
10 “because it is closer to a determination of law than a determination of fact.” State v.
11 Ellis, 2008-NMSC-032, ¶ 14, 144 N.M. 253, 186 P.3d 245 (internal quotation marks
12 and citation omitted). “We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the giving
13 of the requested instruction.” State v. Hill, 2001-NMCA-094, ¶ 5, 131 N.M. 195, 34
14 P.3d 139.
15 With regard to aggravated stalking, the jury was instructed as follows:
16 For you to find . . . [D]efendant guilty of aggravated stalking as
17 charged in Count 1, the [S]tate must prove to your satisfaction beyond
18 a reasonable doubt each of the following elements of the crime:
19 1. [Defendant] committed the crime of stalking;
8
1 2. At the time of the offense[, Defendant] knowingly
2 violated a permanent or temporary order of
3 protection issued by a court[.]
4 UJI 14-333 NMRA.
5 Defendant argues that this instruction was erroneous insofar as it excluded the
6 parenthetical language of UJI 14-333(2) which follows “issued by a court” with “(and
7 the victim did not also violate the court order)[.]” In Defendant’s view, by virtue of
8 answering the phone and talking to him, Victim encouraged and participated in the
9 violation of the protective order. As such, Defendant argues, he was entitled to
10 present a defense that the violation was mutual.
11 The district court denied Defendant’s request to add the parenthetical language
12 on two grounds. First, the order of protection was non-mutual, it did not order Victim
13 to do or refrain from doing anything, and because Victim was a passive recipient of
14 the phone calls and was not ordered not to talk to him. We agree that the order of
15 protection did not apply to Victim, as such, she did not violate the order by answering
16 the phone. As the evidence does not support the requested parenthetical language, it
17 was not error for the district court to refuse its inclusion in the jury instruction. Cf.
18 State v. Nieto, 2000-NMSC-031, ¶ 16, 129 N.M. 688, 12 P.3d 442 (stating that a
19 defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on his theory of the case if his theory is
20 supported by the evidence).
9
1 We will not address Defendant’s assertion on appeal that he was denied due
2 process because the jury was not instructed that, in order to find him guilty, it needed
3 to also find that he knew the order of protection was in effect. In his brief in chief,
4 Defendant does not support this assertion with citations to relevant case law, nor does
5 he develop an argument on the issue. See Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-
6 NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d 1076 (holding that this Court “will not
7 review unclear arguments[] or guess at what [a party’s] arguments might be” and
8 neither will we review arguments that are inadequately developed); see also ITT Educ.
9 Servs., Inc. v. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 1998-NMCA-078, ¶ 10, 125 N.M. 244, 959
10 P.2d 969 (explaining that this Court will not consider propositions that are
11 unsupported by citation to authority).
12 III. Victim’s Testimony
13 Defendant claims that the court abused its discretion by allowing Victim to
14 testify regarding prior acts of domestic violence perpetrated by Defendant because the
15 testimony served only to establish that he was “a bad person.” Prior to the
16 presentation of the State’s case, Defendant objected to the State going into
17 Defendant’s prior acts of domestic violence against Victim, arguing that the probative
18 value of such testimony would be outweighed by prejudice. The district court
19 overruled the objection based on a finding that summarized the language of the jury
10
1 instruction pertaining to stalking. The jury instruction required the jury to find, in
2 pertinent part, that:
3 1. . . . [D]efendant maliciously pursued a pattern of conduct that
4 would cause a reasonable person to feel frightened, intimidated[,] or
5 threatened on more than one occasion by:
6 harassing [Victim];
7 2. . . . [D]efendant intended to place [Victim] in reasonable
8 apprehension of death or bodily harm[.]
9 UJI 14-331 NMRA. The district court held that the “reasonable person” would have
10 to be a person confronted with the same facts as those confronting Victim and based
11 on her prior experience and in light of the history, such that the person would feel
12 threatened by the comments Defendant made over the phone.
13 Victim testified that Defendant in the past had threatened her, hit her, held a
14 knife to her throat, and held a gun to her head. Victim also testified that she felt
15 terrified knowing that Defendant continued making threats to her even when he was
16 in jail because if anything were to happen to her, her children would be left without
17 their mother.
18 We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to admit or exclude
19 evidence. State v. Johnson, 2010-NMSC-016, ¶ 40, 148 N.M. 50, 229 P.3d 523.
20 “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs[,] or acts is not admissible to prove the character
11
1 of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” Rule 11-404(B). “It
2 may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
3 intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity[,] or absence of mistake or accident.”
4 Id. “The list of allowable purposes found in the second sentence of Rule 11-404(B)
5 is not exclusive, but is illustrative.” State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 22, 141
6 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828.
7 In reviewing the admission of evidence of prior bad acts, the issue “is whether
8 there is a probative use of the evidence that is not based on the proposition that a bad
9 person is more likely to commit a crime.” State v. Jones, 120 N.M. 185, 188, 899
10 P.2d 1139, 1142 (Ct. App. 1995). Under these circumstances, the evidence of prior
11 acts of domestic violence was introduced for the allowable purpose of providing the
12 jury with sufficient information to determine whether, in light of Victim’s and
13 Defendant’s history, it was reasonable that Victim would feel frightened, intimidated,
14 or threatened by Defendant’s phone comments. Further, the evidence was introduced
15 for the additional allowable purpose of proving that Defendant’s intent in making the
16 threatening phone calls was to place Victim in apprehension of death or serious bodily
17 harm.
18 Our inquiry continues, however, because despite the relevance of other-acts
19 evidence to something other than propensity, we must evaluate the potential for
12
1 prejudice to this Defendant in excess of the probative value under Rule 11-403
2 NMRA. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 22. Defendant argues that “it is clear the
3 testimony only served to establish that . . . Defendant was a bad person.” We
4 disagree. For reasons already stated, we hold that the evidence served a probative
5 purpose besides propensity. Defendant has not explained how the evidence was more
6 prejudicial than probative, and we do not believe the district court abused its
7 discretion in admitting the prior-acts evidence.
8 IV. Officer’s Testimony
9 Officer David Gallegos of the Ruidoso Police Department testified at trial. He
10 testified that he had twenty years of experience in law enforcement and that over the
11 course of his career he had investigated hundreds of domestic violence incidents.
12 Officer Gallegos also testified that he had six years of special training in domestic
13 violence and that he was certified to train other police officers on the subject. The
14 special training included seven or eight classroom days taught by experts in domestic
15 violence, doctors, psychiatrists, and lawyers. Officer Gallegos was dispatched to
16 Victim’s home in June 2008, having been told that Victim wanted to file a complaint
17 against Defendant. The officer testified that Victim exhibited a range of emotions
18 from being clear and articulate to emotional and angry, which he described as
19 common in domestic violence cases. He also testified as to the taped phone calls,
13
1 explaining that the content of the tapes is what officers experience when they walk
2 into a person’s house to deal with a domestic violence situation. Over Defendant’s
3 objection, Officer Gallegos testified that, in his experience, the anger exhibited by
4 Victim in the taped phone calls reflected a domestic violence relationship that had
5 reached a point where emotions are high and the pain of the relationship is so deep,
6 you will often hear “the explosion.” He further testified that, in his experience, it was
7 “very common” for a domestic violence victim to accept phone calls from the abuser.
8 Officer Gallegos also testified that, in his experience, the point at which a victim
9 separates from an abuser is the most dangerous and violent period for the domestic
10 violence victim. Finally, Officer Gallegos testified as to the content of the order of
11 protection, which was presented to him by the State for his review.
12 Defendant argues on appeal that Officer Gallegos’s testimony was improper
13 expert testimony offered under the “cloak of lay opinion.” The State contends that the
14 officer provided relevant lay opinion testimony.
15 Relying on State v. Woodward, 121 N.M. 1, 10, 908 P.2d 231, 240 (1995), aff’d
16 in part, rev’d in part on other grounds by Woodward v. Williams, 263 F.3d 1135 (10th
17 Cir. 2001), the State contends that it met the foundational requirements under Rule 11-
18 701. In Woodward, our Supreme Court explained that “the foundation required for
19 admitting [Rule 11-701] evidence is a showing of first-hand knowledge on the part of
14
1 the witness, and a rational connection between the observations made and the opinion
2 formed.” 121 N.M. at 10, 908 P.2d at 240 (internal quotation marks and citation
3 omitted). “If these two requirements are present and the witness’s opinion might be
4 helpful in the determination of the facts in issue, the opinion is admissible.” Id.
5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The Woodward Court further
6 explained that “[t]he requirement of a rational basis is satisfied if the opinion or
7 inference is one which a normal person would form on the basis of the observed
8 facts.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
9 Here, Officer Gallegos was present at Victim’s home in June 2008 after Victim
10 called the police to file a report regarding the phone calls she received from
11 Defendant. The officer’s testimony regarding the content of the recorded phone calls
12 and whether it was common for victims of domestic violence to answer phone calls
13 from the abuser was based on his experience investigating “hundreds” of domestic
14 violence cases. Defense counsel did not take the opportunity to call this testimony
15 into question on cross-examination.
16 Defendant did not address Rule 11-701 in his brief in chief, and he did not file
17 a reply brief to address the issue or to point out any errors in the State’s argument that
18 the testimony was admissible as the opinion of a lay witness. Therefore, we determine
19 that Defendant has conceded that the testimony was properly admitted under Rule 11-
15
1 701. See State v. Templeton, 2007-NMCA-108, ¶ 22, 142 N.M. 369, 165 P.3d 1145
2 (recognizing that “the failure to respond to contentions made in an answer brief
3 constitutes a concession on the matter (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
4 Having been presented with no argument to the contrary, we hold that the admission
5 of Officer Gallegos’s testimony as the opinion of a lay witness was not obviously
6 erroneous, arbitrary, or unwarranted. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
7 this matter.
8 V. Sufficiency of the Evidence
9 Defendant’s next contention is that there was insufficient evidence to support
10 the jury’s verdict. Following the conclusion of the State’s case, Defendant’s counsel
11 requested that the district court direct a verdict based on Defendant’s argument that
12 there was no evidence that he knew of the order of protection or that he knew the
13 order was still in effect. Defense counsel further based Defendant’s argument on
14 Victim’s alleged complicity in the order of protection as evidenced by the fact that she
15 engaged in the phone calls. Defendant renews these arguments on appeal.
16 We review sufficiency of the evidence claims under a substantial evidence
17 standard of review. State v. Chavez, 2009-NMSC-035, ¶ 11, 146 N.M. 434, 211 P.3d
18 891. We ask “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
19 prosecution, any rational [fact finder] could have found the essential elements of the
16
1 crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
2 “In performing this review, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to
3 the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the
4 evidence in favor of the verdict.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
5 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and to the guilty
6 verdict, we determine that a reasonable fact finder could have found, beyond a
7 reasonable doubt, that Defendant committed the crime of stalking when he called
8 Victim on the phone more than once, threatened her, and threatened to kill her. A
9 reasonable fact finder could infer based on the specific threats Defendant made to
10 Victim over the phone that Defendant intended to place Victim in reasonable
11 apprehension of death or serious bodily harm. We further conclude that a reasonable
12 fact finder could determine that Defendant, in making the phone calls, knowingly
13 violated an order of protection insofar as Defendant was present when the order of
14 protection was made permanent, and the order of protection explicitly prohibited
15 Defendant from making phone calls to Victim. Thus, we determine that the jury
16 reasonably concluded, based on the evidence presented, that Defendant’s actions
17 satisfied each essential element of the crime of aggravated stalking.
18 VI. Child Support
17
1 Defendant’s final claim on appeal is that the district court’s order requiring
2 Defendant to pay child support as a condition of probation should be reversed because
3 it was not reasonably related to Defendant’s rehabilitation. The State contends that
4 the district court had statutory authority to issue the order and that it is, in fact,
5 reasonably related to Defendant’s rehabilitation.
6 NMSA 1978, Section 31-20-6 (2007), regarding conditions of order deferring
7 or suspending sentence reads, in pertinent part:
8 The . . . district court shall attach to its order deferring or
9 suspending sentence reasonable conditions as it may deem necessary to
10 ensure that the defendant will observe the laws of the United States and
11 the various states and the ordinances of any municipality. . . . The court
12 may also require the defendant to:
13 A. provide for the support of persons for whose support the
14 defendant is legally responsible[.]
15 The district court suspended one and one-half years of Defendant’s sentence, during
16 which time Defendant would be placed on probation. Under Section 31-20-6(A), a
17 district court is given discretion to order that a person placed on probation provide for
18 the support of persons for whose support he is legally responsible. See Bursum v.
19 Bursum, 2004-NMCA-133, ¶ 17, 136 N.M. 584, 102 P.3d 651 (recognizing the canon
20 of construction that the term “may” in a statute is permissive). As there is no
21 argument to the contrary, we assume, without deciding, that Defendant was legally
22 responsible for the support of his children. See Poncho v. Bowdoin, 2006-NMCA-
18
1 013, ¶ 32, 138 N.M. 857, 126 P.3d 1221 (stating that “[i]n New Mexico, there exists
2 . . . a presumption that the biological father is responsible for child support absent
3 court-ordered relief to the contrary”). Therefore, we hold that the district court did not
4 abuse its discretion and was acting within its discretion under Section 31-20-6(A)
5 when it ordered Defendant to pay child support.
6 CONCLUSION
7 We affirm Defendant’s conviction.
8 IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 __________________________________
10 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
11 WE CONCUR:
12 _________________________________
13 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
14 _________________________________
15 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
19