1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated
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6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 30,895
10 IGANCIO LOERA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY
13 James Waylon Counts, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender
18 Carlos Ruiz de la Torre, Assistant Appellate Defender
19 Santa Fe, NM
20 for Appellant
21 MEMORANDUM OPINION
22 VIGIL, Judge.
23 Defendant appeals from the judgment, convicting him after a jury trial of false
24 imprisonment; Criminal Sexual Penetration (CSP) (child 13-18) (force or coercion);
25 and selling or giving alcoholic beverages to a minor. [RP 384] This Court’s calendar
1 notice proposed to affirm on the six issues Defendant raises on appeal. [Ct. App. File,
2 CN1] Defendant has filed a memorandum in opposition that we have duly considered.
3 [Ct. App. File, MIO] Unpersuaded, however, we affirm.
4 DISCUSSION
5 Issue 1: The District Court’s Decision Not to Admit the Facebook or
6 MySpace Page Purporting to be of the Victim
7 “We review the admission of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard
8 and will not reverse in the absence of a clear abuse.” See State v. Sarracino, 1998-
9 NMSC-022, ¶ 20, 125 N.M. 511, 964 P.2d 72.
10 Defendant sought to admit a Facebook or MySpace page of K.E. showing that
11 she represented herself to be eighteen years old. [DS 2] K.E. denied that the page was
12 hers, and the page was not admitted. [Id.] In the memorandum, Defendant relies on
13 State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 129, 428 P.2d 982, 984 (1967) and State v. Boyer, 103
14 N.M. 655, 658-60, 712 P.2d 1, 4-6 (Ct. App. 1985), in continuing to argue that the
15 jury should have been allowed to see the page and make up their own minds as to
16 whether it was in fact K.E.’s photo or not. [MIO 22-24] We disagree.
17 As we discussed in the calendar notice, Defendant did not establish that he had
18 viewed the page prior to his interactions with K.E. that led to his convictions for CSP
19 (child 13-18), false imprisonment, and giving alcohol to a minor. Moreover,
20 Defendant did not present any evidence that he relied on K.E.’s alleged representation
2
1 that she was eighteen years old on Facebook or MySpace in considering whether to
2 supply her with alcohol or commit CSP. In addition, K.E. denied that the page was
3 hers. Also, Defendant testified that K.E. told him she was seventeen, not eighteen.
4 [DS 2] Finally, Defendant’s cousin further testified that K.E. stated she was seventeen
5 when she met Defendant. [DS 3]
6 We remain persuaded that Defendant did not establish that the Facebook or
7 MySpace page was relevant to whether Defendant knew K.E. was eighteen at the time
8 of the incidents. Further, the fact that K.E. denied it was hers made the page collateral
9 evidence. As such, submission of the photo to the jury could have been misleading
10 and may have allowed the jury to be sidetracked into debating whether they thought
11 the photo was of K.E. or not, when Defendant did not establish that he relied on the
12 page in considering whether to supply K.E. with liquor and commit CSP.
13 We affirm the district court on this issue.
14 Issue 2: Sufficient Evidence of Coercion to Support Defendant’s Conviction for
15 CSP (child 13-18)
16 “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the
17 light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and
18 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham,
19 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176; see also State v. Salas, 1999-
20 NMCA-099, ¶ 13, 127 N.M. 686, 986 P.2d 482 (recognizing that it is for the fact
3
1 finder to resolve any conflict in the testimony of the witnesses and to determine where
2 the weight and credibility lay).
3 The jury was instructed that in order to find Defendant guilty of CSP (child 13-
4 18) (force or coercion), they must find the following elements of the crime to their
5 satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Defendant caused K.E. to engage in
6 sexual intercourse; (2) K.E. was at least thirteen but less that eighteen years old; (3)
7 Defendant used physical force or physical violence; or K.E. was unconscious, or
8 asleep, or physically helpless, or suffering from a mental condition so as to be
9 incapable of understanding the nature or consequences of what Defendant was doing;
10 and Defendant knew or had reason to know of the condition of K.E.; and (4) this
11 happened in New Mexico on or about April 25, 2009. [RP 270] The jury was also
12 instructed on the lesser-included offense of CSP (child 13-18). [RP 271-72] The jury
13 was instructed that they must find that Defendant acted intentionally when he
14 committed the crime. [RP 276]
15 At trial, K.E.’s mother testified that when her daughter, K.E., walked in the
16 front door the morning after the alleged incidents on August 25, 2009, K.E. was
17 wearing a white t-shirt that did not belong to her and she had several bruises on her
18 face. [RP 22] In addition, K.E.’s brother testified at trial that he received a phone call
19 from Defendant at two o’clock in the morning of alleged incidents who stated that
4
1 K.E. was drunk and he didn’t want to take her home that way so he was going to
2 watch her and take her home the next morning. [Id.] K.E. also testified that she was
3 in her front yard talking with Defendant the evening before and she woke up at his
4 residence and that was all she remembered. [Id.] A few days later, K.E. told her
5 mother that Defendant had raped her, and that Defendant had given her vodka, which
6 she drank, and which he put in her soda. [RP 24] K.E. further testified that she did
7 not remember anything after that until she woke up at Defendant’s house wearing
8 large boxer shorts and a white t-shirt that did not belong to her. [Id.] K.E.’s own
9 clothes were on the floor next to the bed. [Id.] K.E. further testified that Defendant
10 told her that he kept trying to get on top of her and was trying to “get some” but she
11 was fighting him off, so he hit her. [Id.] Moreover, when she punched him in the eye,
12 Defendant “head butted her.” [Id.] Defendant also told K.E. that they had sex five
13 times in five hours and that he ‘came’ in her a lot so she wasn’t going to be pregnant.
14 [Id.] K.E. was fifteen years old at the time.
15 We hold that there was substantial evidence that the CSP was committed on a
16 child between 13 and 18 years old and that it was committed with force or coercion.
17 In addition, contrary to Defendant’s contentions in the memorandum [MIO 18-21],
18 we hold that there was sufficient evidence of the CSP that was factually distinct from
19 the kidnaping. Defendant argues that he did not prevent K.E.’s liberation for a longer
5
1 period of time or to a greater degree than that which was necessary to commit CSP.
2 [MIO 20] The State presented testimony, however, that Defendant raped K.E.
3 numerous times throughout the night, including while he knew that she was she was
4 drunk, unaware, and incapable of resisting, and while she vigorously resisted
5 Defendant to which he responded by hitting and head butting her. To the extent that
6 Defendant contended that he understood K.E. to be seventeen or eighteen and that the
7 sex was consensual, the jury was instructed on Defendant’s defense with regard to his
8 alleged belief as to K.E.’s age [RP 273], and the jury as fact finder is not required to
9 believe Defendant’s version of the events. See State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19,
10 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (stating that “[c]ontrary evidence supporting acquittal
11 does not provide a basis for reversal because the jury is free to reject Defendant’s
12 version of the facts”).
13 Accordingly, we affirm Defendant’s conviction for CSP (child 13-18) (force or
14 coercion).
15 Issue 3: Sufficient Evidence of False Imprisonment
16 In analyzing this issue, we apply the same standard of review as set forth in our
17 discussion of Issue 2. The jury was instructed that in order to convict Defendant of
18 false imprisonment, they must find the following elements of the crime to their
19 satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Defendant restrained K.E. against her
6
1 will; (2) Defendant knew that he had no authority to restrain K.E.; and (3) this
2 happened in New Mexico on or about April 25, 2009. [RP 269] In addition, the jury
3 was instructed that they must find that Defendant acted intentionally when he
4 committed the crime. [RP 276]
5 As discussed above, there was testimony at trial that in New Mexico on August
6 25, 2009, Defendant took K.E. to his residence and restrained her there. When K.E.
7 tried to fight against Defendant, he hit her and head butted her. The jury could
8 reasonably infer that Defendant restrained K.E. against her will and that he knew he
9 had no authority to do so. As discussed in Issue 2 above, we also hold that there was
10 sufficient evidence of the kidnaping that was factually distinct from the CSP.
11 We affirm Defendant’s conviction for false imprisonment.
12 Issue 4: Prosecutor’s Misstatement of the Law
13 “In the absence of prejudice, there is no reversible error.” State v. Fernandez,
14 117 N.M. 673, 676, 875 P.2d 1104, 1107 (Ct. App. 1994). Defendant contends that
15 the prosecutor misstated the law in arguing that Defendant’s cousin’s statement that
16 K.E. had identified herself as seventeen did not help Defendant because seventeen is
17 still under age. [DS 3] Defendant states that “[t]his would be true if the sex was
18 forcible but not if the sex was consensual.” [Id.] Defendant continues to argue that
7
1 he was prejudiced by the prosecutor’s statements in the memorandum, relying on
2 Franklin and Boyer. [MIO 22-25]
3 As we discussed in the calendar notice, the jury was correctly instructed on this
4 issue:
5 Evidence was presented that the defendant believed that
6 [K.E.] was 17 years old. The burden is on the state to prove
7 beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act
8 under an honest and reasonable belief in the existence of
9 those facts. If you have a reasonable doubt as to whether
10 the defendant’s action resulted from a mistaken belief of
11 those facts, you must find the defendant not guilty.
12 [RP 273] Moreover, in any case, there was abundant evidence, which the jury found
13 to be credible, that the sex was forcible and not consensual.
14 We affirm the district court on this issue.
15 Issue 5: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
16 In the memorandum, Defendant relies on Franklin and Boyer in continuing to
17 argue that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s
18 misstatements of the law regarding CSP. [MIO 25-27] We are not persuaded.
19 There is a two-fold test for proving ineffective assistance of counsel: the
20 defendant must show (1) that counsel’s performance fell below that of a reasonably
21 competent attorney, and (2) that the defendant was prejudiced by the deficient
8
1 performance. State v. Hester, 1999-NMSC-020, ¶ 9, 127 N.M. 218, 979 P.2d 729.
2 The burden of proof is on defendant to prove both prongs. Id.
3 We cannot say that Defendant has made a prima facie case of ineffective
4 assistance of counsel by failing to object to the prosecutor’s misstatement in argument.
5 First, as we discussed in Issue 4, the jury was correctly instructed on the issue. [RP
6 273] Second, it appears that there was abundant evidence, which the jury found
7 credible, that the CSP was committed with force and was not consensual. As such,
8 we cannot say that “but for” counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s
9 misstatement there is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have
10 been different. See State v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 561, 113 P.3d
11 384.
12 Accordingly, we affirm on this issue. See State v. Grogan, 2007-NMSC-039,
13 ¶ 9, 142 N.M. 107, 163 P.3d 494 (expressing a preference for habeas corpus
14 proceedings to address ineffective assistance of counsel claims).
15 Issue 6: Double Jeopardy
16 In the memorandum, Defendant relies on out-of-state authority in continuing
17 to argue that his double jeopardy rights were violated when he was convicted of false
18 imprisonment and CSP by force or coercion. [MIO 5-16] Defendant argues that the
19 conduct at issue in this case was unitary and that the Legislature did not intend to
9
1 punish restraint incidental to the commission of another offense as kidnaping. [Id.]
2 We are not persuaded.
3 Swafford v. State, 112 N.M. 3, 7, 810 P.2d 1223, 1227 (1991) sets forth three
4 separate protections afforded by the double jeopardy prohibition: (1) protection
5 against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (2) protection against
6 a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and (3) protection against
7 multiple punishments for the same offense. For the double jeopardy prohibition
8 against multiple punishments, there are two types of cases: (1) when a defendant is
9 charged with multiple violations of the same statute based on a single course of
10 conduct, referred to as “unit of prosecution” cases; and (2) when a defendant is
11 charged with violations of multiple statutes for the same conduct, referred to as
12 “double description” cases. See State v. DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 25, 139 N.M.
13 211, 131 P.3d 61 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant appears
14 to contend that his convictions for false imprisonment and CSP (child 13-18) (force
15 or coercion) constitutes a “double description” violation of double jeopardy.
16 For “double description” cases, application of a two-part test is merited: (1)
17 whether the conduct is unitary, and (2) if so, whether the Legislature intended to
18 create separately punishable offenses based on the statutes. DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-
19 011, ¶ 27. To address unitary conduct for double description cases, we consider
10
1 whether the defendant’s acts are separated by sufficient “indicia of distinctness.”
2 Swafford, 112 N.M. at 13, 810 P.2d at 1233. Conduct is non-unitary if sufficient
3 “indicia of distinctness” separate the illegal acts. Id.
4 In this case, there was testimony at trial that K.E. was talking to Defendant in
5 her front yard, drank vodka with him, and the next thing she remembered, she woke
6 up at his house. K.E. was restrained against her will when Defendant took her to his
7 house and when he hit her to keep her there. Moreover, after taking K.E. to his house
8 Defendant proceeded to have sex five times with K.E. during the following five hours.
9 At times Defendant knew that K.E. was unaware and incapacitated by alcohol and
10 unable to resist or consent. At other times, K.E. resisted by punching Defendant in
11 the eye and he hit her and head butted her. We hold that the events present sufficient
12 indicia of distinctiveness such that there is no unitary conduct.
13 Even if there were unitary conduct in this case, however, the elements of the
14 two crimes, as evidenced by the jury instructions in this case [RP 269, 270], are vastly
15 different and, as such, making them separate crimes serves different societal interests.
16 See Swafford, 112 N.M. at 8-9, 810 P.2d at 1228-29 (stating that to address legislative
17 intent for double description cases, we apply the test in Blockburger v. United States,
18 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932) and compare the elements of the relevant statutes to
19 determine if the Legislature intended multiple punishments); see also State v. Armijo,
11
1 2005-NMCA-010, ¶ 22, 136 N.M. 723, 104 P.3d 1114 (“When applying the
2 Blockburger test to compound offenses or offenses that may be charged in alternate
3 ways, we look only to the elements of the statutes as charged to the jury and disregard
4 the inapplicable statutory elements.”).
5 CONCLUSION
6 We affirm Defendant’s convictions.
7 IT IS SO ORDERED.
8 _______________________________
9 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
10 WE CONCUR:
11 _________________________________
12 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
13 _________________________________
14 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
12