1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
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6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 30,709
10 DARRELL AKERS,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTEROCOUNTY
13 Jerry H. Ritter, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Law Works L.L.C.
18 John A McCall
19 Albuquerque, NM
20 for Appellant
21 MEMORANDUM OPINION
22 KENNEDY, Judge.
23 Defendant appeals his convictions for three counts of battery upon a peace
24 officer and one count of possession of drug paraphernalia. [RP 549] We proposed to
1 affirm in a notice of proposed summary disposition, and Defendant filed a
2 memorandum in opposition and a motion to amend the docketing statement. Having
3 considered the arguments raised by Defendant in his memorandum and motion and
4 remaining unpersuaded, we affirm his convictions and deny his motion to amend the
5 docketing statement.
6 Motion to Suppress
7 In his docketing statement, Defendant contends that the district court erred in
8 denying his motion to suppress because officers exceeded the scope of the warrant and
9 because the affidavit submitted in support of the warrant failed to establish probable
10 cause. [DS 19-24] As to the scope of the warrant, we proposed to affirm, and
11 Defendant has not challenged our proposed disposition, Therefore, for the reasons set
12 forth in our notice of proposed summary disposition, we remain of the opinion that the
13 district court did not err in finding that the officers did not exceed the scope of the
14 warrant in conducting the search.
15 As to the sufficiency of the affidavit submitted in support of the warrant,
16 Defendant claims that the affidavit was insufficient because the information provided
17 by the confidential informant (CI) failed to meet either prong of the test articulated by
18 our Supreme Court in State v. Cordova, 109 N.M. 211, 784 P.2d 30 (1989). [DS 17]
19 See id. at 213, 784 P.2d at 32 (adopting the two-prong “Aguilar-Spinelli test”
2
1 articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 12
2 L. Ed. 2d 723, 84 S. Ct. 1509 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 21
3 L. Ed. 2d 637, 89 S. Ct. 584 (1969), which requires the affidavit to include: (1) facts
4 establishing an informant's “basis of knowledge” and (2) facts showing the informant's
5 “veracity”). In our notice of proposed summary disposition, we reviewed the
6 information contained in the affidavit submitted in support of the search warrant and
7 proposed to hold that the information supplied in the affidavit was sufficient to
8 establish probable cause.
9 In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant challenges our proposed
10 disposition on each prong of the Aguilar-Spinelli test. [MIO 16-23] Turning to the
11 second prong first, Defendant argues that the affidavit is insufficient because it fails
12 to establish the veracity or credibility of the CI. [MIO 17-20] He cites to this Court’s
13 opinion in State v. Therrien, 110 N.M. 261, 794 P.2d 735 (Ct. App. 1990), overruled
14 on other grounds by State v. Barker, 114 N.M. 589, 594, 844 P.2d 839, 844 (Ct. App.
15 1992), in support of his contention that the affiant is merely vouching for the CI and
16 fails to provide specifics from which the issuing court could make a determination as
17 to the CI’s credibility. [MIO 18-19] We disagree.
18 In Therrien, this Court found the officer’s statement in the affidavit that “he
19 knew the informant to be reliable” insufficient to establish credibility. Therrien, 110
3
1 N.M. at 263, 794 P.2d at 737. In this case however, the affiant gives additional facts
2 establishing the CI’s credibility beyond his mere knowledge that the CI is reliable.
3 The affiant states that the CI “has provided information that has been confirmed
4 through additional investigation” and previously purchased narcotics for law
5 enforcement in a controlled buy environment.” [RP 225] As discussed more fully in
6 our notice of proposed summary disposition, these statements are sufficient to
7 establish the CI’s credibility or reliability. See Cordova, 109 N.M. at 217-18, 784
8 P.2d at 36-37 (finding a CI to be credible based upon the affiant’s statement that the
9 informant had provided information in the past which the affiant found to be true and
10 correct from personal knowledge and investigation); State v. Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-
11 107, ¶ 18, 127 N.M. 752, 987 P.2d 409 (noting that an informant’s reliability may be
12 established by showing that the informant has previously given police officers
13 reliable information), limited on other grounds by State v. Williamson, 2009-NMSC-
14 039, ¶ 29, 146 N.M. 488, 212 P.3d 376.
15 Defendant also challenges our proposed holding on the first prong contending
16 that the affidavit fails to contain sufficient information to establish the CI’s knowledge
17 because the statement that a CI has “first hand personal knowledge” is not sufficient.
18 [MIO 20-23] See State v. Baca, 97 N.M. 379, 381, 640 P.2d 485, 487 (1982). We are
19 unpersuaded because in this case the CI’s basis of knowledge is established by
4
1 statements that the CI had personally observed methamphetamine and manufacturing
2 materials within the last 72 hours at the place to be searched. Cf. State v. Whitley,
3 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 4, 128 N.M. 403, 993 P.2d 117 (holding that the basis of
4 knowledge requirement was met where, among other considerations, the informant
5 personally observed the defendant selling marijuana), limited on other grounds by
6 Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29.
7 Finally, we disagree with Defendant’s contention that the statement that the CI
8 saw methamphetamine and equipment “associated with” the manufacture of
9 methamphetamine and saw materials that are “consistent with [a] methamphetamine
10 lab” is insufficiently detailed to support an inference that the CI actually saw
11 methamphetamine and manufacturing materials. [MIO 22] Instead, applying a
12 common sense reading to that statement and “the reasonable inferences that may be
13 drawn therefrom, provide[s] a substantial basis for determining that there is probable
14 cause to believe that a search will uncover evidence of wrongdoing.” Williamson,
15 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29; cf. State v. Donaldson, 100 N.M. 111, 116, 666 P.2d 1258,
16 1263 (Ct. App. 1983) (providing that great deference should be given to the
17 magistrate’s determination that probable cause supports issuance of a search warrant,
18 and that, in reviewing an affidavit, we apply a common sense reading).
19 Based upon the foregoing, and for the reasons set forth in our notice of
5
1 proposed summary disposition, the district court did not err in denying Defendant’s
2 motion to suppress because the affidavit submitted in support of the warrant
3 established the requisite probable cause.
4 Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Defendant’s Convictions for Battery Upon
5 a Peace Officer.
6 In our notice of proposed summary disposition, we engaged in an extensive
7 review of the evidence as gleaned from the record proper and proposed to hold that
8 there was sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s convictions for three counts of
9 battery upon a peace officer. [RP 231-476] In his memorandum in opposition,
10 Defendant disagrees with our proposed disposition claiming that the officers were not
11 acting within their legal authority because they were only authorized to detain him
12 while executing the warrant, yet Officer Gonzales admitted his goal was to arrest
13 Defendant. [MIO 24-27] We disagree.
14 Initially, we note it is irrelevant whether Cheryl Akers resisted because
15 Defendant never claimed his actions were justified by his need to protect his wife.
16 [MIO 24] Furthermore, for the reasons set forth in our previous notice, we disagree
17 that the arrest was illegal or that the officers used excessive force. [MIO 25-35] For
18 example, at the point Officer Gonzales admitted that his intention was to arrest
19 Defendant, [RP 378; MIO 24-25] Defendant had already resisted the officers by
20 running back inside, locking the door and refusing to answer, and then exiting through
6
1 another door. [DS 12; RP 135, 246-247, 272-273, 327] Moreover, there was evidence
2 that Officer Gonzales only attempted to arrest Defendant after he resisted efforts to
3 subdue him and handcuff him. [RP 144, 147, 304, 358, 367, 378] Cf. State v.
4 Barragan, 2001-NMCA-086, ¶ 13, 131 N.M. 281, 34 P.3d 1157 (stating that, a
5 defendant's furtive behavior, delay in complying with orders, and the “inherently
6 dangerous nature of the crime for which he was suspected,” is enough to justify
7 securing the suspect’s hands for purposes of officer safety during an investigation
8 even though there were a number of officers present).
9 Defendant claims there was other evidence suggesting that his behavior was
10 “peaceable,” [MIO 25] and evidence and testimony indicating he was complying with
11 the officers’ demands yet they reacted with a use of excessive force. [MIO 27] He
12 also claims that the officers’ testimony is “rife with internal and external
13 inconsistencies” which undermine their version of the events. [MIO 28-31] We are
14 unpersuaded any such inconsistencies or evidence supporting acquittal warrants
15 reversal of Defendant’s convictions. Cf. State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126
16 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (noting that we may disregard the evidence in favor of
17 acquittal when considering sufficiency). It was up to the district court, acting as fact
18 finder, to resolve any such conflicts and inconsistencies in the evidence, and we will
19 not re-weigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder so long
7
1 as there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict. See State v. Mora, 1997-NMSC-
2 060, ¶ 27, 124 N.M. 346, 950 P.2d 789.
3 Finally, we note that Defendant appears to argue that the officers used excessive
4 force because they had been erroneously briefed as to his allegedly violent
5 propensities before they attempted to execute the warrant. [MIO 6, 23, 34] Defendant
6 notes that in a previous case, he had been charged with, and subsequently acquitted
7 of, aggravated assault upon a peace officer. [MIO 6] See generally State v. Akers,
8 2010-NMCA-103, 149 N.M. 53, 243 P.3d 757. He then claims that the information
9 provided to the officers as to the earlier altercation was patently incorrect. [MIO 34]
10 We are unpersuaded.
11 Our review of the earlier altercation indicates that Defendant was indeed
12 acquitted of the charges of aggravated assault on a peace officer, but apparently
13 because the jury determined that Defendant did not know that the persons attempting
14 to restrain him, including the person he allegedly assaulted, were police officers. See
15 id. ¶¶ 14-15, 24. It has not yet been determined in that case whether Defendant may
16 still be convicted for his actions in resisting, evading, or obstructing an officer as those
17 convictions were reversed because the jury was not properly instructed as to the
18 State’s burden to prove that Defendant knew the persons attempting to detain him
19 were police officers. Id. ¶ 25. As the earlier case involved the question of whether
8
1 Defendant knew that the persons attempting to detain him were police officers, we are
2 not convinced that any briefing given to the officers in this case as to Defendant’s
3 potentially violent propensities warrants a finding that the officers used excessive
4 force as a matter of law.
5 Therefore, based upon the analysis set forth above and contained in our notice
6 of proposed summary disposition, there was sufficient evidence to support
7 Defendants’ convictions for aggravated battery upon a peace officer.
8 Ineffective Assistance
9 In his docketing statement, Defendant claims his trial counsel was ineffective
10 in four ways. [DS 18] He claims counsel failed to: (1) assert or argue self-defense as
11 a defense to the battery charges; (2) assert or argue that the agents unlawfully arrested
12 Defendant; (3) order or set forth lesser-included offenses; and (4) pursue a motion to
13 reveal the identity of the CI. [DS 18; RP 214-221] In our notice of proposed
14 summary disposition, we proposed to affirm on all four contentions finding that
15 counsel was not ineffective and to the extent any errors were made, Defendant was not
16 prejudiced.
17 In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant reasserts his contention that trial
18 counsel was ineffective in failing to assert or argue self-defense or unlawful arrest
19 because his “most plausible defense was that he acted in self[]defense and that the
9
1 officers were not in lawful discharge of their duties.” [MIO 37, 39] For the reasons
2 set forth in our notice of proposed summary disposition, we disagree and reiterate our
3 observation that defense counsel fully presented Defendant’s theory that his actions
4 were justified because the officers acted unlawfully and used excessive force. [RP
5 166, 444-45, 457, 465-68]
6 Defendant is correct that in State v. Kraul, 90 N.M. 314, 319, 563 P.2d 108, 113
7 (Ct. App. 1977), this Court distinguished between the “[t]he right of self defense
8 against a police officer” and the “right to resist an unlawful arrest.” [MIO 37]
9 However, in that case, the jury instruction given was erroneous because it was only
10 directed at the lawfulness of the arrest; “it did not cover the right to defend against
11 excessive force whether or not the arrest was unlawful.” Id. In this case, defense
12 counsel clearly articulated an argument that Defendant was attempting to resist
13 excessive force in addition to arguing that the arrest was unlawful. Therefore, counsel
14 was not ineffective in failing to clearly articulate a theory of self defense or a theory
15 that the arrest was unlawful.
16 As to Defendant’s third and fourth claims that counsel was ineffective in failing
17 to set forth or argue that Defendant committed the lesser included offense of battery
18 and failing to move to ascertain the identity of the CI, we affirm for the reasons set
19 forth in our notice of proposed summary disposition.
10
1 Motion to Amend the Docketing Statement
2 Defendant seeks to amend his docketing statement to add two new issues.
3 [MIO 35-36, 41-43] Under Rule 12-208(F) NMRA, this Court “may, upon good
4 cause shown, allow the amendment of the docketing statement.” In cases assigned to
5 the summary calendar, this Court will deny a motion to amend the docketing statement
6 if it raises issues that are not viable. State v. Moore, 109 N.M. 119, 129, 782 P.2d 91,
7 101 (Ct. App. 1989), superceded by rule as stated in State v. Salgado, 112 N.M. 537,
8 817 P.2d 730 (Ct. App. 1991).
9 As his first new issue, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to
10 support his conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia. [MIO 35-36] To convict
11 Defendant of possession of drug paraphernalia, the State had to prove beyond a
12 reasonable doubt that Defendant had drug paraphernalia in his possession and he used
13 or possessed these items with the intent to use them to pack, process, prepare or
14 ingest, inhale, inject, or otherwise introduce a controlled substance into the human
15 body. NMSA 1978, § 30-31-25.1(A) (2001); see NMSA 1978, § 30-31-2(V) (2009)
16 (defining what constitutes drug paraphernalia); State v. Lopez, 2009-NMCA-127, ¶ 33,
17 147 N.M. 364, 223 P.3d 361. In our notice of proposed summary disposition, we set
18 forth the standard applied by this Court in reviewing a conviction for substantial
19 evidence. See Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19; State v. Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 765-66,
11
1 887 P.2d 756, 759-60 (1994).
2 Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence because there was no
3 evidence connecting the drug paraphernalia to him. [MIO MIO 36] Specifically, he
4 notes that no one did a fingerprint analysis of the marijuana pipes; there was evidence
5 Cheryl Akers and Defendant lived in different parts of the home; Cheryl resided in the
6 room where some of the drug paraphernalia was found; no investigation was done as
7 to who lived in the bedroom where another pipe was found; the pipe found in the
8 bathroom was in a common area, and two others were found in a shed covered in dust.
9 [RP 332, 405, 407, 409, 437-438; MIO 36] We are unpersuaded.
10 First, Defendant failed to apprise us of the evidence introduced in support of the
11 conviction but instead merely informs us of the evidence negating a finding of
12 possession. See Rule 12-208(D)(3) NMRA; Thornton v. Gamble, 101 N.M. 764, 769,
13 688 P.2d 1268, 1273 (Ct. App. 1984) (requiring the appellant to set forth all evidence
14 relevant to the issues); cf. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19 (noting that we may disregard
15 the evidence in favor of acquittal when considering sufficiency). Our review of the
16 record suggests there was other evidence indicating that Defendant possessed the drug
17 paraphernalia, or exercised the requisite control over the paraphernalia to constitute
18 possession. Cf. UJI 14-3130 NMRA (stating in part that a person may be found to be
19 in possession of a controlled substance if he knows where it is, and exercises control
12
1 over it and stating that “[t]wo or more people can have possession of a substance at
2 the same time”). The evidence in the record indicates that marijuana pipes and other
3 paraphernalia were found in locations other than in the bedroom of Cheryl Akers
4 including in the shed, in another bedroom, and in the bathroom. [RP 119, 152-153,
5 157, 332, 390-394] Moreover, Defendant himself testified that the box where some
6 of the pipes were found belonged to him, and he admitted that he knew of the
7 marijuana bong in the bathroom. [RP 460] Finally, Cheryl Akers testified that she
8 never went into the shed suggesting that any paraphernalia found there belonged to
9 Defendant. [RP 439]
10 As Defendant failed to apprise us of the evidence introduced in support of his
11 conviction, and because the record indicates there was additional evidence introduced
12 at trial in support of the possession conviction, we deny his motion to amend his
13 docketing statement to include a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to
14 support his conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia. See State v. Sommer, 118
15 N.M. 58, 60, 878 P.2d 1007, 1009 (Ct. App. 1994) (denying a motion to amend the
16 docketing statement based upon a finding that the motion and the argument offered
17 in support thereof were not viable).
18 As his second new issue, Defendant contends that the district court abused its
19 discretion in sustaining objections when Defendant’s second trial counsel, Venie,
13
1 questioned his first counsel, Holmes, in a manner calling for Holmes’ legal opinions.
2 [MIO 41-43] He contends the district erred because legal expert testimony is
3 admissible to establish that an attorney breached the standard of care thus damaging
4 his client and cites to Andrews v. Saylor, 2003-NMCA-132, ¶ 17, 134 N.M. 545, 80
5 P.3d 482, in support of this contention. [MIO 42-43] He claims the district court
6 wrongfully disregarded Holmes’ expertise as a criminal attorney and his expert
7 testimony in this area should have been admitted. [MIO 43]
8 We are unpersuaded for three reasons. First, contrary to Defendant’s
9 contentions, [MIO 42] the district court did not sustain objections to the entire line of
10 questioning asking for a legal conclusion. [MIO 42; RP 509-510] Instead, Holmes
11 answered certain questions asking for his legal opinion, but the court sustained the
12 State’s objection when the questions were leading or vague. [RP 509-510] Second,
13 this is not a legal malpractice case, so the principles announced in Andrews do not
14 apply. See id. (recognizing that in a legal malpractice cases expert testimony is
15 admissible to establish that an attorney breached the standard of care). Third, Holmes
16 was being questioned as a fact witness not as a “legal expert.” See id. He was being
17 questioned as to the adequacy of his representation of Defendant during trial, and his
18 answers provided an explanation for some of the strategic decisions he made while
19 representing Defendant. [RP 509-510]
14
1 In light of the information contained in the record, to whatever extent the
2 district court refused to allow Holmes to provide additional testimony regarding his
3 legal theories or conclusions, the district court did not abuse its discretion in so doing.
4 Therefore, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend his docketing statement to include
5 this issue because it is not viable.
6 CONCLUSION
7 For the reasons set forth above as well as those set forth in our notice of
8 proposed summary disposition, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend the docketing
9 statement and affirm his convictions.
10 IT IS SO ORDERED.
11 ___________________________________
12 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
13 WE CONCUR:
14 ___________________________
15 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
16 ___________________________
17 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
15