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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 30,662
5 THOMAS HERRERA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CHAVES COUNTY
8 Freddie J. Romero, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM
11 Francine A. Chavez, Assistant Attorney General
12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Chief Public Defender
15 Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 FRY, Judge.
1 Defendant appeals his convictions for possession of a controlled substance
2 (methamphetamine), tampering with evidence, and resisting, evading, or obstructing
3 an officer. We affirm.
4 BACKGROUND
5 Because the parties are familiar with the factual and procedural background and
6 because this is a memorandum opinion, we do not summarize the background
7 information in any detail. We refer to specific facts as necessary in our analysis.
8 DISCUSSION
9 In this appeal, Defendant argues that: (1) insufficient evidence supported his
10 convictions; (2) the district court erred in admitting Exhibit 2; and (3) the district court
11 improperly instructed the jury on the crime of resisting, evading, or obstructing an
12 officer. We address each in turn.
13 1. Sufficiency of the Evidence
14 “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the
15 light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and
16 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham,
17 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. We do not weigh the evidence
18 or substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder as long as there is sufficient
19 evidence to support the verdict. State v. Mora, 1997-NMSC-060, ¶ 27, 124 N.M. 346,
2
1 950 P.2d 789, abrogated on other grounds by Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, 148
2 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683.
3 a. Possession of a Controlled Substance
4 The jury was instructed that in order to establish that Defendant was guilty of
5 possession of a controlled substance, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
6 that Defendant had methamphetamine in his possession, that he knew or believed that
7 it was methamphetamine, and that this happened in New Mexico on August 29, 2009,
8 Defendant challenges only the element of possession. He claims that the State failed
9 to establish that it was Defendant and not another passenger of the vehicle in question
10 or a passerby who dropped a plastic bag from the vehicle at the intersection of Summit
11 and Virginia.
12 Officer Nicholas Poire testified that he was traveling southbound on Main
13 Street when he saw a Suburban without taillights traveling northbound on Main.
14 Officer Poire made a U-turn and activated his emergency lights as he followed the
15 Suburban. The Suburban turned right on Summit and then turned left on Virginia.
16 Officer Poire saw the driver extend his arm out the window and drop a clear plastic
17 bag as he was turning. When the Suburban stopped about 100 feet from the corner,
18 the front passenger door flew open and an occupant ran off. When Officer Poire
19 contacted the driver, who was Defendant, he saw that there were no passenger seats
3
1 in the vehicle and that there was a passenger behind the driver on the driver’s side.
2 About ten minutes later, when other officers had arrived to cover the vehicle and its
3 occupants, Officer Poire went back to the location where he had seen Defendant drop
4 the bag. He recovered the clear plastic bag, which had been torn in half such that he
5 found a bag with a knot in it and a corner piece of bag with a crystallized substance
6 in it. A forensic scientist, Eric Young, later identified the crystallized substance as
7 methamphetamine.
8 Defendant argues that the State failed to prove that he exercised control over
9 the methamphetamine because (1) Defendant was not the only person in the car when
10 the bag was discarded, (2) Officer Poire saw only one bag dropped rather than the two
11 bags found, (3) the bags could have been dropped by anyone at the public intersection
12 where they were found, (4) Officer Poire could not see whose arm extended from the
13 window, and (5) police did not perform fingerprint analysis on the bags to determine
14 who had handled them. We are not persuaded.
15 The district court instructed the jury:
16 A person is in “possession” of methamphetamine when, on the occasion
17 in question, he knows what it is, he knows it is on his person or in his
18 presence and he exercises control over it. Even if the substance is not in
19 his physical presence, he is in possession if he knows where it is, and he
20 exercises control over it. Two or more people can have possession of a
21 substance at the same time. A person’s presence in the vicinity of the
22 substance or his knowledge of the existence or the location of the
23 substance, is not, by itself, possession.
4
1 The evidence supported the jury’s conclusion that Defendant exercised control
2 over the methamphetamine. Officer Poire testified that he knew it was Defendant’s
3 arm that extended from the driver’s window and dropped the bag because of the
4 amount of arm, including the elbow, that came out of the window. He said that the
5 arm extended straight out as if the driver was signaling to make a left turn. He
6 testified that he did not see how it was possible for the rear passenger to come up
7 behind the driver and extend his arm out the window. The interior of the Suburban
8 had been gutted so that there were no passenger seats, and the rear passenger was
9 sitting farther away from the driver than normal—not within arm’s reach of the driver.
10 Officer Poire opined that if it wasn’t the driver who threw the bag out the window, the
11 person who did would have been sitting in the driver’s lap, given the amount of arm
12 that came out the window.
13 This testimony gave rise to the reasonable inference that it was Defendant, who
14 was driving the Suburban, who extended his arm out the driver’s window and dropped
15 the plastic bag. See State v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶¶ 21-22 , 138 N.M. 1, 116
16 P.3d 72 (holding that evidence gave rise to fair inference that the defendant exercised
17 control over a gun found under the defendant’s seat in a vehicle because the
18 ammunition clip fitting the gun was found on the defendant’s seat); State v. Franco,
19 2004-NMCA-099, ¶¶ 4, 6-7, 18, 136 N.M. 204, 96 P.3d 329 (holding that sufficient
5
1 evidence supported the defendant’s conviction for possession of methamphetamine
2 when the drug was found in a container outside a bathroom window after the
3 defendant was seen running into the bathroom, despite testimony from a witness
4 claiming responsibility for throwing the drug out the window), rev’d on other grounds
5 by 2005-NMSC-013, 137 N.M. 447, 112 P.3d 1104. Although Defendant points to
6 evidence that might call into question Defendant’s control over the bag, the jury was
7 free to reject his theory of the case. State v. Stefani, 2006-NMCA-073, ¶ 39, 139 N.M.
8 719, 137 P.3d 659.
9 b. Tampering with Evidence
10 Defendant claims there was insufficient evidence tying him to both of the bags
11 found at the Summit/Virginia intersection and, therefore, his conviction for tampering
12 with evidence cannot stand. He also contends that the evidence did not permit the jury
13 to infer that he had the intent required for the crime of tampering.
14 The district court instructed the jury that in order to convict Defendant of
15 tampering with evidence, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
16 Defendant “hid, changed or placed a controlled substance,” that he intended to prevent
17 his apprehension, prosecution or conviction for possession of the controlled substance,
18 and that this happened in New Mexico on August 29, 2009. We conclude that the
19 State presented substantial evidence supporting all elements of the crime.
6
1 As discussed in the previous section, Officer Poire testified to evidence
2 supporting the view that Defendant extended his arm out of the Suburban’s window
3 and dropped a plastic bag after Officer Poire began following Defendant and activated
4 his emergency lights. Officer Poire also testified that he shone his spotlight on the
5 Suburban’s rear window and that the patrol car’s headlights were “wig-wagging”
6 before Defendant dropped the bag. Thus, the jury could fairly infer that Defendant
7 thought he was about to be stopped and that he discarded the bag containing the
8 methamphetamine in order to avoid prosecution for possession of a controlled
9 substance. State v. Silva, 2008-NMSC-051, ¶ 18, 144 N.M. 815, 192 P.3d 1192
10 (explaining that intent to prevent apprehension, prosecution or conviction is “often
11 inferred from an overt act of the defendant”).
12 We are not persuaded by Defendant’s contention that there must be direct
13 evidence tying him to both bags recovered at the scene. Although Officer Poire saw
14 Defendant discarding only one bag while two bags were found at the scene, these facts
15 do not undermine the evidence supporting the tampering conviction. This case is
16 similar to State v. Delgado, 2009-NMCA-061, 146 N.M. 402, 210 P.3d 828, overruled
17 on other grounds by State v. Aragon, 2010-NMSC-008, ¶ 19, 147 N.M. 474, 225 P.3d
18 1280. In Delgado, police officers called out to the defendant, who looked at the
19 officers, walked quickly away from them, and appeared to throw something near a
7
1 shed. 2009-NMSCA-061, ¶¶ 2-3. One of the officers found a baggie containing a
2 white powdery substance near the shed, whereupon the defendant put his hands
3 behind his back and turned around. Id. ¶ 3. This Court held that these facts
4 constituted sufficient evidence to support the defendant’s tampering conviction. Id.
5 ¶ 24.
6 In the present case, Officer Poire actually saw Defendant discarding a bag. The
7 jury could consider and weigh the fact that the bag Officer Poire saw turned out to be
8 two bags, but the jury apparently decided that this fact had little significance. This
9 was within the jury’s prerogative. State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M.
10 438, 971 P.2d 829 (“Contrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide a basis
11 for reversal because the jury is free to reject [the d]efendant’s version of the facts.”).
12 c. Resisting, Evading, or Obstructing an Officer
13 Defendant maintains that no reasonable jury could conclude that he resisted or
14 evaded Officer Poire because there was no evidence either that he knew Officer Poire
15 was trying to stop him or that he willfully refused to stop. Defendant highlights the
16 fact that he stopped after traveling only one and a half blocks after he turned onto
17 Summit from Main.
18 The district court instructed the jury that the State had to prove beyond a
19 reasonable doubt that Officer Poire was a peace officer in the lawful discharge of his
8
1 duties, that Defendant knew that Officer Poire was trying to apprehend or arrest
2 Defendant, that Defendant fled, attempted to evade or evaded Officer Poire, and that
3 this happened in New Mexico on August 29, 2009. We conclude that there was
4 substantial evidence supporting the jury’s findings that the State proved all of these
5 elements.
6 Officer Poire testified that after he made a U-turn on Main and got behind the
7 Suburban being driven by Defendant, he activated his emergency lights. Defendant
8 then turned right on Summit, and Officer Poire expected Defendant to stop as soon as
9 he turned on Summit. Defendant did not stop on Summit, and Officer Poire turned
10 on his spotlight, which he shone on the Suburban’s rear window, and he had his front
11 headlights “wig-wagging.” Defendant still did not stop but turned on Virginia.
12 Defendant finally stopped in the middle of the block.
13 This evidence, plus the evidence that Defendant discarded the bag of
14 methamphetamine as he turned from Summit onto Virginia, gives rise to the inference
15 that he knew Officer Poire was trying to stop him and that he willfully tried to evade
16 the traffic stop, at least for a time. Again, the jury was free to take into consideration
17 Defendant’s theory of the case, and it was also free to reject that theory. See Rojo,
18 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19 (“Contrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide a
9
1 basis for reversal because the jury is free to reject [the d]efendant’s version of the
2 facts.”).
3 2. Admission of Exhibit 2
4 Defendant argues that the district court abused its discretion in admitting
5 Exhibit 2, the methamphetamine. (We clarify that the torn bag corner containing the
6 methamphetamine was actually identified as Exhibit 2A, and we refer to it as Exhibit
7 2A in our discussion.) Defendant claims that there was a break in the chain of custody
8 of Exhibit 2A due to the fact that the State failed to call Detective Fresquez, the
9 evidence technician, as a witness. Defendant also contends that the break in the chain
10 of custody is evidenced by the fact that Officer Poire testified that he put Exhibit 2A
11 in a rubber glove when he collected it at the scene but no rubber glove was received
12 by the laboratory that tested the substance in Exhibit 2A.
13 “Admission of evidence is within the district court’s discretion and there is no
14 abuse of discretion when the evidence is shown by a preponderance of the evidence
15 to be what it purports to be.” State v. Rodriquez, 2009-NMCA-090, ¶ 24, 146 N.M.
16 824, 215 P.3d 762. As for the chain of custody, “the evidence must be identified . . .
17 by establishing custody of the object from the time of seizure to the time it is offered
18 into evidence.” State v. Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896.
19 It is not necessary for the prosecution to establish the chain of custody so as to exclude
10
1 all possibility of tampering. Id. “Questions concerning a possible gap in the chain of
2 custody affect[] the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.” Id.
3 The State introduced the following evidence concerning the
4 methamphetamine’s chain of custody. Officer Poire identified Exhibit 2A as the bag
5 containing the crystallized substance that he collected on August 29, 2009, from the
6 intersection of Summit and Virginia. He put the bag in a rubber glove to keep it from
7 spilling. He secured the bag in the trunk of his patrol car, sealed it in another bag, and
8 logged it into evidence. The evidence technician, Detective Fresquez, then sent it to
9 the lab for testing.
10 Eric Young, a forensic scientist at the Southern Forensic Laboratory in Las
11 Cruces, testified that the evidence was sealed up with tape when he received it at the
12 lab. He stated that the lab will not admit evidence for testing unless the evidence is
13 sealed and unless it contains the transmitting agency’s case number and the sealing
14 person’s initials. He testified that there was no indication that Exhibit 2A failed to
15 meet these protocols.
16 Consistent with Peters, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
17 discretion in admitting Exhibit 2A. In cross-examining Young, defense counsel
18 brought out the facts that there was no rubber glove with Exhibit 2A when it arrived
19 at the lab and that Young never spoke to Detective Fresquez about her handling of the
11
1 evidence. The jury could give these facts whatever weight it deemed appropriate in
2 determining Exhibit 2A’s impact on its verdict. See Peters, 1997-NMCA-084, ¶ 26
3 (“Questions concerning a possible gap in the chain of custody affect[] the weight of
4 the evidence, not its admissibility.”).
5 3. Propriety of Jury Instruction on Resisting, Evading, or Obstructing
6 In its answer brief, the State responded to what it deemed to be Defendant’s
7 argument questioning the propriety of the district court’s instruction on resisting,
8 evading, or obstructing a police officer. In his reply brief, Defendant clarified that he
9 was not challenging the propriety of the instruction; instead, he was arguing that the
10 evidence was insufficient to establish the mens rea elements of the crime. However,
11 because the State placed the instruction in contention, Defendant then argued that the
12 instruction was an erroneous statement of the law.
13 Defendant acknowledges that he did not preserve this alleged error and that we
14 therefore review his claim for fundamental error. “The doctrine of fundamental error
15 applies only under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a miscarriage of
16 justice.” State v. Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 8, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633. We
17 consider whether a reasonable juror would have been confused or misled by the
18 instruction at issue. State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d
19 1134.
12
1 The instruction given provided:
2 For you to find [D]efendant guilty of [r]esisting, [e]vading or
3 [o]bstructing an[] [o]fficer as charged in Count 3, the State must prove
4 to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt each of the following
5 elements of the crime:
6 1. Officer Nicholas Poire was a peace officer in the lawful
7 discharge of his duty;
8 2. [D]efendant, with the knowledge that Officer Poire was
9 attempting to apprehend or arrest [D]efendant, fled,
10 attempted to evade or evaded Officer Poire;
11 3. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 29th day of
12 August, 2009.
13 This instruction tracked the uniform jury instruction applicable to NMSA 1978,
14 Section 30-22-1 (1981), that was in effect at the time of trial. See UJI 14-2215
15 NMRA (1998). A use note for that version of UJI 14-2215 provided that “[t]his
16 instruction is to be used only if the defendant is charged under Subsection B or D of
17 Section 30-22-1. . . . If a charge is brought under [Subsection] (A) or (C) . . . , the
18 appropriate instruction should be drafted.” UJI 14-2215 (1998), Use Note 1.
19 Defendant argues that because he was charged under Subsection C of Section
20 30-22-1, the State should have complied with the use note and drafted an appropriate
21 instruction. Because the State did not do so, Defendant claims that the instruction
22 given included elements of a different crime than the one charged and, therefore, that
23 he was denied due process of law.
13
1 We are not persuaded. Subsection C defines one version of the crime of
2 resisting, evading, or obstructing an officer as:
3 willfully refusing to bring a vehicle to a stop when given a visual or
4 audible signal to stop, whether by hand, voice, emergency light, flashing
5 light, siren or other signal, by a uniformed officer in an appropriately
6 marked police vehicle[.]
7 Section 30-22-1(C). The instruction given could have been re-drafted to more closely
8 follow Subsection C. However, the instruction given includes broad statements of all
9 of the elements stated in Subsection C. The phrases “with the knowledge that Officer
10 Poire was attempting to apprehend or arrest [D]efendant” and “fled, attempted to
11 evade or evaded Officer Poire” constitute the equivalent of “willfully refus[ed] to
12 bring a vehicle to a stop” in Subsection C. We fail to see how the instruction given
13 could have confused or misled the jury.
14 CONCLUSION
15 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.
16 IT IS SO ORDERED.
17
18 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
19 WE CONCUR:
20
21 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
14
1
2 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
15