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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 30,959
5 EDWARD SOTO,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
8 Gary L. Clingman, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM
11 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General
12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jacqueline Cooper, Chief Public Defender
15 J.K. Theodosia Johnson, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
1 CASTILLO, Chief Judge.
2 Police seized drug paraphernalia and weapons after searching a residence.
3 These items formed the basis for the instant criminal proceedings. Defendant moved
4 to suppress, challenging the validity of the search. The district court denied the
5 motion. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
6 BACKGROUND
7 On September 26, 2009, Defendant was staying in a residence leased by
8 Michelle Johnson and Robert DeLeon. Shortly after midnight Officer Blevins and
9 Sergeant Cunningham approached the residence and obtained the lessees’ permission
10 to conduct a search.
11 For the purposes of the present appeal, only a portion of the residence is of
12 significance. The officers described the area in question as a large common room, into
13 which one stepped immediately upon entering the residence. This common room was
14 comprised of two adjacent areas, which might be loosely described as the northern and
15 southern living rooms. Defendant had been sleeping on a mattress on the floor in the
16 northern living room. The area had not been segregated in any way from the rest of
17 the common living space. A couch, desk, and computer were also located in the
18 immediate vicinity. Despite Defendant’s presence, his consent to search the area was
19 not sought.
2
1 Ultimately, the search of the living room and adjacent closet yielded drug
2 paraphernalia and firearms. Defendant admitted that one or more of the items seized
3 were his.
4 Below, Defendant moved to suppress on grounds that the warrantless search of
5 the residence was unconstitutional. The district court denied the motion. This appeal
6 followed.
7 STANDARD OF REVIEW
8 When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, “[w]e view the facts in the
9 manner most favorable to the prevailing party and defer to the district court’s findings
10 of fact if substantial evidence exists to support those findings.” State v. Urioste,
11 2002-NMSC-023, ¶ 6, 132 N.M. 592, 52 P.3d 964. “All reasonable inferences in
12 support of the district court’s decision will be indulged in, and all inferences or
13 evidence to the contrary will be disregarded.” State v. Jason L., 2000-NMSC-018, ¶
14 10, 129 N.M. 119, 2 P.3d 856 (alterations omitted) (internal quotation marks and
15 citation omitted). “Whether a search or seizure is reasonable is a mixed question of
16 fact and law” that we review de novo. State v. Ulibarri, 2010-NMCA-084, ¶ 7, 148
17 N.M. 576, 240 P.3d 1050.
18 DISCUSSION
19 Standing
3
1 The threshold question raised by the State is whether Defendant has standing
2 to challenge the constitutionality of the search. Defendant’s standing depends on
3 whether he has a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place searched. State v.
4 Zamora, 2005-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 137 N.M. 301, 110 P.3d 517.
5 This Court has previously recognized that an individual’s status as a permissive
6 overnight houseguest is generally sufficient to confer standing. See id. ¶¶ 10-14
7 (discussing authorities including Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91 (1990)). In an
8 apparent effort to distinguish this case, the State suggests that the evidence failed to
9 establish that Defendant was an overnight guest.
10 Defendant’s status as an overnight guest was not the subject of direct testimony
11 below. However, Johnson told the officers that some people had been staying at the
12 house for a few days. Although she did not specifically identify him by name,
13 Defendant and his girlfriend appear to be the only people to whom Johnson could
14 reasonably have been referring. The circumstantial evidence is also compelling. The
15 search was conducted shortly after midnight, and when Officer Blevins entered the
16 residence, Defendant was lying on a makeshift bed on the floor in what appeared to
17 be the living room of the home. In our estimation, Defendant’s status as an overnight
18 guest was the only reasonable inference to be drawn from this uncontradicted
19 evidence. See generally Jason L., 2000-NMSC-018, ¶ 11 (observing that, although
4
1 a reviewing court generally indulges all reasonable inferences in support of a ruling
2 on a motion to suppress, we nevertheless presume the district court believed
3 uncontradicted evidence); Zamora, 2005-NMCA-039, ¶ 8 (quoting Jason L. for the
4 same proposition). We therefore decline the State’s invitation to affirm for want of
5 standing.
6 Consent
7 Defendant contends that the warrantless search of the residence and the ensuing
8 seizure of evidence was invalid.
9 A warrantless search of a home is “presumptively unreasonable, subject only
10 to a few specific, narrowly defined exceptions.” State v. Ryon, 2005-NMSC-005,
11 ¶ 23, 137 N.M. 174, 108 P.3d 1032. “One of the settled exceptions to the warrant
12 requirement is consent.” State v. Flores, 2008-NMCA-074, ¶ 12, 144 N.M. 217, 185
13 P.3d 1067.
14 In this case the State relies on consent obtained from Johnson and DeLeon, one
15 or both of whom leased the house and resided there. To the extent that they had
16 common authority over the area in question, their consent is sufficient to validate the
17 search. See State v. Duffy, 1998-NMSC-014, ¶ 66, 126 N.M. 132, 967 P.2d 807 (“An
18 individual has authority to consent to the search of a dwelling if that person actually
19 possesses the property or has common authority with others who are in possession.”),
5
1 modified on other grounds by State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, 141 N.M. 185, 152
2 P.3d 828. “In this context, common authority is defined as mutual use of the property
3 by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes.” State v. Ryan,
4 2006-NMCA-044, ¶ 29, 139 N.M. 354, 132 P.3d 1040 (internal quotation marks and
5 citation omitted).
6 As previously mentioned, the specific area at issue in this case comprised a
7 portion of a common room into which one stepped immediately upon entering the
8 residence. There was no door, wall, or other partition separating this area from the
9 rest of the living room. The area contained typical living room furnishings such as a
10 couch, desk, and computer. Neither Defendant nor any other witness testified that the
11 area was reserved for Defendant’s exclusive use. We conclude that under such
12 circumstances, the district court could reasonably have inferred that Johnson and
13 DeLeon, as lessees and residents, had joint access or control for most purposes over
14 this common area, such that their consent validated the search. See State v. Diaz,
15 1996-NMCA-104, ¶ 16, 122 N.M. 384, 925 P.2d 4 (observing that co-occupants share
16 common authority to consent to search common areas of a residence); see generally
17 State v. Lopez, 2005-NMSC-018, ¶ 9, 138 N.M. 9, 116 P.3d 80 (“[W]e must draw all
18 reasonable inferences in support of the district court’s denial of [the d]efendant’s
19 motion to suppress and defer to the district court’s determination of the facts.”).
6
1 In an effort to avoid the foregoing result, Defendant attempts to analogize this
2 case to Diaz, arguing that he had a “superior privacy right” in the area. However, the
3 area at issue in Diaz was a discrete space separated from the rest of the home by walls
4 and a doorway, which was specifically and exclusively utilized by the homeowner’s
5 adult son as his bedroom. 1996-NMCA-104, ¶¶ 5, 15. Under the circumstances, the
6 son “had far greater access and control and a superior privacy interest,” id. ¶ 16, such
7 that the homeowner did not have common authority over the bedroom. In this case,
8 by contrast, the area in which Defendant was sleeping was not partitioned from the
9 rest of the home in any way. Nor did the evidence establish that the area was set aside
10 for Defendant’s private use. To the contrary, as previously stated it appears to have
11 constituted a common area. As Diaz itself reflects, co-occupants may reasonably be
12 said to assume the risk that others might consent to the search of such common areas.
13 Id. We therefore reject Defendant’s claim to a superior privacy interest in the area.
14 We also understand Defendant to suggest that the doctrine of common authority
15 should be deemed inapplicable to the extent that a search of Defendant’s personal
16 belongings or possessions is at issue. However, this case involves the search of a
17 residence, which yielded certain incriminating personal possessions. We find no
18 indication that a search of Defendant’s personal belongings or possessions occurred.
19 We therefore remain of the opinion that the doctrine of common authority is both fully
7
1 applicable and ultimately determinative.
2 CONCLUSION
3 For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Defendant’s motion to suppress
4 was properly denied. We therefore affirm.
5 IT IS SO ORDERED.
6 __________________________________
7 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
8 WE CONCUR:
9 __________________________________
10 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
11 __________________________________
12 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
8