IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 39670
STATE OF IDAHO, ) 2013 Unpublished Opinion No. 529
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, ) Filed: June 10, 2013
)
v. ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
)
KIRK A. LOFTIS, ) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
Defendant-Appellant. ) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
County. Hon. Michael E. Wetherell, District Judge.
Order denying motion to vacate conviction, affirmed.
Nevin, Benjamin, McKay & Bartlett, LLP; Dennis A. Benjamin, Boise, for
appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jessica M. Lorello, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
LANSING, Judge
Kirk Loftis appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to correct an illegal sentence
under Idaho Criminal Rule 35. He contends that his sentence is illegal because the district court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the felony charge for which Loftis was convicted and
sentenced.
I.
BACKGROUND
In late 2003, Kirk Loftis and Kim Richards were living together. Although they had
signed a lease together, the stress of unemployment had strained the relationship, and in
September Richards asked Loftis to move out. Over the next few days the two talked,
presumably in an attempt to reconcile, but on October 1, the discussion deteriorated into a
violent confrontation. Richards later testified that Loftis hit her, wrestled with her, pulled her
hair, choked her, pushed her, and the like. Richards’ daughter was present for the struggle. A
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neighbor who witnessed part of the fight called the police. The State filed an information
charging Loftis as follows:
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF CHILDREN, FELONY,
I.C. § 18-903, 918(7)(b) which crimes was/were committed as follows:
That Defendant, KIRK A. LOFTIS, on or about the 1st day of October,
2003, in the County of Ada, State of Idaho, did actually, intentionally and
unlawfully commit a traumatic injury upon the person of Kim Richards, to-wit:
by punching the victim in the face and head, pulling her by the hair and strangling
her by the neck, while in the presence of a child, to-wit: [A.R.,] four (4) years
old, and where Kim Richards and the Defendant are household members.
After a trial, Loftis was found guilty of felony domestic violence in the presence of
children. In 2011, Loftis filed a motion to vacate his sentence and/or conviction on the ground
that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. According to Loftis, the information was
sufficient to allege only misdemeanor domestic violence, and the district court therefore lacked
jurisdiction to convict and sentence him for a felony. The district court denied the motion.
On appeal, Loftis again asserts that his felony conviction and sentence are illegal and
should be vacated because the district court lacked jurisdiction. He argues that he should be
sentenced on remand for misdemeanor battery because that is the only offense for which the
charging information conferred jurisdiction on the district court.
II.
ANALYSIS
Idaho Criminal Rule 35 provides an avenue for a defendant to correct an illegal sentence,
and such a motion may be filed “at any time.” Here, Loftis’s challenge to his sentence is actually
a challenge to the underlying felony conviction. Idaho courts have long held that Rule 35 may
not be used as a means to collaterally attack a conviction. See State v. Self, 139 Idaho 718, 725,
85 P.3d 1117, 1124 (Ct. App. 2003); Housley v. State, 119 Idaho 885, 889, 811 P.2d 495, 499
(Ct. App. 1991). However, in State v. Lute, 150 Idaho 837, 252 P.3d 1255 (2011), the Idaho
Supreme Court entertained a challenge to the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction that was
presented through a Rule 35 motion. The Court said, “[W]here a court properly has jurisdiction
to consider a case--as it does here to consider Lute’s [Rule] 35 motion--and it is apparent that
there is an issue concerning subject matter jurisdiction or that a defendant was convicted for
something that is not a crime, this Court must correct that error.” Lute, 150 Idaho at 840, 252
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P.3d at 1258. Therefore, we will consider Loftis’s challenge to the district court’s subject matter
jurisdiction presented via his Rule 35 motion.
In criminal cases, subject matter jurisdiction is conferred on a court by the filing of an
information alleging that an offense, as defined by Idaho law, was committed within the State of
Idaho. State v. Jones, 140 Idaho 755, 757-58, 101 P.3d 699, 701-02 (2004). See also Lute, 150
Idaho at 840, 252 P.3d at 1258. The district court’s jurisdictional power, therefore, depends on
the charging document being legally sufficient to survive challenge. Jones, 140 Idaho at 758,
101 P.3d at 702. Whether a charging document is legally sufficient is a question of law subject
to free review. Id. at 757, 101 P.3d at 701. Such a challenge may be raised at any time,
including for the first time on appeal. Id.
While a challenge to the information’s sufficiency can be heard at any time, the standard
against which the information is measured differs depending upon when the challenge is brought.
State v. Halbesleben, 139 Idaho 165, 167-68, 75 P.3d 219, 221-22 (Ct. App. 2003). If an alleged
deficiency is raised by a defendant before trial or entry of a guilty plea, the charging document
must set forth all facts essential to establish the charged offense to survive the challenge. Id. at
168, 75 P.3d at 222. This requires only “a plain, concise, and definite written statement of the
essential facts constituting the offense charged.” State v. Robran, 119 Idaho 285, 287, 805 P.2d
491, 493 (Ct. App. 1991). When the information’s sufficiency is not challenged until after trial,
the standard is lower, and the information “will be upheld unless it is so defective that it does
not, by any fair or reasonable construction, charge [the] offense for which the defendant [was]
convicted.” Jones, 140 Idaho at 759, 101 P.3d at 703 (quoting Robran, 119 Idaho at 287, 805
P.2d at 493). This standard affords the reviewing court “considerable leeway to imply the
necessary allegations from the language of the Information.” Jones, 140 Idaho at 759, 101 P.3d
at 703. When the objection to the charging document is not made until after entry of judgment,
if the applicable code section is named in the charging document its language may be read into
the text of the charge. Id.
At the time of Loftis’s offense, a felony conviction for domestic violence required that an
individual both “commit[] a battery” and “willfully and unlawfully inflict[] a traumatic injury.”
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I.C. § 18-918(3) (2003); 1 State v. Reyes, 139 Idaho 502, 505-06, 80 P.3d 1103, 1106-07 (Ct.
App. 2003). Loftis acknowledges that the information alleged that he committed a battery, but
contends that it did not adequately allege that he willfully inflicted a traumatic injury. Therefore,
the only issue on appeal is whether a fair and reasonable reading of the information implies the
necessary element of willful infliction of traumatic injury.
Idaho Code informs us that the word “willfully” refers to the “intent with which an act is
done . . . [, and] implies simply a purpose or willingness to commit the act . . . .” I.C. § 18-
101(1). 2 Idaho case law has long found common ground between the term “willfully” and the
term “intentionally.” See Archbold v. Huntington, 34 Idaho 558, 565, 201 P. 1041, 1043 (1921)
(willfully is “nearly synonymous with ‘intentionally’ ‘designedly’ ‘without lawful excuse,’ and
therefore not accidental”); State v. Hall, 90 Idaho 478, 489-90, 413 P.2d 685, 692 (1966) (citing
Archbold and noting that willfully “implies the conscious commission of a wrong”); State v.
Leferink, 133 Idaho 780, 783, 992 P.2d 775, 778 (1999) (approving the district court’s reasoning
that, “The word ‘willfully’. . . is . . . nearly synonymous with ‘intentionally.’”). Here, the
information accused Loftis of “actually, intentionally, and unlawfully commit[ting] a traumatic
injury . . . .” A fair and reasonable reading of this language plainly indicates that Loftis
purposefully inflicted said injury. Consequently, the facts contained in the information are
sufficient to allege that the act was done “willfully.”
Because the information’s factual allegations assert all the charged crime’s necessary
elements, we need not consider whether the information’s citation of Idaho Code §§ 18-903 and
18-918(7)(b) was sufficient to allow the court to read into the information all necessary elements
of the charged offense. Nor do we need at this time to determine whether correctly titling the
offense in the charging document would be sufficient (either alone or in combination with other
1
Section 18-918 was reordered in 2004, so that felony domestic battery was thereafter I.C.
§ 18-918(2)(a) & (b). 2004 Idaho Sess. Laws Ch. 118 at 393. Additionally, in 2005 the Idaho
Legislature deleted the words “willfully and unlawfully.” 2005 Idaho Sess. Laws Ch. 158 at
488.
2
While certain cases have limited the definition found in I.C. § 18-101(1) with regard to
crimes such as I.C. § 18-918; they have done so merely to eliminate the circularity introduced by
inclusion of the second sentence, which would eviscerate the plain meaning of the term within
the context of those statutory sections. See, e.g., State v. Young, 138 Idaho 370, 372-73,
64 P.3d 296, 298-99 (2001); State v. Sohm, 140 Idaho 458, 460-61, 95 P.3d 76, 78-79 (Ct. App.
2004).
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indications of the crime alleged) to impart subject matter jurisdiction. Finally, we need not
address Loftis’s premise that an information which alleged only a misdemeanor would not confer
“jurisdiction” for a felony conviction, as opposed to presenting a due process issue that would be
waived if not raised before a trial or guilty plea. We do, however, reject the argument that
jurisdiction can be conferred only by verbatim recitation of statutory language (e.g., “willfully”)
or explicit reference to an Idaho Code subsection number (e.g., I.C. § 18-918(3)). See, e.g.,
Robran,119 Idaho at 288, 805 P.2d at 494.
The district court’s order denying Loftis’s Rule 35 motion is affirmed.
Judge GRATTON and Judge MELANSON CONCUR.
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