Newbold v. Astrue

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS June 13, 2013

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court

TYLA M. NEWBOLD,

Plaintiff-Appellant,
No. 12-4078
v.

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting
Commissioner of Social Security
Administration,

Defendant-Appellee.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
(D.C. No. 2:10-CV-00959-PMW)

Submitted on the briefs:

Richard A. Williams, Deseret Disability Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, for
Plaintiff-Appellant.

David B. Barlow, United States Attorney; John Jay Lee, Of Counsel, Regional Chief
Counsel; David I. Blower, Special Assistant United States Attorney, Social Security


In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure,
Carolyn W. Colvin is substituted for Michael J. Astrue as the defendant-appellee in
this action.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
Administration, Office of the General Counsel, Region VIII, Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellee.

Before HARTZ, EBEL, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

EBEL, Circuit Judge.

Tyla M. Newbold appeals from a magistrate judge’s order affirming the

Commissioner’s decision to grant social security benefits from October 1, 2006,

through November 1, 2007, and to deny benefits thereafter. The Commissioner

determined Ms. Newbold had been disabled during this closed period1 due to physical

and mental impairments, but that her disability ceased on November 2, 2007, when

she experienced a medical improvement related to her ability to work. The

overarching issue on appeal is whether the administrative law judge (ALJ) properly

applied the medical-improvement standard in making his disability-cessation

decision.

The parties consented to proceed before a magistrate judge pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). Hence, our appellate jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C.

§§ 636(c)(3) and 1291. We affirm.

1
In a closed-period case, the ALJ “determines that a new applicant for disability
benefits was disabled for a finite period of time which started and stopped prior to the
date of [the ALJ’s] decision.” Shepherd v. Apfel, 184 F.3d 1196, 1199 n.2 (10th Cir.
1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Typically,” as was the case here, “both
the disability decision and the cessation decision . . . are rendered in the same
document.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

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 I. BACKGROUND

Ms. Newbold was twenty-eight years old at the time of the Commissioner’s

final decision. She has a high school education and worked as a collections agent,

customer service specialist, sales agent, and elementary teacher assistant. In

April 2008, she sought disability insurance benefits (DIB) and supplemental security

income (SSI) based on “fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety[,] and

chronic migraines.” Admin. R. at 177.

Benefits were denied initially and on reconsideration. Ms. Newbold then

requested and received a hearing before an ALJ. In June 2009, the ALJ issued an

eighteen-page, single-spaced, partially favorable decision.

The ALJ first applied the familiar five-step sequential evaluation process for

determining disability. See Wall v. Astrue, 561 F.3d 1048, 1052 (10th Cir. 2009)

(describing five steps). At steps one through three, the ALJ found Ms. Newbold had

not engaged in substantial gainful activity since October 1, 2006, her alleged onset

date; she has had, at all times relevant to the decision, five severe impairments

(fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, obesity, depression, and anxiety); and from

October 1, 2006, through November 1, 2007, these impairments, singly or in

combination, did not meet or medically equal any of the per se disabling impairments

listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. The ALJ next found that from

October 1, 2006, through November 1, 2007, Ms. Newbold possessed the residual

functional capacity (RFC) to perform a limited range of sedentary, unskilled work,

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but would be absent “at least 3 to 4 days per month” due to “excessive recumbency,

fatigue, weakness/exhaustion, pain, [and] migraine headaches.” Admin. R. at 21.

Based on this RFC, the ALJ found at steps four and five that, from October 1, 2006,

through November 1, 2007, Ms. Newbold could not perform her past relevant work

or other work existing in significant numbers in the national economy. Thus, the

ALJ concluded that Ms. Newbold was disabled, as defined in the Social Security Act,

from October 1, 2006, through November 1, 2007.

The ALJ then followed the sequential evaluation process for determining

whether a claimant’s disability continues or ends. See Shepherd, 184 F.3d at 1198

(holding medical-improvement standard, created by 42 U.S.C. § 423(f) and defined

by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(b)(1), applicable to closed-period cases); see also 20 C.F.R.

§§ 404.1594(f) (setting forth evaluation steps for DIB) and 416.994(b)(5) (setting

forth evaluation steps for SSI).2 The ALJ found Ms. Newbold had not engaged in

2
The medical-improvement standard for DIB is virtually identical to that for
SSI, compare 42 U.S.C. § 423(f), with id. § 1382c(a)(4), as are the regulations
defining the standard, compare 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(b)(1), with
id. § 416.994(b)(1)(i). Likewise, the steps to be followed in determining whether a
claimant’s disability continues (or has ceased) are extremely similar. Compare
id. § 404.1594(f), with id. § 416.994(b)(5). For brevity, we will cite to the
regulations related to DIB and will omit parallel citations for SSI. See Social
Security Program Operations Manual System (POMS) DI 28010.015(A)(1)(a),
available at http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0428010015 (observing that the
“wording concerning MI [medical improvement]” in §§ 404.1594 and 416.994 is
“slightly different, but the substance and intent is the same”).

The ALJ issued his decision on June 16, 2009. On August 24, 2012,
amendments to the regulations governing the cessation of benefits, 20 C.F.R.
(continued)
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substantial gainful activity since her alleged onset date, and that, beginning on

November 2, 2007, she did not have an impairment or combination of impairments

that met or medically equaled any of the per se disabling impairments. See 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1594(f)(1)-(2). As of that date, a “medical improvement,” as defined in

§ 404.1594(b)(1), occurred. See id. § 404.1594(f)(3). Ms. Newbold had the RFC to

perform a limited range of sedentary, unskilled to semi-skilled work, and she would

no longer be absent three to four days per month. Compare Admin. R. at 24-25, with

id. at 21. Her “functional capacity for basic work activities ha[d] increased,

primarily because [her] condition . . . [no longer] mandate[d] the need to lay down

more than the allowed time during an 8-hour workday.” Id. at 30. See 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1594(f)(4). In making this determination, the ALJ found Ms. Newbold’s

statements, as of November 2, 2007, about “her impairments and their impact on her

ability to work . . . not entirely credible.” Admin. R. at 28; see Poppa v. Astrue,

569 F.3d 1167, 1171 (10th Cir. 2009) (observing that “the purpose of the credibility

evaluation is to help the ALJ assess a claimant’s RFC,” and that the “the ALJ’s

credibility and RFC determinations are [therefore] inherently intertwined”). Taking

into consideration the vocational expert’s (VE’s) testimony, the ALJ next found

Ms. Newbold could not perform any of her past relevant work. See 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1594(f)(7). But given her RFC, and considering her age, education, and past

§§ 404.1594 and 416.994, took effect. We refer to and apply the versions of those
regulations “in effect at the time of the ALJ’s decision.” Chapo v. Astrue, 682 F.3d 1285,
1291 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012).

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work experience—and relying on the VE’s testimony—the ALJ concluded that

beginning on November 2, 2007, Ms. Newbold “has been capable of making a

successful adjustment to [other] work that exists in significant numbers in the

national economy.” Admin. R. at 31. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(f)(8). He therefore

concluded that Ms. Newbold’s disability ended on November 2, 2007.3

The Appeals Council denied Ms. Newbold’s request for review and a

magistrate judge, presiding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1), affirmed the

Commissioner’s decision.

Ms. Newbold appeals, arguing the ALJ erroneously: (1) concluded that she

had experienced a medical improvement as of November 2, 2007; (2) rejected her

treating rheumatologist’s (Dr. McMillan’s) opinion that she was disabled after

November 1, 2007; (3) evaluated her subjective complaints regarding the intensity,

persistence, and limiting effects of her symptoms after November 1, 2007; and

(4) failed to include, in his hypothetical to the VE, limitations assessed by

Dr. McMillan after November 1, 2007.

3
We note that 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(f)(5) is inapplicable to this case and that,
pursuant to § 404.1594(f)(6), the ALJ found Ms. Newbold’s five impairments severe
“[a]t all times relevant to [the] decision,” Admin. R. at 19.

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 II. DISCUSSION

“In reviewing the ALJ’s decision, we neither reweigh the evidence nor

substitute our judgment for that of the agency.” Branum v. Barnhart, 385 F.3d 1268,

1270 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, we examine the

record as a whole to ascertain whether the ALJ’s decision to grant benefits for a

closed period, and to deny benefits thereafter, is supported by substantial evidence

and adheres to the correct legal standards. See Shepherd, 184 F.3d at 1199.

“Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as

adequate to support a conclusion.” Lax v. Astrue, 489 F.3d 1080, 1084 (10th Cir.

2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is “more than a scintilla, but less than a

preponderance.” Id.

When an ALJ grants benefits to a claimant for a closed period, two

decision-making processes occur. See Waters v. Barnhart, 276 F.3d 716, 719

(5th Cir. 2002) (describing the differences between a “typical disability case” and a

closed-period case). First, the ALJ finds the claimant disabled and grants benefits.

See id. Second, the ALJ engages in the benefits-cessation decision-making process.

Id. (“[I]n closed period cases, the ALJ . . . decid[es] whether (or, more aptly, when)

the payments of benefits should be terminated.”). Under the latter process—the

subject of Ms. Newbold’s appeal—the ALJ must determine “if there has been any

medical improvement in [the claimant’s] impairment(s) and, if so, whether this

medical improvement is related to [her] ability to work.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(a).

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 The ALJ follows “specific steps in reviewing the question of whether

[a claimant’s] disability continues.” Id. § 404.1594(f); see also Shepherd, 184 F.3d

at 1201 & n.5 (summarizing steps involved in determining whether disability

continues or ends). To determine whether a medical improvement has occurred, “the

ALJ must . . . compare the medical severity of the current impairment(s) to the

severity of the impairment(s) which was present at the time of the most recent

favorable medical decision finding the claimant disabled.” Shepherd, 184 F.3d

at 1201 & n.5 (citing § 404.1594(b)(7)). Because this is a closed-period case, where

no prior decision exists, the claimant’s alleged disability onset date is used as the

comparison point. POMS DI 28010.105(D)(3), available at

http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0428010105; id. DI 25510.005, available at

http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0425510005.4 “If there has been medical

improvement as shown by a decrease in medical severity,” the adjudicator must then

determine “whether it is related to [the claimant’s] ability to do work.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1594(f)(3)-(4).

In order to make this determination, “the ALJ must reassess a claimant’s

residual functional capacity (RFC) . . . . [and] then compare the new RFC with the

RFC before the putative medical improvements.” Shepherd, 184 F.3d at 1201 (citing

4
In most cessation determinations, the point of comparison for the prior medical
evidence is the aforementioned “most recent favorable medical decision,” meaning
“the latest [final] decision involving a consideration of the medical evidence and the
issue of whether [the claimant was] disabled or continued to be disabled.”
20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(b)(7).

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§ 404.1594(c)(2)). Having reassessed the claimant’s RFC “based on all current

impairments,” the ALJ “then considers whether she can still do the work she has

done in the past.” Hayden v. Barnhart, 374 F.3d 986, 988 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing

§ 404.1594(f)(7)). “If she is unable to do her past relevant work, . . . the

Commissioner considers the RFC and the claimant’s age, education, and past work

experience to determine whether she can do other work.” Id. (citing

§ 404.1594(f)(8)). If the claimant can perform either her past relevant work or other

work, “‘disability will be found to have ended.’” Id. (quoting § 404.1594(f)(8)).5

With these principles in mind, we turn to Ms. Newbold’s arguments on appeal.

A. Medical Improvement

Ms. Newbold first asserts that the ALJ erred in finding a medical improvement

based exclusively on a change of symptoms, when, under Shepherd, such a finding

must be premised on an improvement in the objective medical evidence. See

184 F.3d at 1201. Although she concedes that she experienced “some symptomatic

improvements,” Aplt. Br. at 16, she insists that “the regulations do not allow for a

change in symptoms alone to establish ‘medical’ improvement,” Amended Aplt.

5
We note that Hayden and Shepherd do not discuss the steps set forth in
20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(f)(1)-(2) or (6). See Hayden, 374 F.3d at 988 (summarily
observing that § 404.1594(f) contains an “eight-step sequential evaluation process
[for] termination-of-benefit reviews”); Shepherd, 184 F.3d at 1201 n.5 (noting that
“[t]here are additional steps involved in disability reviews” under § 404.1594(f)).
The ALJ in this case, however, touched on each of the applicable steps. See supra
at 4-6 & n.3.

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Reply Br. at 2. We decline to adopt her reading of Shepherd and the applicable

regulations.

The issue in Shepherd was whether the medical-improvement standard, which

“applies when a disability award has become final and the commissioner brings an

action to terminate those benefits[,] . . . applies in closed period cases.” Shepherd,

184 F.3d at 1199. The court in Shepherd held that it does. Id. at 1198.

In reaching this conclusion, the court noted that

[t]he Social Security Administration’s regulations define medical
improvement as

“any decrease in the medical severity of [the] impairment(s) . . . . A
determination that there has been a decrease in medical severity must be
based on changes (improvements) in the symptoms, signs and/or
laboratory findings associated with [the] impairment(s).”

Shepherd, 184 F.3d at 1199 (quoting § 404.1594(b)(1)) (emphasis added).6 The court

then summarized the “medical improvement test,” concluding that “[t]he ALJ may

find medical improvement related to an ability to do work only if an increase in the

current RFC is based on objective medical evidence.” Id. at 1201 (citing

§ 404.1594(c)(2)). This is the language upon which Ms. Newbold relies.

But she neglects to appreciate that the very regulation relied upon in Shepherd,

§ 404.1594(c)(2), provides for a medical improvement based on either objective or

6
Signs and laboratory findings are objective medical evidence, see 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1512(b)(1) & id. § 404.1528(b)-(c), while symptoms are subjective—
symptoms are a claimant’s “own description of [her] physical or mental impairment,”
id. § 404.1528(a).

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subjective evidence, as its final sentence employs the disjunctive: “Unless an

increase in the current residual functional capacity is based on changes in the signs,

symptoms, or laboratory findings, any medical improvement that has occurred will

not be considered to be related to your ability to do work.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1594(c)(2) (emphasis added). Further, the court in Shepherd evaluated the

ALJ’s medical-improvement finding by considering whether it was “substantiated by

changes in signs, symptoms, or laboratory findings.” 184 F.3d at 1202 (emphasis

added). Doing so was consistent with Glenn v. Shalala, an earlier Tenth Circuit case

applying § 404.1594, where we observed that “medical improvement ‘must be based

on changes (improvement) in the symptoms, signs, and/or laboratory findings

associated with your impairment(s),’” Glenn, 21 F.3d 983, 986 (10th Cir. 1994)

(emphasis added) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(b)(1) (termination-of-benefits

case)). Indeed, the Social Security Program Operations Manual System, “which is a

set of policies issued by the [Social Security Administration] to be used in processing

claims,” Ramey v. Reinertson, 268 F.3d 955, 964 (10th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation

marks omitted), specifically states that “[a]djudicators may occasionally find MI

[Medical Improvement] based on changes (improvement) in symptoms alone, without

associated changes in signs or laboratory findings,” POMS DI 28010.015(A)(2)

(emphasis added), available at

https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/lnx/0428010015.

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 Thus, to the extent Shepherd could be read to suggest that a finding of medical

improvement may not be based on symptoms alone, we reject that reading. The

Commissioner’s regulations, Shepherd’s application of those regulations, preexisting

Tenth Circuit case law, and the POMS demonstrate that an ALJ may find medical

improvement based on an improvement in signs, laboratory findings, and/or

symptoms. See Ramey, 268 F.3d at 964 n.2 (“[W]e defer to the POMS provisions

unless we determine they are arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law.”) (internal

quotation marks omitted)).

Here, the ALJ reassessed Ms. Newbold’s RFC and compared her new RFC to

her earlier RFC. He found her medically improved as of November 2, 2007, because

the medical severity of her impairments had decreased, her functional capacity to do

basic work activities had increased, and she could, as of that date, engage in

substantial gainful activity. The ALJ based this finding on: (1) her March 2009

hearing testimony that her condition improved from 2007 to 2008 and again from

2008 to 2009, see Admin. R. at 24; (2) a February 2008 treatment note from her

primary care physician, indicating she was “doing very well on her current

medication regime,” “had lost 40 pounds,” and “was more active and . . . even

thinking of returning to work,” id. (citing id. at 343 (Ex. 13F at 15)); (3) a June 2008

medical record from Dr. McMillan, documenting a one-year gap in treatment, id.

(citing id. at 261 (Ex. 2F at 15)); (4) an August 2008 medical record from

Dr. McMillan, noting that Ms. Newbold “was thinking of going to school and getting

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a job in the near future,” id. (citing id. at 240 (Ex. 1F at 2)); and (5) a January 29,

2009, medical record from Dr. McMillan, noting Ms. Newbold’s “report [that] she

was able to take care of herself and perform her activities of daily living,” id. (citing

id. at 272 (Ex. 2F at 26)). See also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1594(f)(3)-(4) & (b)(1)-(b)(4).

The ALJ also considered documentary evidence from three treating physicians

(including Dr. McMillan) and two examining physicians, dated December 2007 to

January 2009. This evidence chronicled “conservative treatment for symptoms of

fibromyalgia, liver transplant follow-up and depression.” Admin. R. at 26. Further,

and contrary to Ms. Newbold’s argument that the ALJ did not identify any objective

evidence demonstrating medical improvement, the ALJ found that

[a]lthough the[] records reflect diffuse tenderness to palpation upon
examinations, all other findings were consistently within normal or, at
most, mild limits, including those found during neurological, motor,
deep tendon, coordination, sensory and gait and station testing. Also,
testing revealed average mental flexibility, mental processing speed,
immediate verbal memory and sequencing skills. These records show it
was also very common to find that she was in no apparent distress.

Id. And, as will be discussed in more detail below, the ALJ found not entirely

credible Ms. Newbold’s description of the degree of her impairment from November

2, 2007, forward, and he accorded diminished weight to Dr. McMillan’s opinion

evidence from January 2009.

The ALJ did not err in concluding that Ms. Newbold’s disability ended on

November 2, 2007, due to medical improvement. His conclusion is supported by

substantial evidence in the record and the correct legal standards were applied. As

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such, we reject Ms. Newbold’s argument that “the ALJ failed to demonstrate that

[she] experienced ‘medical improvement’ sufficient to return to full time

employment.” Aplt. Br. at 16. This is not a case in which the record evidence

overwhelmingly contradicts the ALJ’s conclusion, or in which the ALJ neglected to

discuss material evidence that favors the claimant. See, e.g., Admin. R. at 30

(considering state agency medical consultants’ RFC assessments and dismissing

finding that Ms. Newbold could do “light work” (emphasis omitted)). Instead,

Ms. Newbold essentially asks this court to reweigh the evidence, “an invitation we

must decline.” Hackett v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 1168, 1173 (10th Cir. 2005). See also

Wall, 561 F.3d at 1069 (where substantial evidence supports the decision, “we may

not reweigh the evidence or try the issues de novo in order to advance a different

view” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Oldham v. Astrue, 509 F.3d 1254, 1257

(10th Cir. 2007) (“We review only the sufficiency of the evidence, not its weight[.]”).

Given our holding, Ms. Newbold’s arguments challenging discrete portions of

the ALJ’s disability-cessation decision are likewise unavailing. We address why,

below.

B. Treating Physician

Ms. Newbold next contends that the ALJ erroneously “reject[ed]”

Dr. McMillan’s opinion that she was disabled after November 1, 2007. Aplt. Br.

at 19. We disagree.

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 Where, as here, the ALJ decides not to give controlling weight to a treating

physician’s opinion, the ALJ must decide “whether the opinion should be rejected

altogether or assigned some lesser weight.” Pisciotta v. Astrue, 500 F.3d 1074, 1077

(10th Cir. 2007). Treating source medical opinions not entitled to controlling weight

“are still entitled to deference” and must be evaluated in light of the factors in the

relevant regulations, 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527 and 416.927. Watkins v. Barnhart,

350 F.3d 1297, 1300 (10th Cir. 2003). But see Oldham, 509 F.3d at 1258 (observing

that ALJ is not required to explicitly discuss all of the factors in deciding what

weight to give a medical opinion).

Applying the applicable framework, the ALJ did not reject Dr. McMillan’s

opinion altogether. Instead, he determined that Dr. McMillan’s opinion after

November 1, 2007, was not controlling, and he ascribed it “diminished weight.”

Admin. R. at 29. The ALJ then, as he must, gave “good reasons” for the decision

“that are sufficiently specific to make clear to any subsequent reviewers the

weight . . . [given] to the treating source’s medical opinion[] and the reason for that

weight.” Robinson v. Barnhart, 366 F.3d 1078, 1082 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

The ALJ explained:

Dr. McMillan’s statements [after November 1, 2007,] have been
carefully considered but are given diminished weight . . . in regards to
the claimant’s ability, or lack thereof, to perform work-related activities,
as they indicate very extreme limitations that are unsupported by other
objective evidence of record, as discussed above in the description of
medical evidence; are inconsistent with the claimant’s activities of daily

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 living, as demonstrated in the record; and, most significantly, are
inconsistent with his own report dated the same day that claimant is able
to take care of herself and perform her activities of daily living.

Admin. R. at 29 (citing id. at 272 (Ex. 2F at 26)). In making this finding, the ALJ

referenced Dr. McMillan’s “fibromyalgia questionnaire,” dated January 29, 2009.

See id. (citing id. at 242-48 (Ex. 1F at 4-8)). In the questionnaire, Dr. McMillan

opined that Ms. Newbold “has an extremely limited residual functional capacity, she

can work no more than two to three hours during an 8-hour workday and she would

miss work more than four days per month due to her impairments.” Id. The ALJ

found this assessment to be inconsistent with medical evidence from the relevant

time period containing “findings [that] were consistently within normal or, at most,

mild limits . . . .” Id. at 26. See Pisciotta, 500 F.3d at 1078 (“Medical evidence may

be discounted if it is . . . inconsistent with other evidence.” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

The ALJ also observed that Dr. McMillan’s assessed extreme limitations were

inconsistent with Ms. Newbold’s reported activities of daily living since November 2,

2007; specifically, her reports that

she has been able to independently . . . car[e] for her own personal
needs; do[] household chores, i.e., dishes, vacuuming; cooking; texting
friends; using a computer; driving; grocery shopping; reading; watching
television; visiting with friends; attending church on a weekly basis;
and, attending church activities one night a week.

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Admin. R. at 27 (citing id. at 321-22 (Ex. 11F at 3-4); id. at 326 (Ex. 12F at 2)).

See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(4) (stating ALJ must consider whether opinion is

consistent “with the record as a whole”); id. § 416.927(c)(4) (same).

And, the ALJ found Dr. McMillan’s opinion, reflected in the “fibromyalgia

questionnaire,” inconsistent with his own report from the same day. In the

questionnaire, Dr. McMillan opined that Ms. Newbold could not prepare and eat a

simple meal or carry out routine ambulatory activities such as shopping or banking.

Admin. R. at 245. But in a separate medical record from the same date, he indicated

that Ms. Newbold “is able to take care of herself and perform her activities of daily

living.” Id. at 272.

Although Ms. Newbold, among other things, insists that the ALJ failed to

explain how Dr. McMillan’s assessed limitations are inconsistent with other evidence

of record, the foregoing examples cited by the ALJ adequately explain his reasoning.

See Watkins, 350 F.3d at 1301 (requiring ALJ to give “specific, legitimate reasons”

when discounting a medical opinion (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Accordingly, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision to

afford Dr. McMillan’s opinion, after November 1, 2007, diminished weight.

C. Credibility

Ms. Newbold also challenges the ALJ’s evaluation of her subjective

complaints regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her symptoms

after November 1, 2007. She claims that his analysis was improper because he “did

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not provide valid reasons for his negative credibility finding.” Aplt. Br. at 33. We

disagree.

“Credibility determinations are peculiarly the province of the finder of fact,

and we will not upset such determinations when supported by substantial evidence.

However, findings as to credibility should be closely and affirmatively linked to

substantial evidence and not just a conclusion in the guise of findings.” Hackett,

395 F.3d at 1173 (citation, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted).

In this case, the ALJ thoroughly discussed Ms. Newbold’s allegations of pain

and fatigue and concluded that her medically determinable impairments could

reasonably be expected to cause her alleged symptoms. But he found her statements,

beginning on November 2, 2007, concerning “her impairments and their impact on

her ability to work . . . not entirely credible . . . to the extent they [were] inconsistent

with the [newly assessed] residual functional capacity assessment.” Admin. R.

at 27-28.

The ALJ cited a number of grounds, tied to the evidence, for his adverse

credibility finding. For example, he found Ms. Newbold’s allegations of debilitating

fatigue and widespread pain to be inconsistent with her daily activities. See id. at 27

(describing activities of daily living). See Wilson v. Astrue, 602 F.3d 1136, 1146

(10th Cir. 2010) (claimant’s “description of her daily activities [that] did not indicate

significant limitations”—she could “care for herself, her home and her children[,]”

and also “drive, shop, and handle finances,” garden, visit friends, and go out to eat,

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supported ALJ’s determination that claimant’s “testimony of disabling pain was not

credible”); Huston v. Bowen, 838 F.2d 1125, 1132 (10th Cir. 1988) (“[I]n

determining the credibility of pain testimony” ALJ may consider “the nature of

[claimant’s] daily activities”).

The ALJ noted that Ms. Newbold’s subjective complaints of extreme

limitations were inconsistent with objective medical evidence, like that of her

primary care physician. The ALJ explained that,

since November 2007 . . . [Ms. Newbold] has had no persistent neural
deficits, she has required no narcotic pain medication for her body
aches, she has used only over-the-counter pain medication for her severe
migraine headaches, she has experienced no medication side effects, she
has required no hospitalizations . . . , she has undergone no physical
therapy, she uses no assistive devices to ambulate and she has
undergone no mental health treatment.

Admin. R. at 27-28. See Wilson, 602 F.3d at 1146 (ALJ’s determination that

claimant’s “testimony of disabling pain was not credible” was supported by evidence

that claimant “did not take prescription strength pain relief medication”); Huston,

838 F.2d at 1132 (“[I]n determining the credibility of pain testimony” ALJ may

consider “the levels of medication and their effectiveness”).

The ALJ also noted that, on two separate occasions since November 2007,

Ms. Newbold had expressed an interest in returning to work and school. See Decker

v. Chater, 86 F.3d 953, 955 (10th Cir. 1996) (citing claimant’s testimony that he was

“willing[] to try a job with exertional requirements applicable to sedentary work” as

supportive of the ALJ’s credibility determination). Moreover, as the ALJ reasonably

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pointed out, for fourteen months, from April 2007 until June 2008, Ms. Newbold did

not receive treatment from Dr. McMillan, the physician primarily responsible for

managing her fibromyalgia. The ALJ found this absence to belie Ms. Newbold’s

allegations of an extremely limited lifestyle. See Huston, 838 F.2d at 1132 (“[I]n

determining the credibility of pain testimony” ALJ may consider “frequency of

medical contacts” and “the extensiveness of the attempts . . . to obtain relief”).

Our review of the record convinces us that substantial evidence supports the

ALJ’s credibility determination and the correct legal standards were applied. See

Qualls v. Apfel, 206 F.3d 1368, 1372 (10th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he ALJ did not simply

recite the general factors he considered, he also stated what specific evidence he

relied on in determining that [the claimant’s] allegations of disabling pain were not

credible.”).

D. Hypothetical to the VE

Finally, we reject Ms. Newbold’s contention that the ALJ’s hypothetical to the

VE should have included limitations assessed after November 1, 2007, by

Dr. McMillan. As previously discussed, the ALJ afforded Dr. McMillan’s

post-November 2007 opinion only diminished weight. And that determination, as

discussed above, enjoys substantial evidentiary support. As such, the ALJ’s

hypothetical adequately reflected the “impairments and limitations that [were] borne

out by the evidentiary record.” Decker, 86 F.3d at 955 (citation omitted); Evans v.

Chater, 55 F.3d 530, 532 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that the ALJ’s hypothetical

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questions “must include all (and only) those impairments borne out by the

evidentiary record”).

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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