IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_______________
No. 93-2757
Summary Calendar
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
GEORGE CAPUTO,
RENE MALDONADO, and
JAMES "SANCHEZ" BURNSIDE,
Defendants-Appellants.
_________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
(CR-H-91-59-24)
_________________________
April 16, 1996
Before KING, SMITH, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
George Caputo, Rene Maldonado, and James Burnside appeal
their convictions and sentences on various federal offenses. We
affirm as to Caputo and Maldonado and affirm in part and reverse in
part as to Burnside.
*
Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this
opinion should not be published except under the limited circumstances set forth
in 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.
I. Overview
A 110-count third superseding indictment charges these and
twenty-three other defendants with offenses arising from their
involvement with a major Houston-based marihuana ring headed by
Desi Guerra. The other defendants pleaded guilty, and several
testified at the appellants’ trial. The district court acquitted
Caputo of one count of conspiracy to travel in interstate commerce
to distribute marihuana, and the jury found Burnside not guilty of
six counts of money laundering and convicted the appellants of the
remaining charges.
The district court sentenced Caputo and Maldonado to concur-
rent terms of 168 months, followed by five-year concurrent terms of
supervised release. The court sentenced Burnside to concurrent
terms totaling 151 months, followed by two-year concurrent terms of
supervised release. The defendants appeal their convictions and
sentences; the government filed cross-appeals from the sentences
but subsequently dismissed those cross-appeals.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence as to Caputo.
The jury convicted Caputo of conspiracy to possess with intent
to distribute more than 1000 kilograms of marihuana (count 1);
aiding and abetting the possession with intent to distribute more
than 50 kilograms of a controlled substance (count 4); aiding and
abetting the possession with intent to distribute more than 100
kilograms of marihuana (count 102); and three violations of the
Travel Act (counts 5, 6, and 103). Caputo argues that the evidence
2
is insufficient.
Caputo moved for judgment of acquittal at the end of the
government’s case-in-chief and again at the close of the evidence.
Therefore, the standard for evaluating sufficiency is whether,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government,
a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Bell, 678
F.2d 547, 549 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc), aff’d, 462 U.S. 356
(1983). We view direct and circumstantial evidence adduced at
trial, as well as all inferences reasonably drawn from it, in the
light most favorable to the verdict. United States v. Sanchez, 961
F.2d 1169, 1173 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 918 (1992). We
look to whether the trier of fact made a rational decision, rather
than to whether it correctly determined the defendant’s guilt or
innocence. United States v. Jaramillo, 42 F.3d 920, 923 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2014 (1995). We will reverse a
conviction, however, “if the evidence construed in favor of the
verdict gives equal or nearly equal circumstantial support to a
theory of guilt and a theory of innocence of the crime charged.”
Id. (internal quotation and citations omitted).
A. Controlled Substance Offenses.
A conviction for conspiracy requires proof of “an agreement
between two or more persons to violate the narcotics laws, . . .
[and] that each alleged conspirator knew of the conspiracy and
intended to join it, and . . . participate[d] in the conspiracy.”
3
United States v. Puig-Infante, 19 F.3d 929, 936 (5th Cir.), cert.
denied, 115 S. Ct. 180 (1994); United States v. Sanchez-Sotelo, 8
F.2d 202, 208 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1410
(1994). “An agreement may be inferred from concert of action,
participation from a collocation of circumstances, and knowledge
from surrounding circumstances.” Sanchez, 961 F.2d at 1174
(internal quotation and citation omitted). Once the government
establishes an illegal conspiracy, “only slight evidence” is needed
to connect an individual defendant to the conspiracy.” United
States v. Thomas, 12 F.3d 1350, 1359 (5th Cir.) (internal quotation
and citation omitted), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1861, 2119 (1994).
A conviction for possession of a controlled substance with
intent to distribute requires proof that the defendant knowingly
possessed the contraband and intended to distribute it. The
possession of a larger quantity of drugs than would ordinarily be
used for personal consumption can support a finding of intent to
distribute. United States v. Pineda-Ortuno, 952 F.2d 98, 102 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 928 (1992). Possession of a
controlled substance may be either actual or constructive, may be
joint among several defendants, and may be proved by either direct
or circumstantial evidence. United States v. Rodriguez, 15 F.3d
408, 411 n.2 (5th Cir. 1994).
A conviction for aiding and abetting requires proof that the
defendant associated with and participated in a criminal venture
and sought to make it succeed. Jaramillo, 42 F.3d at 923; United
States v. Mergerson, 4 F.3d 337, 342 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied,
4
114 S. Ct. 1310 (1994). “Mere presence and association” are not
enough to sustain a conviction for aiding and abetting. Jaramillo,
42 F.3d at 923.
Count 1 alleged that between January 1986 and August 1991,
Caputo and others engaged in a conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute more than 1000 kilograms of marihuana. Count 4 alleged
that on or about April 3, 1987, Caputo and others aided and abetted
the possession with intent to distribute more than fifty kilograms
of a Schedule I controlled substance. Count 102 alleged that on or
about December 15, 1989, Caputo and others aided and abetted the
possession with intent to distribute more than 100 kilograms of
marihuana.
Coconspirator Arnulfo Hernandez testified, pursuant to a plea
agreement, that from approximately mid-1985 until 1990, he arranged
for numerous loads of marihuana to be hauled from Houston to
Chicago for delivery to Caputo and other customers in Illinois.
Guerra “fronted” the marihuana to Hernandez’s customers. Hernandez
recruited drivers to transport the marihuana to Illinois, where
Hernandez would meet them, take possession of the vehicle, deliver
the marihuana to the customer, and return the load vehicle to the
driver to take back to Texas. The marihuana was hidden in fake
propane tanks attached to pickup trucks or false compartments under
the beds of pickup trucks; sometimes it was concealed in horse
trailers. Approximately 600 pounds of marihuana could be shipped
in a horse trailer.
Hernandez testified that Caputo lived on the second floor of
5
a two-story house that had an adjoining two-car garage. Caputo’s
apartment could be entered via an outside staircase. Hernandez
typically would park the loaded vehicle in the garage, close the
garage door, and unload the marihuana. He would then carry the
marihuana up the outside staircase to Caputo’s apartment and store
it in Caputo’s bedroom. It usually took Caputo three weeks to a
month to sell a load of marihuana.
Hernandez was stopped by state police in Arkansas in April
1987. He stated that “[j]ust before” he was stopped, he had
delivered two 200-pound loads of marihuana to Caputo. Hernandez
further testified that in “late ‘89, very early ‘90," he shipped
two 600-pound loads of marihuana in horse trailers for delivery to
Caputo and a man named Gilbert Torres. The second 600-pound load
likely was shipped in March 1990. One shipment was unloaded at
Caputo’s house and the other in Hammond, Indiana, at a house
belonging to Hernandez’s brother-in-law, Robert Martinez. Caputo
received approximately eighty percent of the marihuana from these
two loads. Hernandez conceded that he had “a bad memory” for
dates, but he averred that he could always remember the amounts of
marihuana involved in various transactions, because it was
important that he know exactly how much money he was responsible
for returning to Guerra.
When Caputo was arrested, his wallet contained a card bearing
Hernandez’s nickname and three telephone numbers; the same numbers
were discovered on Desi Guerra’s address directory in Houston. The
government introduced motel and telephone records indicating that
6
members of the Guerra organization had been in the Chicago area
near the times when Hernandez testified that drug transactions had
occurred.
The uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice or coconspirator
will support a conviction if the testimony is not incredible or
insubstantial on its face. United States v. Singer, 970 F.2d 1414,
1419 (5th Cir. 1992). The rule applies even if the accomplice or
coconspirator testified pursuant to a plea agreement. United
States v. Osum, 943 F.2d 1394, 1405 (5th Cir. 1991).
Caputo argues that Hernandez’s testimony is incredible as a
matter of law because his statements concerning dates were
inconsistent and because he stated on direct examination that he
delivered marihuana to Caputo eight times, but on cross-examination
he said ten. Caputo also suggests that Hernandez’s testimony
concerning how the marihuana was unloaded at Caputo’s house is not
believable and that it was incredible for the jury to find that
Caputo distributed marihuana, because Hernandez testified that
Caputo was a recluse.
“[T]estimony generally should not be declared incredible as a
matter of law unless it asserts facts that the witness physically
could not have observed or events that could not have occurred
under the laws of nature.” Osum, 943 F.2d at 1405. The fact that
Hernandez’s testimony contained inconsistencies does not make it
insubstantial or incredible as a matter of law. See United States
v. Greenwood, 974 F.2d 1449, 1458 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied,
113 S. Ct. 2354 (1993).
7
The jury is solely responsible for determining the weight and
credibility of the evidence. United States v. Martinez, 975 F.2d
159, 161 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 943 (1993). We
will not substitute our own credibility determination for that of
the jury. Id. The foregoing evidence was sufficient for the jury
to have found Caputo guilty of the controlled substance violations.
See Puig-Infante, 19 F.3d at 936; Pineda-Ortuno, 952 F.2d at 102;
see also United States v. Quiroz-Hernandez, 48 F.3d 858, 866-68
(5th Cir. 1995).
B. Travel Act Violations.
A conviction for violating the Travel Act requires, inter
alia, proof that the defendant traveled in interstate commerce or
used facilities of interstate commerce with the specific intent to
engage in, or facilitate activities involving, narcotics or
controlled substances in furtherance of a criminal business
enterprise. United States v. Roberson, 6 F.3d 1088, 1094 (5th Cir.
1993), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1230, 1322, 1383 (1994).
Counts 5 and 6 alleged that Caputo and others had aided and
abetted other persons to engage in interstate travel to promote a
business enterprise involving the distribution of marihuana.
Caputo argues that his convictions for counts 5 and 6 should be
reversed because the jury’s guilty verdict is based solely upon
Hernandez’s testimony, which is unworthy of belief. As discussed
above, it was not error for the jury to rely upon Hernandez’s
testimony. See Osum, 943 F.2d at 1405.
8
Count 103 charged that Caputo aided and abetted travel in
interstate commerce to distribute marihuana and “use[d] and
cause[d] to be used facilities in interstate commerce, including
the use of the telephone with the intent to” facilitate a business
enterprise involving the distribution of marihuana. The offense
allegedly occurred on or about December 15, 1989.
Caputo argues that this conviction must be reversed because it
is based solely upon evidence that telephone calls were made from
Caputo’s house to a telephone belonging to Hernandez’s girlfriend
in February 1990 and on March 26, 1990. The government responds
that the jury properly convicted Caputo on count 103 because the
evidence supported a finding that Caputo received a load of
marihuana in December 1989; the driver who brought the load to
Chicago stayed at the Fairfield Inn from December 16, 1989, to
December 19, 1989; and, during that period, the driver received
telephone calls from the person responsible for routing drivers for
the Guerra organization.
A rational jury could have concluded that, on or about
December 15, 1989, Caputo aided and abetted others to travel in
interstate commerce and caused the use of a telephone to facilitate
the distribution of marihuana. Jaramillo, 42 F.3d at 923. The
evidence is sufficient.
9
III. Denial of a New Trial.
Caputo suggests that the district court abused its discretion
by refusing to order a new trial based upon newly discovered
evidence. At his sentencing hearing, Caputo told the district
court that he had met and talked with Guerra the week before.
Caputo stated that Guerra was willing to testify that Hernandez was
selling marihuana to Hernandez’s brother-in-law in Hammond,
Indiana.
Caputo argued that this was new evidence that undercut
Hernandez’s testimony that he sold marihuana to Caputo. The
district court explained that this evidence indicated only that it
was possible that both Caputo and Hernandez’s brother-in-law were
guilty. After he was sentenced, Caputo wrote a letter to the court
that indicated that Caputo thought that the court had not given
Caputo an adequate opportunity to speak at his sentencing hearing.
The court held a post-sentencing hearing to allow Caputo to explain
his position.
To obtain a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence, a
defendant must establish that “(1) the evidence is newly discovered
and was unknown to the defendant at the time of trial; (2) failure
to detect the evidence was not due to a lack of diligence by the
defendant; (3) the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching;
(4) the evidence is material; and (5) the evidence introduced at a
new trial would probably produce an acquittal.” Jaramillo, 42 F.3d
at 924; FED. R. CRIM. P. 33. A defendant is not entitled to a new
trial unless he satisfies all five prongs. Jaramillo, 42 F.3d at
10
924-25. We review for abuse of discretion the decision that a
defendant is not entitled to a new trial based upon newly discov-
ered evidence. Id. at 924.
Caputo has failed to show abuse of discretion. Guerra’s
alleged “newly-discovered evidence” is consistent with Hernandez’s
trial testimony that he shipped marihuana to his brother-in-law in
Hammond. The evidence would be unlikely to result in acquittal at
a new trial. As the district court explained to Caputo: (1) The
fact that Hernandez’s brother-in-law received marihuana from
Guerra’s organization does not establish that the organization did
not ship marihuana to Caputo, and (2) the fact that Guerra
allegedly did not know Caputo during the existence of the conspir-
acy does not mean that Caputo was not a member of his organization.
IV. Caputo’s Sentence.
Caputo argues that his sentence should be vacated. He argues
that the district court did not make specific factual findings
concerning (1) the amount of drugs attributable to Caputo and
(2) his role in the offense.
A. Drug Quantity.
The probation officer determined that Caputo’s offense level
was 32 because he had been convicted of conspiracy to possess more
than 1000 kilograms of marihuana.1 Caputo objected that the
1
Caputo was sentenced in September 1993; therefore, the 1992 version of
the Sentencing Guidelines applies.
11
offense conduct described in the presentence report (“PSR”) was
inconsistent and did not support a finding that his relevant
conduct involved more than 1000 kilograms. The district court
overruled the objection because, based upon the evidence at trial,
the jury found Caputo guilty of conspiring to distribute more than
1000 kilograms of marihuana.
We review the determination of relevant quantity for clear
error. Factual findings concerning relevant conduct for sentencing
purposes are not clearly erroneous if they are “plausible in light
of the record read as a whole.” Puig-Infante, 19 F.3d at 942. “If
the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light
of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not
reverse it even though convinced that . . . it would have weighed
the evidence differently.” United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539,
1575 (5th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1113, and cert.
denied, 115 S. Ct. 1825 (1995). Here, the determination of the
quantity of drugs is not clearly erroneous because it is plausible,
in light of the record as a whole, that Caputo’s relevant conduct
included over 1000 kilograms of marihuana.
B. Role in the Offense.
The probation officer recommended that Caputo be given a two-
level increase in offense level because of his role in the offense.
Caputo objected that there was no evidence that he was a manager
and that he should be given a four-level decrease in offense level
because he was only a minimal participant. The district court
12
overruled the objection, finding that the evidence showed that
Caputo was the “mid-level distributor” for the Guerra organization
in Chicago and the Midwest. This determination is plausible in
light of the record as a whole, so we affirm. See Bermea, 30 F.3d
at 1575.
IV. Evidentiary Rulings.
Maldonado argues that the district court erred by overruling
his hearsay objections to testimony concerning out-of-court
statements made by Dario Maldonado (“Dario”), Maldonado’s brother
and codefendant. Dario pleaded guilty but did not testify at
Maldonado’s trial.
The government alleged that Maldonado and Dario transported
marihuana for the Guerra organization. Dario’s ex-wife, Rhonda
Dobbs, testified that Dario bought a black pickup truck with funds
furnished by Guerra and installed a trailer hitch on the truck.
Rene and Dario used the truck to haul Dario’s Camaro to Atlanta.
Dario told Rhonda that they were going to Atlanta to race the car.
Rhonda testified that she objected, because Dario had never raced
the Camaro before, and she did not believe his explanation for the
trip. She stated that Dario responded that it would “look better”
if they took the Camaro.
Maldonado made a hearsay objection when the government asked
Rhonda who had told Dario that it would “look better” to take the
Camaro. The government argued that the evidence was admissible as
a co-conspirator’s statement in furtherance of the conspiracy. The
13
district court overruled the objection, and Rhonda identified
Maldonado as the person who advised Dario that it would look better
to take the Camaro to Atlanta.
Rhonda testified that, after Dario and Maldonado returned from
Atlanta, Dario explained the reason for the trip. The district
court overruled Maldonado’s hearsay objection to Rhonda’s evidence
concerning the purpose of the trip. Rhonda testified that Dario
told her that he and Rene had used the Camaro’s trailer to “pull[]
a load of marihuana to Atlanta.”
We review rulings on admission of evidence for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Triplett, 922 F.2d 1174, 1180 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 945 (1991). In direct criminal
appeals, review of evidentiary rulings is “necessarily heightened.”
United States v. Hays, 872 F.2d 582, 587 (5th Cir. 1989).
Nevertheless, a conviction will not be reversed because of the
erroneous admission of hearsay evidence unless the inadmissible
evidence had a substantial impact on the jury’s verdict. United
States v. El-Zoubi, 993 F.2d 442, 446 (5th Cir. 1993).
“[A] statement made by a coconspirator of a party during the
course and in furtherance of the conspiracy” is not hearsay. FED.
R. EVID. 801(d)(2)(E); United States v. McConnell, 988 F.2d 530, 533
(5th Cir. 1993). “A statement is made in furtherance of the
conspiracy if it advances the ultimate objectives of the conspir-
acy.” United States v. Snyder, 930 F.2d 1090, 1095 (5th Cir.),
cert. denied, 502 U.S. 942 (1991).
Maldonado concedes that the statements attributed to Dario
14
were coconspirator statements made during the course of the
conspiracy. He argues, however, that the admission of the
statements was error because the statements were not made in
furtherance of the conspiracy.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by determining
that Dario’s statement that Rene thought it would “look better” if
he and Dario took the Camaro to Atlanta was made in furtherance of
the conspiracy. The purpose of the statement was to overcome
Rhonda’s objection to Dario’s plan to use the trailer to tow the
Camaro to Atlanta.
The admission of Dario’s statement that he and Maldonado
pulled a load of marihuana to Atlanta is affirmed as a statement in
furtherance of the conspiracy. Rhonda admitted that she had known
Dario was “dealing marihuana” and that she was testifying pursuant
to a promise of immunity. Thus, we can consider Rhonda to be an
unindicted coconspirator, and hence the statement can be deemed to
be in furtherance of the conspiracy, because it “inform[] [her] of
the progress of the conspiracy.” See United States v. Flores, 63
F.3d 1342, 1377 (5th Cir. 1995).
VI. Maldonado’s Sentence.
Maldonado argues that the district court erred at sentencing
by failing to make adequate factual findings concerning the
relevant quantity of marihuana. Maldonado suggests that the
district court violated FED. R. CRIM. P. 32 because it did not
resolve his objection to the PSR with a specific factual finding as
15
to the quantity of drugs for which Maldonado was responsible.
The probation officer determined that Maldonado’s base offense
level was 34 based upon a “conservative estimate” that he had
facilitated the distribution of 4,545 kilograms of marihuana.
Maldonado noted the probation officer’s report that, between
December 1990 and March 1991, Maldonado and his brother delivered
“most of” 6000 pounds of marihuana that the Guerra organization
shipped to defendant Jack Novoselsky “via U-Haul trailers and Wells
Cargo trailers.” Maldonado objected that he denied “ever
transporting marihuana in U-Haul trailers.” The district court
overruled the objection on the ground that the type of trailer used
to carry the marihuana was irrelevant.
Maldonado asked to be sentenced at offense level 30. He
posited that his base offense level was 32 because the trial
evidence supported a finding of between 1000 and 3000 kilograms of
marihuana, and he suggested that his offense level should be
reduced by two because he was a minor participant. At the
sentencing hearing, the district court questioned the nature of
Maldonado’s objection to the base offense level. Counsel explained
that it was “a general objection” to the quantity “attributed . . .
by the Presentence Report.”
The court overruled the objection, stating that it was “clear
by the level of participation of this defendant, reasonably
probable that he was aware of the scope of the enterprise of more
than 3,000 kilos.” The district court adopted the PSR “with the
16
addition of Mr. Maldonado’s explanations . . . .”2
“The defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that
information the district court relied on in sentencing is materi-
ally untrue.” United Sates v. Vela, 927 F.2d 197, 201 (5th Cir.),
cert. denied, 502 U.S. 875 (1991) (internal quotations and citation
omitted). The court must make specific findings to resolve
contested factual issues relevant to sentencing if it intends to
use those facts as a basis for its sentence. United States v.
Sherbak, 950 F.2d 1095, 1098 (5th Cir. 1992); see F ED. R. CRIM. P.
32(c)(3)(D). If, however, a defendant objects to the PSR but does
not present rebuttal evidence to refute the facts, the district
court may adopt the facts in the PSR without further inquiry.
Sherbak, 950 F.2d at 1099-1100.
Maldonado presented no rebuttal evidence to support his
objection to the quantity of drugs attributed to him by the PSR;
therefore, the district court did not clearly err by adopting the
PSR’s factual findings as to the quantity of drugs. See id.
Maldonado’s argument that the court failed to make a clear record
concerning relevant quantity of drugs is irrelevant. The court
found that the record showed that Maldonado was responsible for
more than 3000 kilograms of marihuana. Maldonado’s base offense
level is 34, regardless of whether he was responsible for 3000 or
4545 kilograms of marihuana. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(5).
2
The explanations are not relevant to the quantity of drugs involved in
the offense.
17
VII. Sufficiency of the Indictment as to Burnside.
Burnside alleges that the district court lacked jurisdiction
to convict him of the transaction structuring offenses alleged in
counts 77, 79, 81, 87, and 88 because the indictment omitted an
essential element of the offense. Burnside points out that each of
these counts failed to allege that the structured transaction
involved a “domestic financial institution.” He does not suggest
that the indictment failed to allege any other element of the
offense.
Counts 77, 79, 81, 87, and 88 charged Burnside with
structuring currency transactions to evade currency reporting
requirements. A defendant is subject to criminal penalties if he
“structure[s] or assist[s] in structuring, or attempt[s] to
structure or assist in structuring, any transaction with one or
more domestic financial institutions” for the purpose of evading
the reporting requirements for cash transactions. See 31 U.S.C.
§ 5324(3)(a).
Each of the challenged counts alleged that the structuring
offense took place “in the Southern District of Texas and else-
where” and specified the financial institution or institutions
involved in the prohibited transaction, the date of the transac-
tion, and the amount of cash involved. Some of the financial
institutions have titles which strongly suggest that they are
“domestic” financial institutions, e.g., First City,
TexasSSNortheast Branch, 1st National Bank, NCNBSSTexas, and Lone
Star Bank.
18
Burnside did not object to the sufficiency of the indictment
in the district court. Therefore, the court will “read the
indictment liberally to be sufficient, unless it is so defective
that by any reasonable construction, it fails to charge an offense
for which the defendant is convicted.” United States v. Alford,
999 F.2d 818, 823 (5th Cir. 1993) (quotation and citation omitted).
“An indictment is sufficient if (1) it contains the elements of the
offense charged, (2) it fairly informs the defendant of the charge
he must meet, and (3) there is no risk of future prosecutions for
the same offense.” Id. The court’s review of the sufficiency of
the indictment is de novo, but the court will not reverse a
conviction for “minor deficiencies in the indictment that cause no
prejudice.” United States v. Gaytan, No. 95-50055, 1996 WL 26787,
at *1 (5th Cir. Jan. 23, 1996).
Burnside does not suggest that the indictment did not fairly
inform him of the charges against him or that he is in jeopardy of
future prosecution for the offenses alleged therein. He concedes
that the district court instructed the jury that a conviction
required proof that the offense involved a “domestic financial
institution,” and he does not suggest that any of the named
institutions was not a “domestic” institution.
Counts 77, 79, 81, and 87 state that the charged conduct
occurred “in the Southern District of Texas and elsewhere,”
identify the relevant financial institutions, and refer to what was
then § 5324(3) (which details the elements required for a viola-
tion, including the requirement that the transaction involve a
19
“domestic financial institution.”). Under similar circumstances,
we have determined that an indictment adequately set forth the
elements of the alleged offenses. See United States v. Devoll, 39
F.3d 575, 578-79 (5th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1701
(1995); see also United States v. Green, 964 F.2d 365, 373-75 (5th
Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1055 (1993).
Count 88 alleges that Burnside engaged in transactions for the
purposes of evading the currency reporting requirements of 31
U.S.C. § 5313(1).3 Unlike the other challenged counts, however,
count 8 fails to allege that Burnside violated § 5324.
An indictment must cite the “statute, rule, regulation or
other provision of law” that the defendant is alleged to have
violated; FED. R. CRIM. P. 7(c)(1). We are unaware of a case in
which the court has affirmed a challenge to an indictment under
similar circumstances. The only authority tending to support an
affirmance is United States v. Ellender, 947 F.2d 748, 755-56 (5th
Cir. 1991). There, we found that allegations that the offense
occurred “‘commencing in or about the month of July, 1982, and
continuing through the month of August, 1984' . . . ‘in the Western
District of Louisiana, and elsewhere’” sufficiently apprised the
defendant of the charged conduct to allow him to prepare a defense.
Id.
Ellender is distinguishable, however, as the defendant argued,
not that the indictment failed to allege the elements of the
offense, but that it was too vague to allow him to defend the
3
Section 5313 does not provide criminal penalties.
20
charges. See id. Therefore, we reverse Burnside’s conviction on
count 88. As discussed below, reversal of this count will not
affect Burnside’s sentence or jail term, but the total amount of
his special assessments will be reduced by fifty dollars. See
United States v. Pepper, 51 F.3d 469, 475 (5th Cir. 1995).
VIII. Burnside’s Sentence.
Burnside argues that the district court clearly erred in
determining the value of the laundered funds for sentencing
purposes and in increasing his offense level based upon its
determination that he knew that the laundered funds were the
proceeds of drug activity. Burnside suggests that the district
court committed an ex post facto violation by sentencing him under
the 1991 amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines.
Under the grouping provisions of the guidelines, Burnside’s
offense level was computed based upon his money laundering
convictions (counts 83-86 and 89).4 The probation officer in-
creased Burnside’s base offense level of 23 by three on the ground
that Burnside was aware that the laundered funds were derived from
the sale of narcotics and by an additional four on the ground that
the laundered funds exceeded $600,000. The probation officer
reported, based upon an analysis of Burnside’s records of Guerra’s
1987-91 income, that the total amount of funds laundered by
4
Because Burnside’s offense level was based upon the money laundering
rather than the structuring convictions, our disposition of count 88 does not
affect Burnside’s overall sentence. Burnside received concurrent terms of 151
months for money laundering (5 counts), 60 months for conspiracy (3 counts), and
36 months for transaction structuring offenses (6 counts besides count 88).
21
Burnside was $934,092. The probation officer documented numerous
highly unorthodox transactions that Burnside completed for Guerra.
Burnside objected in conclusional terms that he had not known that
the funds were drug proceeds and that he had laundered only
$178,000.
A. Value of Laundered Funds.
At sentencing, counsel conceded that Burnside had laundered
more than $178,000, but he argued without great specificity that
the amount laundered was less than $600,000. The district court
rejected his argument as follows:
The offense conduct . . . exceeded $600,000 on the counts
of conviction, and the related conduct was in the
neighborhood of a million dollars, and I’m not going to
consider even related conduct for which he was acquitted.
But for sentencing purposes, even some of the legitimate
things that were done for the Guerras could be considered
in the magnitude of the offense because in the absence of
some legitimate transactions, it’s real hard to launder
stuff sinceSSso you’ve got to set up legitimate things.
The district court adopted the PSR as proposed by the probation
officer. As Burnside did not present any evidence to refute the
probation officer’s report that the laundered funds totaled
$934,092, the court did not clearly err when it adopted the PSR’s
finding concerning the amount of funds laundered.
B. Nature of Laundered Funds.
Burnside did not present any evidence to support his
conclusional argument that he was unaware that the laundered funds
were drug proceeds. The district court held that a preponderance
22
of the evidence supported a finding that Burnside knew the funds
were derived from drugs rather than some other unlawful activity.
Burnside’s denial of knowledge of the nature of the funds fails to
establish that the district court’s determination is not plausible
in light of the record as a whole. See Bermea, 30 F.3d at 1575.
C. Ex Post Facto Argument.
Burnside was sentenced under the 1992 edition of the
Sentencing Guidelines. As discussed above, his offense level was
increased by three pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(1), which
imposes an increase if the defendant “knew or believed” that the
laundered funds were the proceeds of certain illicit activities.
Prior to November 1991, § 2S1.1(b)(1) provided for an increase in
the offense level only if the defendant “knew” of the illicit
source of the funds. See United States v. Breque, 964 F.2d 381,
389 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 909 (1993). Burnside
correctly points out that, because the offense conduct occurred
before November 1991, the use of the amended version of
§ 2S1.1(b)(1) violates ex post facto principles. See United States
v. Domino, 62 F.3d 716, 719-20 (5th Cir. 1995).
Because Burnside did not present his ex post facto argument to
the district court, our review is for plain error. Under FED. R.
CRIM. P. 52(b), we may correct forfeited errors only when the
appellant shows the following factors: (1) There is an error
(2) that is clear or obvious and (3) that affects his substantial
rights. United States v. Calverley, 37 F.3d 160, 162-64 (5th Cir.
23
1994) (en banc) (citing United States v. Olano, 113 S. Ct. 1770
(1993)), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1266 (1995). If these factors
are established, the decision to correct the forfeited error is
within our sound discretion, and we will not exercise that
discretion unless the error seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Olano,
113 S. Ct. at 1778.
Parties are required to challenge errors in the district
court. When a defendant in a criminal case has forfeited an error
by failing to object, we may remedy the error only in the most
exceptional case. Calverley, 37 F.3d at 162. The Supreme Court
has directed the courts of appeals to determine whether a case is
exceptional by using a two-part analysis. Olano, 113 S. Ct. at
1777-79.
First, the appellant has the burden to show that there is
actually an error, that it is plain, and that it affects
substantial rights. Id. at 1777-78; Rodriguez, 15 F.3d at 414-15;
FED. R. CRIM. P. 52(b). Plain error is one that is “clear or
obvious, and, at a minimum, contemplates an error which was clear
under current law at the time of trial.” Calverley, 37 F.3d at
162-63 (internal quotation and citation omitted). See United
States v. Dupaquier, No. 95-30068, slip op. 1706, 1710-11 (5th Cir.
Jan. 26, 1996). “[I]n most cases, the affecting of substantial
rights requires that the error be prejudicial; it must affect the
outcome of the proceeding.” Calverley, 37 F.3d at 164. We lack
the authority to relieve an appellant of this burden. Olano, 113
24
S. Ct. at 1781.
Second, the Supreme Court has directed that, even when the
appellant carries his burden, “Rule 52(b) is permissive, not
mandatory. If the forfeited error is `plain’ and `affect[s]
substantial rights,’ the Court of Appeals has authority to order
correction, but is not required to do so.” Olano, 113 S. Ct. at
1778 (quoting rule 52(b)). As the Court stated in Olano,
the standard that should guide the exercise of [this]
remedial discretion under Rule 52(b) was articulated in
United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157 . . . (1936).
The Court of Appeals should correct a plain forfeited
error affecting substantial rights if the error
“seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.”
Id. at 1779 (quoting Atkinson, 297 U.S. at 160). Thus, our
discretion to correct an error pursuant to rule 52(b) is narrow.
Rodriguez, 15 F.3d at 416-17.
The error in this case is clear and obvious, but Burnside has
not established that it affects his substantial rights. Although
the probation officer cited the “knew or believed” language, the
district court found that Burnside “reasonably [could] be concluded
to have known” that the funds were derived from “drugs and not some
other unlawful activity.” Burnside’s conclusional protestations
aside, the facts cited in the PSR indicate that Burnside “knew”
that Guerra was dealing drugs.
IX. Conclusion.
In summary, we AFFIRM as to Caputo and Maldonado. We AFFIRM
Burnside’s conviction except on count 88, as to which we REVERSE,
25
and we VACATE and REMAND Burnside’s sentence for resentencing to
reduce his special assessment by fifty dollars.
26