People v. Serna CA1/2

Filed 11/23/22 P. v. Serna CA1/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and
A164252
Respondent,
v. (Tulare County
SALVADOR SERNA, Super. Ct. No. VCF340403)
Defendant and
Appellant.

Defendant Salvador Serna was charged in separate criminal cases of
committing sex offenses against two child victims, one was his younger niece
and the other was an unrelated adolescent girl who contacted him through
social media. After the two cases were consolidated, he was convicted by a
jury of all charges brought against him: three counts of committing a lewd
act upon a child under the age of 14 (his niece) (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a))1
and one count of contacting a minor with the intent to commit a sexual
offense (§ 288.3, subd. a). He now appeals, raising several claims of
procedural and evidentiary error affecting the trial, and one sentencing error.

All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless
1

otherwise indicated.

1
 We affirm the judgments of conviction, but remand for resentencing
because the trial court failed to state its reasons for imposing the maximum
sentence.
BACKGROUND
A. The Lewd Touching Case Involving Defendant’s Young
Niece
In December 2015, defendant’s 11-year-old niece B., who is 10 years
younger than him, revealed to her mother and older sister that defendant
had molested her. The disclosure was precipitated by the discovery that B.
had been watching pornography on a tablet. When her mother confronted
her about this and threatened her with punishment unless she revealed who
had made her watch pornography, B. responded that it was defendant.2
Then, scared and crying, she also said he had molested her. She had been
keeping it in, afraid to tell anyone. Upon hearing this, her sister E., who is
seven and a half years older than B., revealed for the first time to her family
that defendant also had touched her inappropriately when she was younger.
A few days later, B.’s revelations were reported to police. In an
interview with a trained forensic child interview specialist for the district
attorney’s office, the 11 year old described the details of defendant fondling
her body on multiple occasions. Defendant would have been around 20 years
old at the time she said he did this. She told the investigator it had all taken
place at her grandparents’ house (where defendant also lived), behind closed
doors in defendant’s bedroom, starting when she was around 9 years old and
ending in March 2015 when she was 10 (i.e., about 10 months before she
revealed it), after he got a girlfriend. She described how she had reacted,

2There was conflicting testimony as to whether she revealed this
information the same day the pornography came to light, or whether it
happened over the course of two days.

2
saying she tried to kick him and stop him. The first time, which happened
when her relatives were outside in the backyard, he asked her to get
something from his bedroom, followed her inside, closed the door behind him
and then, without saying a word, lifted her shirt and began touching her bare
breasts. She pushed him away and ran out of the room to the front of the
house where she saw one of her cousins and said defendant had tried to rape
her.3 He did the same thing another time, and again she pushed him away.
Another time he touched her bare buttocks with his hands. And another time
he slipped his hands down her pants and fondled her vagina, “in between
[the] line where the skin separates a little bit.” She also told the investigator
that once he made her watch pornography on a website through his phone,
telling her “you should probably watch more of this.” Later at trial, she
would elaborate that he would lure her into his bedroom by tricking her, such

3 Later, at trial she identified the cousin by name (A.), whom she said
she told about the molestation sometime later on, after the first incident.
According to information contained in some of defendant’s pre-trial filings,
she also told her parents she thought defendant had touched her cousin A.
inappropriately as well, and, according to her mother and sister who
confronted A. about this, the cousin cried and confirmed defendant had done
so. But the cousin recanted that accusation when interviewed (twice) by the
same law enforcement child interview specialist who spoke with B.; the
interviewer did not believe the cousin’s retraction was truthful; and the trial
court granted defendant’s motion in limine to exclude all evidence of the
cousin’s recanted accusations, including the investigating interviewer’s
doubts about the truthfulness of her recantation. The People did not oppose
the motion, and the court said it would allow the prosecution to revisit the
issue if need be for rebuttal purposes. The issue did not arise at trial, and
that was the end of the matter. The trial court also granted an unopposed
motion to exclude evidence that yet another (unidentified) cousin living out of
state had told E. that defendant had touched her inappropriately as well, an
accusation police apparently did not investigate.

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as by telling her he would give her candy or play a game with her, and that
sometimes he told her to keep his behavior a secret.
B. The Texting Case Involving an Unrelated Child Victim
In November 2015, about a month before B.’s revelations about her
uncle came to light, he carried on a flirtatious text exchange with a 12- or 13-
year-old eighth-grade girl named Y., that became sexually explicit. Y. was
the sister-in-law of one of his friends, had seen him on Facebook through
family connections and wanted to be in a relationship with him. She
initiated contact with him, by reaching out to him through text using the
phone number listed on his Facebook page.
Over the course of their communications, defendant asked Y. to send
him pictures of herself, told her things like “[s]end me a nude and I’ll call you
babe,” and often egged her on by calling her a “little girl” whenever she
refrained from complying with his requests for nude pictures of herself. He
also made sexually explicit comments to her. For example, once when she
texted to ask if he was asleep he offered to “bet you a blowjob” he wasn’t
sleeping, and another time he told her “I want to take you down so bad”
which she took to mean he wanted to do something sexual, and then made a
crude comment about her vagina (“I bet you have it all tight”). Another time
he asked, “[w]hen are you going to let me have sex with you?” Another time
he said, “[s]ee when you can escape,” which she understood as a request to
sneak out of her house to meet him.
During this period, the two would occasionally see each other at rodeos
but never approached each other or talked. By text, she would sometimes
make comments to him about how he wouldn’t say hi to her at the rodeo, or
about seeing him there dancing with other people. She also complained he
sometimes didn’t text her back.

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 At his request, Y. did send him photographs of herself. Their
exchanges culminated when she finally relented to his repeated requests for a
more explicit photograph and sent him a nude photograph of her vaginal
area. After she did that, he just stopped replying to her texts and had no
further contact with her. The two never met in person.
C. Criminal Proceedings
Defendant was charged in two separate cases that were later
consolidated for trial over his objection. In one case, he was charged with
four counts of committing a lewd act upon a child under 14 during the two-
year period between September 29, 2013, and September 28, 2015 (§ 288,
subd. (a)). Attached to one count, concerning the vagina touching, was a
special allegation he had engaged in substantial sexual conduct (see
§ 1203.066, subds. (a)(8), (b) [defining same]). In the other case, he was
charged with one count of contacting a minor with the intent to commit a
sexual felony, during a 10-day period in November 2015.
The cases proceeded to a four-day jury trial in May 2019. At trial,
defendant moved in limine unsuccessfully to sever the charges, which we
discuss in greater detail below. The sole witness in the texting case was the
complaining witness, Y. In the lewd touching case, there were four
witnesses: defendant’s niece, B., who by then was 14 years old and testified
very briefly about the molestation and her disclosure of it to her mother and
sister; the criminal investigator who took her statement in December 2015,
who principally authenticated a copy of the interview transcript and testified
about the circumstances (not the substance) of the interview; her mother,
who testified about the child’s revelation 4; and her older sister E., who

4 At trial, both B. and her mother denied that her mother threatened to
hit her if she didn’t reveal who had been showing her pornography, but her

5
testified not only about B.’s revelation of the molestation but also, over the
defendant’s objection, about her own experience several years earlier when
defendant had subjected E. to unwanted touching when she and her uncle
were adolescents, a fact she had kept secret for many years. We discuss that
testimony below.
In her testimony at trial in the lewd touching case, B., who was then
14 years old, diverged from the accounts she had given three and a half years
earlier in two principal ways. First, she recanted her prior statement (made
both to her mother and sister and then, later, in her law enforcement
interview in December 2015), that defendant had shown her pornography.
When questioned on direct examination, she took the prosecutor by evident
surprise when she haltingly revealed she had lied about that. The truth was,
she testified, that she had found pornography on her own and began to watch
it because “[w]hat happened to me just got stuck in my head.” At first, she
testified she didn’t know why she had lied to her mother but then testified
she blamed her pornography watching on defendant “[b]ecause I needed to
tell [my mother] what happened and that was the way I told her.” She
revealed the molestation to her family because she was “turning depressed.”
B.’s second inconsistency at trial with her earlier statements concerned
the timing of the molestation. Whereas three and half years earlier she had
reported to the investigator in her interview when the issue came to light
that the molestation began “[w]hen I was probably like nine years old,” she
testified at trial that it began when she was six years old and she could not
recall when it ended. On the basis of this three-year discrepancy, defendant
made a number of motions to suspend and/or dismiss the criminal

mother told the detective in December 2015 she had threatened to hit her
daughter if her daughter did not say who it was.

6
proceedings, all premised on the theory the prosecution had not established
defendant was an adult at the time of the charged molestation. We discuss
that issue further below.
The jury deliberated for around seven hours over the course of two
court days, submitted two requests to review evidence and one question,5 and
returned a verdict finding defendant guilty on all counts and finding true the
special allegation he had engaged in substantial sexual conduct when he
touched B.’s vagina. Defendant was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of
14 years and four months, and this timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
I.
Joint Trial of the Two Criminal Cases
Defendant argues, first, that the trial court abused its discretion when
it consolidated his two cases and then denied his motion to sever them for
trial. We do not agree.
The legal standard is well-settled. “The law prefers trying charged
offenses together because doing so ordinarily promotes efficiency,” a
preference that is embodied by section 954 of the Penal Code. (People v.
Anderson (2018) 5 Cal.5th 372, 388.) It states in relevant part that, “An
accusatory pleading may charge . . . two or more different offenses of the
same class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts, and if two or more
accusatory pleadings are filed in such cases in the same court, the court may
order them to be consolidated.” (§ 954.) If joinder is proper, the court in its

5 The jury asked for the transcript of B.’s forensic interview, and the
next day was given the transcript and watched the video of the interview. A
short time later, it requested and was given a readback of B.’s trial testimony
and asked if a separate vote was required for the special allegation in
count 1.

7
discretion may still order the counts tried separately. (Anderson, at p. 388;
see also § 954 [“the court in which a case is triable, in the interests of justice
and for good cause shown, may in its discretion order that the different
offenses or counts set forth in the accusatory pleading be tried separately or
divided into two or more groups and each of said groups tried separately”].)
Our review of the trial court’s ruling is deferential. When the statutory
requirements for joinder are met, “the defendant must make a clear showing
of prejudice to demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion.” (People
v. Holmes, McClain and Newborn (2022) 12 Cal.5th 719, 746 (Holmes);
accord, People v. Johnson (2015) 61 Cal.4th 734, 750.) That “clear showing of
prejudice” standard, which applies both to a claim the trial court erred in
ordering consolidation and to a claim it erred in denying severance, requires
the defendant to “establish that the ruling fell ‘ “ ‘ “ ‘outside the bounds of
reason.’ ” ’ ” ’ ” (People v. Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 37 (Merriman).) “In
reviewing such a ruling, we consider: ‘(1) whether evidence of the crimes to
be jointly tried is cross-admissible; (2) whether some charges are unusually
likely to inflame the jury against the defendant; (3) whether a weak case has
been joined with a stronger case so that the spillover effect of aggregate
evidence might alter the outcome of some or all of the charges; and (4)
whether any charge carries the death penalty or the joinder of charges
converts the matter into a capital case.’ ” (Holmes, at p. 746.) “An appellate
court evaluates such claims in light of the showings made and the facts
known by the trial court at the time of the court’s ruling.” (Merriman, at
p. 37.) “A defendant seeking severance of properly joined charged offenses
must make a stronger showing of potential prejudice than would be necessary
to exclude evidence of other crimes in a severed trial.” (People v.
Simon (2016) 1 Cal.5th 98, 123 (Simon).)

8
 On appeal, defendant does not argue that the two cases were ineligible
to be joined under section 954, and so we will assume that they are
statutorily eligible to be consolidated (as involving “different offenses of the
same class of crimes or offenses”). His only argument is that application of
the relevant legal factors “compel[s] the conclusion that joining these cases
resulted in undue prejudice and denial of a fair trial.” But a defendant “bears
a heavy burden to overcome the preference for a single trial of properly joined
counts.” (Merriman, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 42.) Defendant has not analyzed
and applied any caselaw where error was found and has not met that heavy
burden. Considering each factor ourselves based upon the record at the time
of the court’s rulings, we find no clear showing of prejudice sufficient to
establish an abuse of discretion.
First, the parties raise numerous issues and theories as to whether
evidence of the lewd touching charges would be admissible in a separate trial
of the texting charge and vice versa, but it is necessary to comment here only
briefly. At a minimum, evidence of defendant’s conduct toward B. was cross-
admissible in the texting case—specifically, on the issue of intent.6

6 The trial court did not expressly rule on whether there would be
cross-admissibility. When it consolidated the two cases, it stated it was “not
basing this decision on whether or not there’s cross-admissibility on the two
cases.” And in denying defendant’s motion to sever the charges, the court did
not clearly state its views on the subject either. At that later juncture, it said
nothing as to whether evidence of the lewd touching case would be admissible
in a separate trial of the texting case, or vice versa. It merely expressed some
uncertainty about cross-admissibility in the event of a guilty plea in the
texting case. Specifically, when defense counsel inquired about the potential
impact of a guilty plea to the texting charge, it questioned whether evidence
of the texting conduct would still be admissible in the lewd touching case,
made comments suggesting that it would be admissible despite a guilty plea
if his defense in the lewd touching case was “refuted” by the evidence in the

9
 Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b) allows “the admission of
evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong, or other act when
relevant to prove some fact (such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident, or whether a
defendant in a prosecution for an unlawful sexual act or attempted unlawful
sexual act did not reasonably and in good faith believe that the victim
consented) other than his or her disposition to commit such an act.” A central
contested issue in the texting case was defendant’s intent. As the People
point out, this was an element of the offense defense counsel expressly
challenged in closing argument (“The second issue [in the texting case] is
whether the evidence proves a specific intent on his part . . .”). We agree with
the People that evidence defendant had previously engaged in criminally
lewd or lascivious acts toward B. (§ 288) helped prove he intended to do the
same with Y. when he was texting with her, and this was a theory of
admissibility specifically argued to the trial court in opposing defendant’s
request to sever the charges.
Defendant argues his conduct in the two cases was too dissimilar to be
probative of his intent in either one but cites no authority suggesting a trial
court would have no discretion to conclude they were sufficiently similar to be
probative of his mental state in the texting case. He simply asserts that “if a
generic sexual interest in minors is sufficient for section 1101 purposes, then
Evidence Code section 1101 would permit all sexual offenses against minors
to prove any sexual offenses against other minors. This cannot be the law.”
The short answer is that, for the most part, it is the law: Evidence Code
section 1108 permits this for many, if not most, sexual offenses, but for the

texting case, but ultimately asked for briefing on the impact of a guilty plea
on admissibility and never returned to the subject.

10
constraints otherwise imposed by Evidence Code section 352.7 More to the
point, at issue here is not evidence of defendant’s “generic sexual interest in
minors” but rather his actual sexual conduct toward B., a child or very young
adolescent, which a trial court reasonably could conclude is probative of his
intentions in carrying out a lurid text exchange with another young
adolescent in which, among other things, he specifically solicited her (twice)
to engage in sexual conduct with him.
“The least degree of similarity is required to prove intent. All that is
needed is for the crimes to be sufficiently similar to support an inference that
the defendant probably had the same intent each time.” (People v. Anderson,
supra, 5 Cal.5th at p. 389 [upholding joinder of charges].) Evidence
defendant actually engaged in lewd acts with B. supports an inference he had
an intent to do the same with Y. when he sexually propositioned her. In
arguing otherwise, defendant stresses various factual differences in the
circumstances of each situation (one, involving a family member and the
other a complete stranger who initiated contact with him); but he does not
explain how those factual distinctions undermine an inference he had the
same sexual intent in each case, and we perceive no basis to draw such a
distinction. At most, the differing circumstances might affect the weight a

7 That statute provides an exception to the general prohibition on
propensity evidence under Evidence Code section 1101 in any “criminal
action in which the defendant is accused of a sexual offense,” for “evidence of
the defendant’s commission of another sexual offense or offenses,” provided
that such evidence “is not inadmissible pursuant to Section 352.” (Evid.
Code, § 1108, subd. (a).) It defines “sexual offense” to include many offenses
against minors including violation of section 288 (see Evid. Code, § 1108,
subd. (d)), but does not list section 288.3, and the parties disagree as to
whether it would permit introduction of the evidence of defendant’s texting
conduct in a trial of the lewd touching charges concerning B. We do not reach
that issue.

11
jury in the texting case would give to evidence of his conduct toward his
niece, B., in deciding whether he had an intent to engage in sexual conduct
with Y., but they do not affect its admissibility. He cites no authority
suggesting that in a trial of the lewd texting charge, a trial court would have
no discretion under Evidence Code section 1101 to admit evidence of his lewd
conduct toward his niece.
Because evidence of the lewd touching would be admissible in a
separate trial of the texting charge, it is unnecessary to consider whether the
opposite is true (that is, whether evidence of the texting conduct with Y.
would be admissible in a separate trial of the lewd touching charges involving
B.), or any other factor. For joinder purposes, it is sufficient to dispel any
inference of prejudice if evidence supporting one offense would be admissible
in a separate trial of the other charge. “ ‘ “[T]wo-way” cross-admissibility is
not required.’ ” (Merriman, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 38.) The Supreme Court
has said this principle is “clear”: “In other words, it may be sufficient, for
example, if evidence underlying charge ‘B’ is admissible in the trial of charge
‘A’—even though evidence underlying charge ‘A’ may not be similarly
admissible in the trial of charge ‘B.’ ” (Alcala v. Superior Court (2008)
43 Cal.4th 1205, 1221.) The fact that defendant’s conduct toward B. would
have been cross-admissible in the texting case is a sufficient and dispositive
basis upon which we can and must affirm the court’s exercise of discretion to
deny severance of the charges. (See, e.g., Merriman, supra, 60 Cal.4th at
p. 42 [no abuse of discretion in refusing to sever trial on multiple counts of
sexual assault against two women victims from trial on unrelated murder
charge involving third victim; “Because the sexual assaults evidence clearly
would have been cross-admissible in a separate trial of the murder count,

12
that circumstance alone is sufficient to dispel any potential of prejudice
arising from the joinder of these counts . . .”].)
Second, and in any event, we would affirm the court’s rulings allowing
the cases to be tried jointly even if the evidence in each case would have been
inadmissible at a separate trial in the other. “Cross-admissibility is not . . . a
precondition to joinder of charges. ‘[S]ection 954.1 expressly provides that
“where two or more accusatory pleadings charging offenses of the same class
of crimes or offenses have been consolidated, evidence concerning the one
offense or offenses need not be admissible as to the other offense or offenses
before the same trier of fact.” (Italics added.) Thus, “cross-admissibility is
not the sine qua non of joint trials.” ’ [Citation.] While the presence of such
evidence ‘ “is normally sufficient to dispel any suggestion of prejudice and to
justify a trial court’s refusal to sever properly joined charges” ’ [citation], the
absence of cross-admissible evidence does not bar joinder.” (People v.
O’Malley (2016) 62 Cal.4th 944, 968, italics added.) So, for example, in People
v. Bean (1988) 46 Cal.3d 919, the Supreme Court upheld the denial of a
severance motion even though there was no cross-admissibility, because
“[t]his is not a case in which, at the time the ruling was made, the evidence of
defendant’s guilt of one or more of the joined offenses was weak, while
evidence of the other was strong. And neither offense was particularly
inflammatory in comparison with the other.” (Id. at p. 939, fn. omitted; see
also, e.g., Simon, supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 123-131 [upholding joint trial of
unrelated homicide charges despite absence of cross-admissibility]; People v.
Thomas (2012) 53 Cal.4th 771, 799 [same].)
The same is true here. In this case, there was not a great disparity in
the inflammatory nature of the two sets of charges. Although the charges
concerning the touching of B. involved attention that was unwanted and

13
actual physical contact, defendant’s communications, albeit initiated by Y.,
were lurid, graphic and actively solicitous of her, and a jury could find they
reflected a desire to engage in conduct with her and were as disturbing as the
physical groping of B. Among other things, defendant propositioned Y. to
have sex with him, asked her to send him nude pictures of herself and made
crude comments expressing his desire to have sexual contact with her. A jury
could reasonably conclude that, but for the fact he apparently lost interest in
pursuing his avowed urges regarding Y., he might well have molested her,
too. In these circumstances, “we cannot say that the charges [in the groping
case] were particularly likely to inflame the jury against defendant” [in the
texting case]. (People v. Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 799, italics added
[finding no error in refusing to sever two sets of murder charges, even though
one set of murders was more callous and “may have” had potential to inflame
the jury]; see also, e.g., Holmes, supra, 12 Cal.5th at p. 747 [“[T]he incidents
were ‘different in their particulars,’ but ‘equally abhorrent’ ”].)
Moreover, at the time of the court’s ruling denying severance, neither
case appeared to be a weak one that was bolstered by joining it with a
stronger one, and we do not understand defendant to contend otherwise on
appeal. Indeed, defendant never asserted below that one case was
significantly stronger than the other.8 Moreover, the nature and substance of
defendant’s texts to Y., which the trial court reviewed when it considered the
severance motion, were undisputed; and his intent to commit a sexual offense
with Y. was evidenced by the undisputed content of the communications
themselves. Likewise, testimony by a sheriff’s deputy at the preliminary

8 Defendant never made any argument to the trial court about the
relative strength of the two cases—neither when opposing the prosecution’s
consolidation motion, nor when he asked the trial court to sever the charges.

14
hearing reflected that B. had given a relatively detailed account to the
forensic interviewer of how defendant had molested her. There was simply
no basis for the court to conclude, when it denied severance, that one case
was likely to be considerably stronger (or weaker) than the other. (See, e.g.,
Holmes, supra, 12 Cal.5th at p. 747 [affirming denial of severance where
there was “strong evidence” in both cases].) “The core prejudice concern
arising in connection with this issue is that jurors may aggregate evidence
and convict on weak charges that might not merit conviction in separate
trials. [Citation] This concern is especially pronounced when evidence of a
lesser but inflammatory incident might be used to bolster a weak prosecution
case as to another incident. [Citation.] But even where evidence from one
incident could be considered ‘inflammatory’ as the term is understood in our
case law [citation], we will find no abuse of discretion if the evidence of guilt
for each of the joined incidents is sufficiently compelling. [Citation.]”
(Simon, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 127 [affirming denial of severance].) That is
true here.
For all of these reasons, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in proceeding with a joint trial on all of the charges.
We also reject defendant’s related contention that the joint trial
violated his federal constitutional right to a fair trial. “Even when we
conclude, as we do here, that the trial court acted well within its discretion in
denying severance or consolidating charges, we must further inquire
whether events after the court’s ruling demonstrate that joinder actually
resulted in ‘gross unfairness’ amounting to a denial of defendant’s
constitutional right to fair trial or due process of law.” (Merriman, supra,
60 Cal.4th at p. 46.) “[A] judgment will be reversed on this ground only if it is

15
‘reasonably probable that the jury was influenced [by the joinder] in its
verdict of guilt.’ ” (Id. at p. 49.)
However, in this case defendant offers only a perfunctory analysis of
the constitutional issue and fails to argue that any event that occurred after
the in limine ruling demonstrates that joinder resulted in unfairness.
Instead, his due process argument is a reprise of his challenge to the
consolidation ruling attacking the cross-admissibility of the evidence. He
contends “[t]he jury heard inflammatory evidence as to each charge that was
totally unrelated to the other charge” and “[c]ombining these two counts
significantly bolstered the likelihood of guilty findings in both cases.” More
specifically, he contends the lewd touching charges would have unduly
inflamed the jury and led it to draw negative inferences about his character
that would cause it to convict him on the texting charges, and that the
converse is also true.
We find these arguments unpersuasive for the reasons we have already
discussed. We have already rejected defendant’s argument that the lewd
conduct and texting charges were, as defendant puts it, “totally unrelated” to
each other, because the lewd conduct charges were relevant to the contested
issue of defendant’s intent in committing the texting offense. And we have
concluded that neither the lewd conduct nor the texting charges was as
significantly more inflammatory than the other and that neither case was
significantly stronger or weaker than the other. Thus, there is no likelihood
that the jury would have convicted the defendant of either the lewd conduct
offenses or the texting offense simply because it found his conduct on the
other offense or offenses abhorrent. This is especially so because, in addition
to the instructions on the elements of the various offenses, the jury was
instructed that “[e]ach of the counts charged in this case is a separate crime”

16
and told to “consider each count separately.” In short, defendant fails to
persuade us that any gross unfairness resulted from trying the charges
arising out of the two kinds of conduct together.
II.
Evidence of Uncharged Sexual Offenses
A. Background
Following an initial in limine hearing, the trial court ruled that E.,
defendant’s other niece and older sister of complaining witness B., would be
permitted to testify about defendant’s unwanted touching of her as well.
That uncharged conduct took place around eight years earlier than the
incidents involving B., when defendant and E. were both children who played
together at the home where defendant lived with his parents, who were her
grandparents. Over defense counsel’s objection, the court ruled that E.’s
testimony was admissible under two exceptions to the general prohibition on
propensity evidence (see Evid. Code, § 1101): under subdivision (b) of
section 1101, and under section 1108.
Defense counsel later filed a supplemental motion in limine contending
that because defendant was a minor when the unadjudicated conduct took
place, the uncharged conduct was inadmissible unless, outside the jury’s
presence, the prosecution rebutted by clear and convincing evidence the
statutory presumption that he lacked criminal capacity to commit a sexual
offense (see generally § 26; People v. Cottone (2013) 57 Cal.4th 269).
Following an Evidence Code section 402 hearing conducted outside the jury’s
presence at which E. testified, the court found by clear and convincing
evidence defendant “knew what he was doing was wrong and inappropriate,”
and again ruled the evidence was admissible under Evidence Code
sections 1101, subdivision (b) and 1108.

17
 E. then testified at trial. Her testimony about the uncharged conduct
occupied about 8 pages of her 23-page testimony (i.e., around 25 percent); by
comparison, B.’s testimony occupied about 20 pages, their mother’s testimony
occupied about 13 pages, and Y.’s testimony concerning the texting about
32 pages.
In relevant part, E. testified that when she was nine years old,
defendant touched her breast and vaginal areas over her clothing multiple
times. Based on their birthdays, the jury could infer he was about three
years older than E. (two years and eight months, to be precise) and therefore
about 12 years old when he groped E. The jury could likewise infer that the
incidents involving E. took place in 2001 or early 2002, about seven and a
half years before B. told the forensic interviewer defendant had begun
molesting her at age nine, and more than a decade before B.’s accusations
came to light in December 2015.
E. could recall only the specifics of two incidents, but she testified there
were more. She remembered that one time he touched her while she was
walking down the hallway at her grandparents’ home when nobody else was
around, that he didn’t say a word and that she didn’t know what to do. The
other time she remembered, the two were playing outside together with some
cousins at her grandparents’ house and he told her they would play a game.
She followed him into a van that was parked outside the home, and he again
touched her inappropriately over her clothes in her breast and vaginal areas.
She felt confused and scared, and didn’t know what to do or how to make it
stop. She didn’t tell anyone right away because defendant had told her not to
tell anyone. She first told someone in 2015, which was many years later but
before she had learned of her sister’s accusations. The person she told was a
boyfriend. She finally decided to tell her parents about defendant’s behavior

18
toward her when her younger sister B. disclosed what defendant had done to
her, and a sense of guilt weighed on her for not having spoken up long before
then. After her sister’s disclosures, E. accompanied their father and brother
to their grandparents’ house where they confronted defendant. He repeatedly
denied that he had ever touched either girl inappropriately. But eventually,
after E. repeatedly asked him to admit he had touched her inappropriately,
he said that “we were little” and “we were just playing games.” E. testified it
had not been a game to her, and she had not wanted him to do that to her.
Defendant now challenges the admission of E.’s testimony about
defendant’s uncharged conduct toward her on several grounds. He contends
the court erred in admitting it because: (1) there was insufficient evidence to
support a finding by clear and convincing evidence that he knew his conduct
was wrong, as required to establish he had the capacity despite his age to
commit a criminal offense, and there was insufficient evidence he possessed
lewd intent which is an element of the underlying sexual offense 9—both
rendering the testimony inadmissible under section 1108; (2) the evidence
was inadmissible propensity evidence of his character, barred by Evidence
Code section 1101 because no exception under subdivision (b) of that statute
applied; (3) the evidence should have been excluded under Evidence Code
section 352 because its prejudicial impact exceeded its probative value; and
(4) its admission rendered his trial fundamentally unfair in violation of his
federal due process rights.

9 He also argues the uncharged conduct was inadmissible under
section 1108 because it had no tendency in reason to prove he had the
propensity to lewdly touch a child when he was an adult.

19
 Reviewing the trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion
(see People v. Dworak (2021) 11 Cal.5th 881, 899; People v. Picazo (Oct. 25,
2022, A161621), 84 Cal.App.5th 778 [2022 WL 14403798, at p. *17] (Picazo))
we find none. We do not reach most of defendant’s state law arguments,
because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling the evidence was
admissible under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b) as evidence of a
common scheme or plan, nor in rejecting defendant’s argument the evidence
should have been excluded under Evidence Code section 352. We also reject
his federal constitutional claim. Because we conclude the trial court did not
err in admitting the evidence under Evidence Code section 1101,
subdivision (b), we need not reach the question whether it erred in admitting
it under section 1108.
B. Analysis
1. Evidence Code Section 1101, Subdivision (b)
As we have noted, Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b) makes
admissible “evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong, or other
act when relevant to prove some fact” other than a person’s disposition to
commit the act, including to prove the existence of a “plan.” (Evid. Code,
§ 1101.) “Evidence of a common design or plan . . . is not used to prove the
defendant’s intent or identity but rather to prove that the defendant engaged
in the conduct alleged to constitute the charged offense.” (People v.
Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 394 (Ewoldt).) “Unlike evidence used to prove
intent, where the act is conceded or assumed, ‘[i]n proving [a plan or] design,
the act is still undetermined. . . .’ [Citation.] For example, in a prosecution
for shoplifting in which it was conceded or assumed that the defendant was
present at the scene of the alleged theft, evidence that the defendant had
committed uncharged acts of shoplifting in a markedly similar manner to the

20
charged offense might be admitted to demonstrate that he or she took the
merchandise in the manner alleged by the prosecution.” (Id. at p. 394, fn. 2.)
Use of evidence for this purpose does not constitute impermissible
character evidence. As we recently explained in another case where we
upheld the admission of uncharged conduct on this basis, the theory of logical
relevance that allows the admission of prior acts to negative a claim of
accident or other innocent conduct “is sometimes described as ‘the doctrine of
chances.’ ” (People v. Phillips (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 643, 672 (Phillips).)
“The idea is that ‘ “Innocent persons sometimes accidentally become
enmeshed in suspicious circumstances, but it is objectively unlikely that will
happen over and over again by random chance.” [Citation.] “The doctrine
does not ask the jurors to utilize the defendant’s propensity as the basis for a
prediction of conduct on the alleged occasion. Instead, the doctrine asks the
jurors to consider the objective improbability of a coincidence in assessing the
plausibility of a defendant’s claim that . . . he or she was accidentally
enmeshed in suspicious circumstances.” ’ ” (Ibid.) “ ‘ “This type of evidence is
admitted under several of the familiar category labels—absence of mistake or
accident, modus operandi, or plan or scheme—but probability based
reasoning underlies its relevance.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
Similarity is the linchpin of admissibility under this theory, as it is for
the other exceptions under subdivision (b) of Evidence Code section 1101.
(See Picazo, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th 778 [2022 WL 14403798, at p. *17].) To
establish a common design or plan, the uncharged conduct and charged acts
need not be “part of a single, continuing conception or plot.” (Ewoldt, supra,
7 Cal.4th at p. 401.) Rather, they must only be “sufficiently similar to
support the inference that they are manifestations of a common design or
plan.” (Id. at p. 402.) That is, “evidence that the defendant has committed

21
uncharged criminal acts that are similar to the charged offense may be
relevant if these acts demonstrate circumstantially that the defendant
committed the charged offense pursuant to the same design or plan he or she
used in committing the uncharged acts” and do not simply reflect “a series of
spontaneous acts.” (Id. at pp. 403, 404, italics added.) In other words, the
plan need not be an end unto itself. It may simply be a specifically
identifiable modus operandi, based upon which the ultimate fact of guilt of
the charged crime may be inferred. (See Phillips, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at
p. 678.)
Although the level of similarity between the uncharged acts and the
charged offense required to prove the existence of a plan is greater than that
required to prove intent, the difference is “ ‘of degree rather than of kind.’ ”
(Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 402.) “[I]n establishing a common design or
plan, evidence of uncharged misconduct must demonstrate ‘not merely a
similarity in the results, but such a concurrence of common features that the
various acts are naturally to be explained as caused by a general plan of
which they are the individual manifestations.’ ” (Ibid.) But the plan itself
“need not be unusual or distinctive.” (Ibid.) This standard does not require
“ ‘[t]he pattern and characteristics of the crimes [to] be so unusual and
distinctive as to be like a signature.’ ” (Id. at p. 403.) That kind of similarity
is required only to prove identity, which requires the greatest level of
similarity between the uncharged acts and the charged offense. (Ibid.)
The common design or plan theory of admissibility has been upheld
many times in prosecutions for child sex abuse, including by the Supreme
Court in Ewoldt. In that case, which also was a prosecution for lewd conduct
with a girl under the age of 14, the Supreme Court upheld the admission of
evidence the defendant, who was the complaining witness’s stepfather, had

22
previously engaged in three uncharged acts towards her older sister several
years earlier, and also one uncharged act toward the complaining witness
herself, to establish the defendant committed the four charged offenses
pursuant to the same design or plan. (See Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at
pp. 386, 387-389, 403.) The older sister testified that on three occasions she
awoke in her bedroom to find her stepfather touching her breasts and vaginal
area, and the third time he claimed he had simply been “straightening up the
covers.’ ” (Id. at p. 389.) The jury could infer this took place when the older
sister was around 10 or 11 years old. (See ibid.)
These details regarding the older sister most closely resembled only one
of the four charged incidents involving her younger sister, who was the
complaining witness. In one, when the complaining witness was 14, she
awoke in her bedroom to find defendant touching her breasts but couldn’t
remember if it was under or over her clothes, “ ‘because this same thing
happened many times.’ ” (Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 389.) He said he
was just covering her with a blanket. (Ibid.) The three other charged
incidents were different. In one, which took place about a year earlier, he
also woke her up in her bedroom but that time, smelling of alcohol, he
exposed himself to her and told her to touch his penis; the incident ended
with her screaming and in a physical struggle. (Id. at p. 388.) The other two
took place about a year or two earlier but in defendant’s own bedroom; both
times he was naked, fondled the complaining witness in her vaginal area,
tried to and/or did undress her, and tried to spread her legs. (Ibid.)
In holding that the uncharged acts toward the older sister were
admissible as evidence of a plan, despite these various factual differences, the
Supreme Court explained: “In the present case, the victims of both the
uncharged misconduct and the charged offenses were defendant’s

23
stepdaughters, who were residing in defendant’s home, and the acts occurred
when the victims were of a similar age. On three occasions, defendant
molested [the older sister] at night while she was asleep in her bed. When
discovered, defendant asserted he was only ‘straightening up the covers.’ In
two of the charged offenses, defendant molested [the complaining witness] in
an almost identical fashion and, when discovered, proffered a similar excuse.
On one occasion prior to the commission of the charged offenses, defendant
touched either [the complaining witness’s] breasts or her vaginal area. This
marked the beginning of an ongoing pattern of molesting [the complaining
witness]. We conclude, therefore, that evidence of defendant’s uncharged
misconduct shares sufficient common features with the charged offenses to
support the inference that both the uncharged misconduct and the charged
offenses are manifestations of a common design or plan. Such evidence is
relevant to establish that defendant committed the charged offenses in
accordance with that plan.” (Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 403; see also
People v. Rhoades (2019) 8 Cal.5th 393, 414-415 and authorities cited.)
Ewoldt is not alone in upholding the admission of uncharged acts on
this theory where the charged and uncharged incidents involving child
victims are not identical but nonetheless share basic similarities. For
example, People v. Dancer (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1677 (Dancer) involved a
prosecution for molesting a four-year-old neighbor living in defendant’s
apartment building where the appellate court upheld the admission of
evidence the defendant once, 10 years earlier, had molested a 13-month-old
baby girl with whom he had been living. (See id. at pp. 1683-1684, 1689-
1690.) Despite a number of differences between the incidents including the
victims’ ages, Dancer held “the incidents share numerous common features”
that “reasonably support an inference that each incident was a manifestation

24
of a common design or plan rather than two unrelated spontaneous acts.”
(Id. at pp. 1689-1690.) Those features included that “[d]efendant resided
near the victims and was acquainted with their parents, . . . selected young
girls as victims, . . . had a history of unsupervised access to the victims and
played or babysat with them,” “[t]he victims knew and trusted him, . . . he
selected locations out of public view,” some aspects of the physical touching
were similar, and the defendant responded calmly both times when
confronted by each girl’s parents. (Ibid.; see also, e.g., People v.
Branch (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 274, 281 (Branch) [evidence defendant
inappropriately touched victim’s mother 30 years earlier held admissible in
prosecution for child molestation; “the evidence was relevant to establish a
common plan or scheme on appellant’s part—that of molesting 12-year-old
girls in his home”].)
Similarly, the trial court here did not abuse its discretion in ruling
implicitly that E.’s testimony was relevant under Evidence Code
section 1101, subdivision (b) as evidence of a plan. As in Ewoldt, both victims
in this case were sisters and defendant’s relationship to them was the same
(his nieces), they were similar ages when the alleged misconduct took place,10
and all of the acts, both charged and uncharged, took place at the same

10 As discussed more fully in Part III, post, there was a discrepancy
between B.’s contemporaneous recollection when she revealed the
molestation at age 11 that the abuse had begun when she was 9, and her trial
testimony several years later at age 14 that it had begun at age 6, with no
recollection of how old she was when it ended. Defendant makes no
argument that this discrepancy has any bearing on the Evidence Code
section 1101 analysis, and we perceive none. In either case, his victims were
pre-adolescent girls. Furthermore, B.’s trial testimony did not contradict her
earlier statement to police that she had been molested by defendant at age 9.
Timing-wise, she simply couldn’t remember anything at trial other than
when it had begun, not its overall duration.

25
general location (their grandparents’ home). (See Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.5th at
p. 403.) Likewise, defendant touched them in an “almost identical fashion”
(ibid.): he touched their breasts after luring them both to a place of secrecy
(the older sister, to a van on one occasion; the complaining witness, to his
bedroom) and told both to keep his conduct a secret. The facts he was a
minor when the uncharged conduct took place and that he touched B. under
her clothing would certainly support a rational inference he grew more
emboldened as he got older (and also, correspondingly, as the age difference
widened between himself and the target of his advances), but those
differences do not detract from the overall commonality of features sufficient
to render the evidence concerning E. admissible as evidence of a plan, just as
was true in Ewoldt. (See also Dancer, supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 1690.)
Given the similarities we have discussed, the evidence from E. tended to
prove (in the parlance of the doctrine of chances) “the objective improbability”
(People v. Spector (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1335, 1380) that the molestation of
B. never occurred at all, and that she had just fabricated it to cover for her
otherwise inexplicable fascination with pornography. That is to say,
regardless whether a jury could infer defendant had a specific lewd intent of
sexually arousing himself when he engaged in the uncharged conduct toward
E. as a youth,11 it “could rationally reject the coincidental explanation” for his

11 Lewd intent as to E. was not required for the evidence to be
admissible under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b), because that
section is not limited to criminal conduct. Further, defendant’s cited
authority, In re Jerry M. (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 289, does not categorically
preclude a finding of lewd intent by an 11 year old. “[M]inors . . . can be held
responsible for numerous sex-related crimes.” (People v. Tobias (2001)
25 Cal.4th 327, 334 [citing four cases involving minors between the ages of 11
and 13, including Jerry M.]; see also In re Randy S. (1999)
76 Cal.App.4th 400 [11 year old].) Jerry M., which involved an 11-year-old
boy, noted in dicta that “[a]t some age younger than 14 years, which we need

26
having touched the older sister’s breasts and vaginal area in an unwanted
manner on multiple occasions when the two were both younger and the fact
that, years later, her sister B. “just happened” to accuse him of similar
conduct when she was around the same age. (People v. Demetrulias (2006)
39 Cal.4th 1, 16; cf. People v. McCurdy (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1063, 1098
(McCurdy) [no abuse of discretion to admit evidence of defendant’s incestuous
molestation of his sister when they were children in prosecution for capital
murder in connection with kidnapping with intent to molest unrelated child
victim; despite various differences in the crimes including defendant’s youth
when he molested his sister, “it would not be speculative to infer that,
because he had committed lewd acts against his sister when she was a child,
he abducted [child murder victim] with the intent to commit a lewd act
against her”].) These differences between the crimes went to the weight of
the evidence, not its relevance. (See McCurdy, at p. 1099; accord, Dancer, at
p. 1690.) Relatedly, whether or not he was too young to appreciate the
wrongfulness of his conduct toward E. does not detract from its relevance
under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b), because his capacity to
commit a crime against her is irrelevant under that statute. (See McCurdy,
at p. 1100.)

not determine in this case, the minor cannot as a matter of law have the
specific intent of sexual arousal.” (59 Cal.App.4th at p. 300.) It held there
was insufficient evidence of lewd intent in that case (which, unlike this one,
did not involve any “attempt or opportunity to avoid detection . . .[,] no
clandestine activity preceding the touching, no stealthy approach or modus
operandi and no admonishment to the victims not to disclose the occurrence”
(ibid.)).

27
 2. Evidence Code Section 352
Having concluded E.’s testimony is not barred by Evidence Code
section 1101, this brings us to the analysis required by Evidence Code
section 352.12 (See Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 404.)
As we explained in Phillips, “the ‘undue prejudice’ with which Evidence
Code section 352 is concerned flows from evidence that ‘uniquely tends to
evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an individual and . . . has
very little effect on the issues’—evidence ‘of such nature as to inflame the
emotions of the jury, motivating them to use the information, not to logically
evaluate the point upon which it is relevant, but to reward or punish one side
because of the jurors’ emotional reaction.’ [Citation.] It is ‘ “ ‘not the
prejudice or damage to a defense that naturally flows from relevant, highly
probative evidence.’ ” ’ [Citation.] Evidence Code section 352 ‘requires the
exclusion of evidence only when its probative value is substantially
outweighed by its prejudicial effect. “Evidence is substantially more
prejudicial than probative . . . [only] if, broadly stated, it poses an intolerable
‘risk to the fairness of the proceedings or the reliability of the outcome.’ ” ’ ”
(Phillips, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at pp. 674-675.) This well-established
standard entails consideration of several factors, with which we presume the
parties’ familiarity. (See generally id. at p. 675.)
In a case such as this, “[t]he principal factor affecting the probative
value of the evidence of defendant’s uncharged offenses is the tendency of
that evidence to demonstrate the existence of a common design or plan.”

12 “Our conclusion the evidence was admissible under Evidence Code
section 1101, subdivision (b), obviates the need to consider whether [it] was
also admissible under Evidence Code section 1108.” (People v. Ranlet (2016)
1 Cal.App.5th 363, 376, fn. 3.)

28
(Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 404.) While perhaps not as probative on the
issue of plan or design as the evidence upheld in Ewoldt (which was
“convincing” (see ibid.)), consideration of all the incidents here still
constitutes strong evidence that defendant was acting pursuant to a plan
when he touched both girls. His physical touching of E. was very similar in
key respects to some of the ways he groped B., all of the incidents took place
at the same location (his home) with female relatives of similar age, and
there were more than six separate incidents in all (more than two with E.,
and more than four with B.). E.’s testimony thus had substantial probative
value. (See Branch, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 283 [evidence of uncharged
molestation of victim’s grandmother when she was a child was “highly
probative in establishing appellant’s use of a common scheme and plan with
both victims”]; Dancer, supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 1690 [“the evidence
showing a common design or plan was strong,” despite differences between
single uncharged incident of child molestation and charged conduct].) The
only significant distinction between the incidents is the fact defendant was a
minor when he touched E. inappropriately whereas he was an adult when he
molested B., which somewhat diminishes the probative value of E.’s
testimony to show he was acting pursuant to a plan. But not to such a degree
that it significantly undermines an inference that his actions—on multiple
occasions—towards E. were not just spontaneous and isolated. A jury
rationally could conclude that, beginning from around the time defendant
was a pre-teen, he had not only the intention but a plan or method for
touching the bodies of pre-adolescent girls—specifically, by taking advantage
of opportunities to target young, female family members when they visited at
his home and to touch them in a place or at a time when nobody else was
present, a plan or method that, as we have noted, a jury could rationally

29
conclude simply increased in audacity and sophistication as he matured into
adulthood. (See McCurdy, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 1099 [“evidence that
defendant had molested his sister when she was eight years old ([the murder
victim]’s age when she was abducted), even though he was only 10 years old
at the time, was highly probative of his intent during the [charged]
kidnapping”].) The many common features of the uncharged and charged
acts we have discussed distinguishes this case from the authorities defendant
cites, where extreme dissimilarities between the uncharged sex crimes and
the charged ones all but obliterated the probative value of the uncharged
conduct at issue. (See People v. Jandres (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 340, 356;
People v. Harris (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 727, 740-741; see also People v.
Cordova (2015) 62 Cal.4th 104, 134 [distinguishing Jandres and Harris, in a
case involving multiple similar sex crimes against different child victims].)
Some factors under Evidence Code section 352 cut the other way, as
they did in Ewoldt where the Supreme Court still upheld admission of the
uncharged conduct. As in that case, E.’s testimony about defendant’s
misconduct toward her was not “wholly independent of the evidence of the
charged offenses” because she only accused defendant after B. had made a
similar allegation against him (see Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 405), and
likewise, the fact that defendant was not prosecuted in connection with her
accusations increased the potential prejudicial impact of her testimony (see
ibid.).
But evidence of E.’s accusations were less inflammatory than the
charged incidents involving B. which lessened the potential for prejudice.
(See Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 405; Picazo, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th 778
[2022 WL 14403798, at p. *18]).) He did not touch E. underneath her
clothing. In addition, he was much closer in age to her, and thus their

30
interactions did not entail any power imbalance inherent in adult/child
interactions. There was little risk the evidence about E. would inflame the
jury’s passions against defendant or that the jury would convict him of
molesting B. because his earlier conduct had gone unpunished. (See Phillips,
supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 676.)
Further, the passage of about seven and a half years between the time
defendant groped E. and then engaged in similar conduct toward B. does not
significantly reduce its probative value. (See Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.5th at
p. 405.) “ ‘No specific time limits have been established for determining when
an uncharged offense is so remote as to be inadmissible.’ [Citation]
‘ “[S]ubstantial similarities between the prior and the charged offenses
balance out the remoteness of the prior offenses.” ’ ” (People v. Robertson
(2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 965, 992.) Appellate decisions have upheld the
admission of prior uncharged acts much older than this against a charge of
staleness. (See, e.g., id. at pp. 992-993 [uncharged sexual offense that
occurred 34 years earlier not barred by Evidence Code section 352 where,
inter alia, “appellant’s modus operandi in both cases was virtually identical”
and “[s]ince appellant flatly denied raping the victim in this case and there
was no forensic evidence proving that a rape occurred, evidence bearing on
the respective credibility of appellant and the victim was highly probative.
Testimony that appellant committed a similar sexual assault on another
woman was relevant to prove common plan and to bolster the victim’s
credibility”]; People v. Soto (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 966, 977-978, 991, 992 [no
abuse of discretion under section 352 to admit evidence defendant molested
his niece and sister as children several decades before charged incident
involving unrelated child victim; “As for the passage of time, we note the
victims were within the same age range as [complaining child witness] when

31
the prior acts occurred. . . . [T]he passage of a substantial length of time does
not automatically render the prior incidents prejudicial”]; Branch, supra,
91 Cal.App.4th at pp. 284-285 [30-year gap]; People v. Cordova, supra,
62 Cal.4th at p. 133 [13- and 18-year gaps].)
In short, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the
prejudicial impact of defendant’s uncharged conduct did not substantially
outweigh its probative value.
3. Federal Due Process
Defendant’s constitutional claim rests on the premise that the evidence
was “inflammatory yet wholly irrelevant.” As we have explained, it was
neither. “The admission of relevant evidence will not offend due process
unless the evidence is so prejudicial as to render the defendant’s trial
fundamentally unfair.” (People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th 903, 913; accord,
People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 429, 439 [same standard even when
evidence is erroneously admitted under state law]; see generally People v.
Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 696-698.) Here it was not. For the same
reasons we have concluded the admission of E.’s testimony did not violate
state law, including that its probative value was not substantially
outweighed by its prejudicial effect, we reject defendant’s argument that its
admission deprived him of a fair trial in violation of his federal due process
rights. (See Phillips, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 680; see also, e.g., People v.
Benavides (2005) 35 Cal.4th 69, 90-91 [erroneous admission of evidence
offered to prove defendant was a child molester that was “of limited probative
value” did not violate defendant’s due process rights to a fair trial “because,
generally, violations of state evidentiary rules do not rise to the level of
federal constitutional error”].)

32
 III.
Defendant Was Properly Tried As an Adult
As noted, there was a discrepancy between what B. recalled as an 11
year old in her December 2015 interview with law enforcement about the
timing of defendant’s molestation and her testimony on direct examination at
trial three and a half years later, at age 14. At age 11, she told law
enforcement (during a videotaped interview introduced into evidence) that
the groping began “[w]hen I was probably like nine years old” and ended in
March 2015 when she was 10 years old. At trial, she recalled it began when
she was six years old and had no recollection of when it ended. Given their
10-year age difference, the parties agree defendant would have been a minor
when B. was six years old and an adult when she was nine.
After B. testified, defendant made multiple requests to suspend the
criminal proceedings and/or dismiss them: (1) the day after she testified, an
oral motion to suspend criminal proceedings and transfer the matter to
juvenile court under Welfare and Institutions Code section 604 because
defendant would have been a minor when B. was six years old, which the
court denied because defendant was not being prosecuted for anything that
took place when he was a minor; (2) after the prosecution rested, an oral
motion to dismiss the charges on the ground no reasonable juror could find
beyond a reasonable doubt the incidents occurred during the timeframe
alleged in the information when he was an adult (§ 1118.1) and a motion for a
mistrial requesting a transfer to juvenile court on the same basis, both
denied; and (3) a motion for a new trial asserting the court had failed to
follow the statutory procedures required by Welfare and Institutions Code
section 604, also denied.
On appeal, he argues the trial court abused its discretion for various
reasons by failing to suspend the proceedings “once defense counsel brought

33
the motion that provided the court with information that suggested that
appellant was a juvenile during the incidents.” We reject this contention, for
three principal reasons.
First, defendant’s arguments are not supported by the statutory
language. In relevant part, Welfare and Institutions Code section 604 states:
“Whenever a case is before any court upon an accusatory pleading and it is
suggested or appears to the judge before whom the person is brought that the
person charged was, at the date the offense is alleged to have been committed,
under the age of 18 years, the judge shall immediately suspend all
proceedings against the person on the charge. The judge shall examine into
the age of the person, and if, from the examination, it appears to his or her
satisfaction that the person was at the date the offense is alleged to have been
committed under the age of 18 years, he or she shall immediately certify all of
the following to the juvenile court of the county: [¶] (1) That the person
(naming him or her) is charged with a crime (briefly stating its nature). [¶]
(2) That the person appears to have been under the age of 18 years at the
date the offense is alleged to have been committed, giving the date of birth of
the person when known. [¶] (3) That proceedings have been suspended
against the person on the charge by reason of his or her age, with the date of
the suspension. [¶] The judge shall attach a copy of the accusatory pleading
to the certification.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 604, subd. (a), italics added.)
By its plain terms, the statute does not require a hearing or
certification to juvenile court when a defendant is indisputably over 18 on the
date the prosecution alleges the crime took place. It specifies the court’s duty
of inquiry is triggered only when it appears a defendant was under 18 “at the
date the offense is alleged to have been committed.” (Welf. & Inst. Code,
§ 604, subd. (a), italics added.) Further, the statute does not specify that the

34
subject of the required examination is the actual date of the offense but,
rather, “the age of the person” charged (ibid.), and the Rules of Court define a
similar scope. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.116(b) [purpose of immediate
suspension of criminal proceedings and required hearing is “to determine the
true age of the person charged”].)
Here, consistent with Welfare and Institutions Code section 604,
defendant was not charged for any conduct that took place before his 18th
birthday (August 14, 2012).13 The information alleged he molested B. “[o]n or
about and between September 29, 2013 and September 28, 2015,” a time
period when he was between the ages of 19 and 21. The jury was instructed
the charges pertained only to that timeframe (and that the prosecution had
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the offenses took place during that
timeframe, and that he was over 18 years of age at that time). And the
verdict form expressly limited the charges to that timeframe. Indeed, relying
on those instructions and the conflict in the evidence, defense counsel argued
emphatically in closing argument—without any objection by the
prosecution—that the uncertainty as to when the molestation took place was
a complete basis to acquit defendant.
Defendant cites no legal authority and offers no legal argument as to
why we should ignore the statute’s plain language, and require a suspension
of criminal proceedings for a potential juvenile court referral when a person
is charged with crimes alleged to have taken place only when the person was
indisputably an adult. Regardless of whether the jury could find that some of
defendant’s unlawful conduct began when B. was six rather than when she
was nine, he was properly tried for crimes he was alleged to have committed
as an adult. And the jury was required to find that the crimes were

13 The jury was instructed that his date of birth was August 14, 1994.

35
committed while he was an adult. “In a case in which a defendant’s
participation in a crime begins while the defendant is a minor and continues
after the defendant becomes an adult, that defendant has engaged in
criminal conduct as an adult, and should not escape the consequences of that
conduct simply because he or she first became involved in the conduct before
reaching the age of majority. (People v. Quiroz (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1420,
1430.)
As the trial court aptly observed when the issue first arose, “the jury
can only consider the time frame within the information. They can’t base
their decision on anything outside that timeframe. And so that would
eliminate the issue that we have here.” Precisely.
Second, even if we construed Welfare and Institutions Code section 604
more broadly to require a judicial determination of when the charged offense
actually took place (as contrasted with simply how old the defendant would
have been at the time alleged), a trial court does not abuse its discretion in
denying certification to the juvenile court when, as here, there is conflicting
evidence as to whether he was under 18 at the time of the charged offenses.
(See People v. Nguyen (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1612, 1623; People v. Alexander
(1923) 62 Cal.App. 306, 308.) Defendant cites no authority to the contrary.
He contends “the evidence before the court did not establish by substantial
evidence appellant’s age at the time of the incidents,” but the assertion
simply reargues the weight of the evidence on this point which is not the
function of appellate review. More to the point, in order to avoid being tried
as an adult, it was his burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence he
was a minor at the time of the charged offenses (see Nguyen, at p. 1619;
People v. Quiroz, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 1427), and therefore he cannot
demonstrate error on appeal unless the evidence proves he was a minor as a

36
matter of law. (See Estes v. Eaton Corporation (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 636,
651.) B.’s very brief trial testimony as a 14 year old about her age when the
abuse began, which was at odds with her much more contemporaneous
recollection as an 11 year old, does not compel such a finding. Nor does
defendant even argue that it does.
Finally, any error was harmless. Defendant asserts the manner in
which this issue was handled below was “evident[ly]” prejudicial, because he
would have obtained a more favorable disposition in juvenile court, but that
assertion presupposes that, in the absence of error, there would probably
have been a finding that the molestation took place when B. was six and so
he would have been tried as a juvenile rather than as an adult. That premise
is unwarranted. Here, the jury heard conflicting evidence concerning the
timing of the molestation, and it found beyond a reasonable doubt that B. was
molested during a period in which defendant was incontestably an adult.
Defendant fails to explain why he was prejudiced by any error in allowing the
jury to decide that issue rather than the court, other than the nonsensical
assertion that it required the jury to engage in “ ‘mental gymnastic[s]’ ” that
were “ ‘beyond, not only their powers, but [anybody else’s].’ ” We do not
agree. In the circumstances of this case, we can think of no reason ourselves
why a jury determination of that issue rather than a judicial one was
prejudicial. Accordingly, any error was harmless.
IV.
Sentencing
Finally, defendant argues that at a minimum the judgment must be
vacated and the case remanded for re-sentencing because the trial court
failed to state its reasons on the record for imposing the upper term of eight
years on count 1, and consecutive sentences on the remaining counts (for a

37
total term of 14 years and four months). The court imposed the maximum
sentence, and did so at the People’s request.
The People argue the objection has been forfeited because defense
counsel did not raise it below (and that defendant’s ineffective counsel claim
cannot succeed) but concede the error, and that concession is well-taken. The
record shows the court gave no explanation for imposing the maximum
sentence, yet an explanation was legally required. (See § 1170,
subds. (b)(1)(5) & (c); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.420(i).) The issue was
forfeited due to the lack of a timely and proper objection (see People v.
Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 356), but we will nevertheless exercise our
discretion to consider the issue on the merits (thus rendering moot
defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim).
The parties disagree as to whether the conceded error was harmless.
Citing our decision in People v. Sanchez (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 1680
(Sanchez), the People assert the error was harmless under the Watson
standard because “the record supported the judgment.” Defendant argues we
should instead apply the legal standard that we rejected in Sanchez (see
Sanchez, at p. 1685) which was articulated in People v. May (1990)
221 Cal.App.3d 836, 839: whether there is a “reasonable possibility that a
statement of reasons would have altered the trial judge’s conclusion or
revealed reversible error[.]” Defendant asserts, without explaining why, that
the May standard is satisfied.
Neither party has engaged in any analysis of the actual sentencing
choices before the trial court based upon the pertinent law and the record
made at sentencing (including the parties’ respective sentencing memoranda
and the probation report), which leaves us to assess this prejudice issue in a

38
vacuum. Nevertheless, we agree with defendant that a remand is
appropriate.
It is unnecessary to revisit our decision in Sanchez because the People
overread it. True, we applied the Watson standard there. (See Sanchez,
supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 1684.) And we articulated it as embodying the
principle that “[w]here . . . it is improbable that a lower court’s sentencing
choice would have been different if it had been reminded to state a proper
reason, the constitutional provision forbidding reversal for insubstantial
errors should apply . . . .” (Id. at p. 1686.) But even when reviewing
sentencing error under Watson, “the reviewing court may not simply ask
whether the imposed sentence would be ‘wholly unsupported or arbitrary in
the absence of error’ but must also reverse where it cannot determine whether
the [error] was determinative for the sentencing court.” (People v.
Avalos (1984) 37 Cal.3d 216, 233, italics added.) In Sanchez, this court could
and did determine the error wasn’t consequential. (And so did the appellate
court in May. (See May, supra, 221 Cal.App.3d at pp. 839-840.).) Here,
though, we cannot tell. And not just because the parties have provided us
with no guidance on that subject in their appellate briefs.
In Sanchez, although the trial court failed to “give any specific reason”
for imposing a consecutive sentence, it did express its general views about
defendant’s conduct and circumstances, and the record on the sentencing
choice before it also was fairly one-sided. (See Sanchez, supra,
23 Cal.App.4th. at p. 1688.) By contrast, the court in this case expressed no
views on any subject whatsoever. It was silent at the sentencing hearing but
for imposing the actual sentence. Further, the sentencing factors were not so
lop-sided that we can say with any confidence that the court probably would
have come out exactly the same way had it explained why it was imposing

39
the sentence that it did; not even the People assert that position. We have
reviewed the record made at sentencing, and it reflects a mix of factors that
could well have supported a more lenient sentence. Thus, it called for a
careful exercise of the court’s discretion.
Furthermore, one of the Legislature’s purposes for requiring the court
to “state the reasons for its sentence choice on the record at the time of
sentencing” (§ 1170, subd. (c)) is to facilitate appellate review. (See Sanchez,
supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 1691 (dis. opn. of Kline, P.J.).) And here, because
the court did not state any reasons, we have no way of assessing whether the
court refrained from considering improper factors when it exercised its
discretion to impose the maximum possible sentence, which was not true in
Sanchez. For example, defendant’s sentencing memorandum objected that
the court could not base its decision on facts inherent in the elements of the
crime themselves (see People v. Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 350), which is
exactly what defendant said the prosecutor was urging the court to do. There
were no dangers of potential legal error in Sanchez. (Nor in May, for that
matter, where the appellate court expressly said so (see May, supra,
221 Cal.App.3d at p. 839 [failure to state reasons held harmless, and
distinguishing other appellate decisions, because “there is no danger that the
court may have made improper dual use of facts” in imposing sentence]).) “A
reviewing court is entitled to presume the sentencing court properly exercised
its discretion in imposing sentence absent evidence to the contrary” (People v.
Montano (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 118, 121, italics added), yet here the court’s
clear error in one respect at sentencing (i.e., failing to explain its reasons)
undermines the confidence in the sentence which that presumption normally
affords. Finding a trial court’s error harmless in these circumstances, when
it is being asked to do something the law does not allow and then fails to

40
explain its sentencing choices, would insulate the trial court’s exercise of its
sentencing discretion from judicial review for legal error, and render a legally
erroneous sentence impervious to correction.
For all of these reasons, unlike in Sanchez, we do not find it
“improbable the result would have been different had the court been
reminded to state its reasons for consecutive sentencing” or for imposing the
aggravated term on count 1. (Sanchez, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 1688; see
also People v. Tillotson (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 517, 545 [remanding for
resentencing where court failed to state its reasons because “we cannot
tell . . . whether it is reasonably probable [appellant] would have not received
a more favorable sentence in the absence of error”].) Because on this record
we “cannot determine whether the [error] was determinative for the
sentencing court” (People v. Avalos, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 233), we do not
deem it harmless.
DISPOSITION
The judgments are reversed for the limited purpose of resentencing in
accordance with the views expressed in this opinion. In all other respects the
judgments are affirmed.

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 STEWART, J.

We concur.

RICHMAN, Acting P.J.

MILLER, J.

People v. Serna (A164252)

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