Filed 11/29/22 In re K.L. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re K.L. et al., Persons Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E078302
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.Nos. J282009 &
J282010)
v.
OPINION
J.F.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Steven A. Mapes,
Judge. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.
Jesse McGowan, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
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Tom Bunton, County Counsel, and Svetlana Kauper, Deputy County Counsel, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
J.F. (Mother) appeals from the juvenile court’s findings and orders after a
contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing pursuant to section 387 of the Welfare and
Institutions Code. (Unlabeled statutory citations refer to this code.) The court removed
the children, K.J.L. and K.C.L., from Mother’s custody, terminated services, and set a
permanency planning review hearing. Mother contends that San Bernardino County
Children and Family Services (CFS) failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry under
state law implementing the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.)
(ICWA). We grant CFS’s motion to augment the record, vacate the juvenile court’s
findings that ICWA does not apply, and otherwise affirm.
BACKGROUND
We briefly summarize the dependency proceedings, focusing on the facts relevant
to the ICWA inquiry issue presented.
In August 2019, K.C.L. (age two) and K.J.L. (age three) came to CFS’s attention
when their older half sister, who is not a subject of this appeal, reported physical abuse,
leading to Mother’s arrest. At that time, the two children and their half sister had been
living with Mother and her fiancé. Their maternal grandmother lived on the premises and
assisted with childcare. The children’s father, A.L. (Father), was then incarcerated but
eligible for parole in October 2019.
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CFS interviewed maternal grandmother on the day of Mother’s arrest but did not
make any inquiry regarding the children’s possible Indian status. The children were
temporarily detained in foster care. CFS interviewed Mother the following day, and she
denied Indian ancestry.
Dependency petitions were filed for both children on August 9, 2019. When
asked by the court at the detention hearing on August 12, 2019, Mother denied Indian
ancestry. On the same day, she signed a Parental Notification of Indian Status form
denying knowledge of any Indian ancestry. When asked at the jurisdiction hearing on
September 17, 2019, Father denied Indian ancestry. He too signed a Parental Notification
of Indian Status form denying knowledge of any Indian ancestry.
At the continued jurisdiction and disposition hearing on October 16, 2019, both
parents submitted pursuant to a mediation agreement. In accordance with the mediation
agreement, the court took jurisdiction over both children under section 300,
subdivision (b), detained them from both parents, found ICWA did not apply, found
Father to be the presumed father of both children, and ordered reunification services for
both parents.
In March 2020, both parents again denied Indian ancestry. Mother stated she had
been in foster care as a child and did not know the identity of her father. She was unable
to identify any additional relatives of the children. Father identified his parents as the
children’s relatives. Both paternal grandparents were contacted by CFS, denied Indian
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ancestry, and stated that they had no further information regarding additional relatives of
the children.
In August 2020, Mother requested that the children be allowed visitation with
maternal grandmother, and CFS arranged for supervised phone contact with maternal
grandmother. The record is unclear as to whether CFS had direct contact with maternal
grandmother at that time, and nothing indicates any ICWA inquiry was made.
In January 2021, both parents again denied Indian ancestry. In April 2021, Father,
who was having difficulty maintaining his sobriety and participating in drug treatment
and testing, agreed to move out of the home so the children could be returned to Mother.
At the 18-month review hearing, the juvenile court ordered the children returned to
Mother’s custody under court supervision and admonished Mother not to allow Father in
the home without approval.
About four months later, CFS filed supplemental petitions pursuant to section 387
seeking to remove both children from the home. The children were detained pursuant to
warrant and temporarily placed in foster care. CFS had received a referral, confirmed by
subsequent interviews with the children and the maternal grandmother, that Father had
been at the home often, sometimes spending the night, that the children had witnessed a
domestic violence incident between Father and maternal grandmother, and that both
children reported being physically disciplined with a belt.
Maternal grandmother confirmed to a CFS social worker that when Mother was in
the hospital for a few days, Father had come to the home on August 12, 2021, looking for
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Mother, gotten angry, attacked maternal grandmother, and pulled her off the couch in
front of the children, prompting her to call the police. The record contains no indication
that CFS conducted the required ICWA inquiry of maternal grandmother at the time of
that interview. At the August 2021 detention hearing, Mother denied Indian ancestry.
Neither parent participated in interviews for the jurisdiction/disposition report, and
neither parent visited the children after they were re-detained. CFS recommended that
the children remain out of the custody of both parents and that reunification services be
denied to both parents.
At the December 2, 2021, contested further jurisdiction and disposition hearing,
Mother and her half brother, R.S., testified. Both witnesses denied that Father had been
in the house since the children had been returned in April, except for the single incident
on August 12 when the altercation occurred with maternal grandmother. Mother also
denied that the children were spanked with belts.
After considering the reports, testimony, and arguments, the juvenile court stated
that the testimony of both Mother and R.S. lacked credibility and that the children’s
forensic interview testimony was consistent regarding the Father’s frequent presence in
the home. The court found true the supplemental petitions’ allegations that Mother had
placed the children at substantial risk of abuse, harm, and neglect by engaging in
domestic violence with Father and failing to protect them from Father’s domestic
violence with maternal grandmother. Because the statutory time for reunification had
elapsed, the court terminated services to both parents. The court found by clear and
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convincing evidence that there was a compelling reason not to set a selection hearing
pursuant to section 366.26, and the court set a permanency planning review hearing for
May 27, 2022. The court also found that ICWA did not apply to the children.
DISCUSSION
Mother argues that by failing to ask maternal grandmother about the possible
Indian status of the children, CFS failed to discharge its duty of inquiry under state law
implementing ICWA. We agree.
“ICWA was enacted to curtail ‘abusive child welfare practices that resulted in the
separation of large numbers of Indian children from their families and tribes through
adoption or foster care placement, usually in non-Indian homes.’ [Citation.] ‘ICWA
reflects a congressional determination to protect Indian children and to promote the
stability and security of Indian tribes and families by establishing minimum federal
standards a state court must follow before removing an Indian child from his or her
family.’ [Citation.] In a juvenile dependency proceeding, an Indian child is any
unmarried person who is under age 18 and is either (a) a member of a federally
recognized Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in a federally recognized Indian
tribe and is the biological child of a member of a federally recognized Indian tribe.
[Citations.]” (In re Dominick D. (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 560, 565-566 (Dominick D.).)
To implement ICWA, California law has placed on both CFS and the juvenile
court “an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether a child” subject to a
dependency petition “is or may be an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) “This duty to
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inquire consists of two phases—the duty of initial inquiry and the duty of further inquiry.
[Citation.] The duty of initial inquiry begins at the referral stage when CFS must ask ‘the
party reporting child abuse or neglect whether the party has any information that the child
may be an Indian child.’ (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) Once a child is taken into temporary
custody, the duty of initial inquiry includes asking the child, parents, legal guardian,
extended family members, and others who have an interest in the child whether the child
is or may be an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (b); § 306, subd. (b).) Extended family
members include adults who are the child’s stepparents, grandparents, aunts, uncles,
brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, or first or second cousins. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); Welf.
& Inst. Code, § 224.1, subd. (c).)” (Dominick D., supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 566.) The
juvenile court must make certain inquiries of the parties at their first appearance and must
ensure that CFS has conducted an adequate investigation, made all required inquiries, and
properly documented its efforts before the court makes a finding regarding ICWA’s
applicability. (Id. at p. 567.)
CFS does not deny that it erred by failing to ask maternal grandmother about the
children’s possible Indian status even though she was living with the children and was
interviewed by CFS social workers both when the children were originally removed in
2019 and when they were removed again in 2021. Under the standard we set forth in In
re Benjamin M., the error is reversible because maternal grandmother had “readily
obtainable information that was likely to bear meaningfully upon” the children’s possible
Indian status. (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 744.)
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CFS filed with its brief a motion to augment the record to include the minute order
from the juvenile court’s section 366.3 hearing in May 2022, as well as the status review
report CFS filed for that hearing. CFS argues in its brief that because the report reflects
that maternal grandmother’s whereabouts are now unknown, “any purported error must
be deemed harmless.” We grant the motion to augment but do not find CFS’s argument
persuasive for two reasons.
First, CFS’s present inability to locate maternal grandmother does not render
harmless CFS’s prior violation of its duty of inquiry. If anything, it shows only that CFS
is presently unable (or was unable in May 2022) to remedy the harm that its violation
caused.
Second, as we recently explained in In re Ricky R., evidence of CFS’s efforts to
discharge its duty of inquiry should be evaluated in the first instance by the juvenile
court. (In re Ricky R. (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 671, 682.) CFS presented that evidence to
the juvenile court, but the court’s findings and orders at the May 2022 hearing, including
the findings and orders adopted from CFS’s report, d id not address ICWA. The juvenile
court thus has not evaluated CFS’s new evidence or made any new ICWA findings in
light of that evidence. The report and minute order from the May 2022 hearing
consequently do not affect our analysis—the juvenile court must evaluate CFS’s evidence
in the first instance, and CFS must continue its efforts to comply with its duty of inquiry
until the juvenile court finds that duty has been discharged.
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Finally, Mother asks us to conditionally reverse the dispositional orders removing
the children from her custody, because a different standard may be applicable if the
children are deemed to be Indian children. As we explained in Dominick D., however,
initial inquiry error does not require the reversal of dispositional orders. (Dominick D.,
supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 567.) Accordingly, we vacate only the ICWA finding but
otherwise affirm the dispositional findings and orders.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s December 2021 findings that the children do not come within
the provisions of ICWA are vacated. On remand, the juvenile court shall order CFS to
comply with the duty of initial inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (b)) and, if applicable, the duty of
further inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (e)) and the duty to provide notice to the pertinent tribes
(25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); § 224.3). In all other respects, the juvenile court’s dispositional
findings and orders on the section 387 petition are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MENETREZ
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
McKINSTER
J.
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In re K.L. CA4/2
Combined Opinion